arXiv subjects

Bertrand Mennesson

Publications and source records attributed to Bertrand Mennesson.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

The Roman Coronagraph Community Participation Program: early calibration plan and pilot observation of a companion

Roman is set to launch in weeks! The Coronagraph Instrument - technology pathfinder for future direct imaging missions - is ready to fly too. According to predictions, laboratory tests and high fidelity simulations, it will open a new contrast regime enabling the imaging of mature, giant planets in visible reflected light. The Community Participation Program is responsible for preparing a comprehensive observing program with associated data processing software and calibrations. We give a brief update about the on-going "baseline" calibration plan for the first months. Additionally, we describe a pilot program aiming for the stellar companion HD 29992 B at moderate ~1e-5 to ~1e-6 Band 1 (575 nm) contrast, to be carried out as soon as the instrument is operational. The idea is to generate a canonical data set with a self luminous companion that is easily recoverable. This functional checkout will be precious to best prepare our community, exercise our calibration plan and suite of tools.

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arXiv2026

The Roman Coronagraph Community Participation Program: calibration strategy for the Mueller matrix using on-sky sources

The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Coronagraph Instrument will provide space-based polarimetric observations of circumstellar disks and exoplanetary systems. Accurate reconstruction of the linear polarization fraction requires calibration of the instrumental Mueller matrix using polarized and weakly polarized standard stars. We constructed a candidate catalog by combining published optical polarimetry with Gaia DR3 astrometry and photometry and selected separate samples for coronagraphic calibration observations and observations using a neutral-density filter. Precursor $VRI$-band polarimetry of 18 faint candidates was obtained with HONIR on the 1.5-m Kanata telescope. The wavelength dependence of their normalized Stokes parameters was modeled using the Serkowski law to predict their polarization properties in \cgi\ Bands~1 and 4, and 2 sets of 3 calibrators were selected for the 2 calibration scenarios. We then estimated the achievable LPF reconstruction accuracy using Monte Carlo simulations that include uncertainties in the calibrator polarization properties, photometric noise, and residual detector-response errors. A dithered observing configuration was also simulated to reduce differential detector-response errors among the calibrators. The current estimates indicate LPF reconstruction errors at the few-percentage-point level, with a small bias arising from treating a weakly polarized calibrator as unpolarized. Finally, we present progress toward an end-to-end test using \texttt{corgisim} and \texttt{corgiDRP}, including successful processing of simulated datasets from Level~1 through Level~2b.

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arXiv2026

The Roman Coronagraph Community Participation Program: Observation planning and data reduction for polarimetric mode

Reflected-light polarimetry of exoplanets constrains and resolves degeneracies in atmospheric properties, while polarized light observations of debris disks enable the characterization of dust-grain properties. The best-effort polarimetric mode of the Roman Coronagraph Instrument will be able to perform multi-wavelength observations of planetary systems using both the Hybrid Lyot Coronagraph (HLC) and the Shaped Pupil Coronagraph (SPC). This paper presents an overview of observation planning, simulations, and data reduction procedures for the polarimetric mode of the Roman Coronagraph. As an initial test of simulation and data reduction, a dataset of polarimetric observing sequences for the debris disk HD 172555 in HLC mode was generated using corgisim with estimated observation parameters, and data reduction was performed using corgidrp, incorporating all relevant noise factors and calibration products. Currently, mock calibration products are used in corgidrp; these will be replaced with simulated calibration products in future updates

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arXiv2026

Exploring Exoplanets with Interferometry

(Extract from the Executive Summary) Humanity stands at the threshold of answering one of its most profound questions: Does life exist beyond Earth? Ongoing and upcoming space missions, together with powerful ground-based instruments, have prepared the way for a transformational next step - the detailed characterization of Earth analogs orbiting Sun-like and other stars and the search for atmospheric biosignatures that may indicate life. Within this context, the European Space Agency's Voyage 2050 process has identified the direct detection of thermal emission from temperate terrestrial exoplanets in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) as a top scientific priority. The Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE) - a space-based, mid-IR nulling interferometer - is designed to meet this goal. LIFE will be capable of detecting climate-relevant gases such as CO$_2$ and H$_2$O, identifying classical biosignatures like O$_3$ and CH$_4$, and probing additional, non-classical biosignatures. It will also provide key data for determining planetary radius, albedo, and temperature, which are essential for assessing habitability. In parallel, the U.S. National Academy has recommended a complementary mission now called the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) - a ~6-meter space telescope equipped with advanced coronagraphs to suppress starlight by a factor of ~10$^{10}$ across the visible and possibly into the near-infrared and near-ultraviolet. Together, LIFE and HWO offer synergistic capabilities, enabling a comprehensive and robust assessment of the prevalence of life-bearing exoplanets in our galactic neighbourhood - a first in human history. By uniting an international and interdisciplinary community of scientists and engineers, LIFE offers a credible pathway toward the direct detection and characterization of potentially habitable - and even inhabited - worlds.

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arXiv2026

Characterizing Earth analogs may require a moderate or high-resolution spectrograph

A primary goal of the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) is to detect and measure the abundance of biosignature molecules, such as water (H2O) and oxygen (O2), in the atmosphere of Earth analogs. This is expected to require deep spectroscopic observations lasting hundreds of hours per planet. In this context, it is essential to optimize the spectral resolution of the spectrograph to both maximize the number of planets that can be studied over the lifetime of the mission, and also to reduce the risks of false detections. The purpose of this work is to provide a framework to explore the spectral resolution design trade-space for HWO. This framework must be valid and comparable across all spectral resolutions from low (R<100) to high resolutions (R>10,000), and account for the spectral correlation of the residual starlight (i.e., speckle noise chromaticity). Leveraging the concept of "template matching", we develop a simulation toolkit based on the Python package EXOSIMS to compute the detection significance of planets and molecules. We then simulate observations of Earth analogs around 164 stars using representative mission parameters to explore the effects of the detector noise and the correlated speckle noise floor. Our findings suggest that a moderate or high resolution spectrograph (R>1,000) will provide higher sensitivity to critical molecules compared to a low resolution spectroscopy mode (e.g., R~140). The correlated speckle noise may also entirely suppress our ability to detect bio-signatures at low spectral resolutions. We conclude that a more comprehensive study combined with detailed models of its stability, and other sources of correlated noise, is necessary to fully explore the trade space of spectral resolution and detectability of key species.

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arXiv2026

Dimpled scalar vortex coronagraph laboratory demonstration

Achieving the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) goal of 10^-10 contrast at a separation of 3 $\lambda$/D across a 20% bandwidth requires coronagraph focal plane masks with both broadband high contrast performance and high planet throughput. Scalar vortex coronagraphs (SVCs) offer a promising alternative to polarization-sensitive vector vortex designs but face chromatic limitations. This work presents the latest laboratory demonstrations of second-generation scalar vortex prototypes that incorporate radial phase dimples to improve broadband starlight suppression. We compare these new "dimpled" sawtooth masks to previous-generation scalar designs through high-contrast imaging experiments on the In-Air Coronagraph Testbed. Using electric field conjugation, we achieve near testbed-limited contrasts across both narrow (2%) and broadband (10%) spectral ranges. We report the best in-air contrasts achieved to date for scalar vortex masks across narrow and broadband spectral ranges and we also show that the dimpled vortex predicted bench-limited contrast performances for 2%, 10% and 18% bandwidths agree with the measured lab contrasts within a factor of two. These results highlight the potential of topographically achromatized scalar vortex masks as candidates for future space-based high-contrast imaging missions and mark a significant step toward polarization-independent coronagraphs capable of meeting HWO performance requirements.

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arXiv2026

Model validation and tolerancing of scalar vortex masks in the High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) facility

The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) mission will require coronagraphs capable of suppressing starlight at the $\sim 10^{-10}$ contrast level to directly image exo-Earths. High contrast achromatic coronagraphic masks are the missing critical component to achieving this. Vortex coronagraphs, particularly scalar vortex designs with an achromatic focal plane mask, offer key advantages. While all vortex coronagraph varieties provide high throughput, a small inner working angle, and rejection of low-order aberrations, the scalar approach enables dual-polarization observation in a single optical path. This simplifies instrument design and increases transmission by maintaining light from the planet in two orthogonal polarization states. In this work we test scalar vortex masks and investigate their contrast limitations. We perform phase metrology to assess the mask defects and manufacturing deviations and use it to refine the coronagraphic model used for electric field conjugation (EFC) algorithms and end-to-end simulations. We also measure the impact of model-mismatch with EFC by varying model parameters including clocking angle, and central wavelength in laboratory demonstrations. Finally, we validate our scalar vortex models against experimental results from the High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) facility at JPL by finding good agreement between lab and simulated performance. This ultimately helps to benchmark simulated contrast predictions for future scalar vortex coronagraph designs for HWO.

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arXiv2026

Habitable Worlds Observatory's Concept and Technology Maturation: Initial Feasibility and Trade Space Exploration

The Habitable Worlds Observatory is the first telescope ever designed to search for life and will be a powerhouse of discovery across topics in astrophysics. The observatory was the top recommendation of the Astro2020 Decadal Survey for large missions and a new HWO Technology Maturation Project Office was formed in August 2024 to mature the architecture, science and technology. In this paper we review the overall approach taken to mature the mission concept. We show progress on architecture development, integrated modeling, science cases, and technology roadmaps consistent with pre-formulation studies. We discuss plans for instrument studies and international engagement and science engagement including a Community Science and Instrument Team. Finally, we describe the plan forward to the Mission Concept Review.

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arXiv2025

Roman coronagraph simulations of exozodi observations in the presence of wavefront errors

The Coronagraph Instrument on board of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will demonstrate key technologies that will prepare the ground for the Habitable Worlds Observatory. The current predictions for the Roman Coronagraph's detection limit range from 1e-8 to a few 1e-9, which would allow for groundbreaking science, such as potentially imaging Jupiter-like planets. However, the performance of the instrument depends on many factors. Simulating images with varying optical error sources can help us connect instrument and observatory performance to science yield. Here we present corosims, a tool to simulate observations of astrophysical scenes with the Coronagraph with evolving errors. This tool wraps around the Coronagraph PROPER diffraction model and detector simulator. We use it to investigate the potential degeneracy between jitter-induced speckles and both hot and warm exozodi disk structures. First, we simulate observations of exozodi around Tau Ceti, with varying jitter. We predict that with nominal post-correction pointing jitter performance (~0.3 mas RMS), the Roman Coronagraph should be sensitive to 12x zodis worth of dust, assuming a face-on (worst case scenario) inclination. We further predict that its sensitivity degrades to 35x zodis if jitter on-target is 3x worse than the nominal value. This estimate assumes the best-modeled wavefront control and stability values from the project, including additional model uncertainty factors. We find that, while jitter hinders warm exozodi detection, jitter residuals are unlikely to result in a false positive. However, if a faint hot exozodi falls at small separation, it may not be distinguishable from jitter-induced speckle residuals of comparable brightness. Finally, we discuss the degeneracies induced between flux and separation retrieved near the inner working angle due the sharp edge of the Roman Coronagraph's focal plane mask.

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arXiv2025

SCExAO/CHARIS and Gaia Direct Imaging and Astrometric Discovery of a Superjovian Planet 3--4 lambda/D from the Accelerating Star HIP 54515

We present the discovery of a superjovian planet around the young A5 star HIP 54515, detected using precision astrometry from the Hipparcos Gaia Catalogue of Accelerations and high-contrast imaging with SCExAO/CHARIS from the recently-commenced OASIS program. SCExAO/CHARIS detects HIP 54515 b in five epochs 0\farcs{}145--0\farcs{}192 from the star ($\sim$3--4 $\lambda$/D at 1.65 $\mu m$), exhibiting clockwise orbital motion. HIP 54515 b lies near the M/L transition with a luminosity of log(L/L$_{\rm \odot}$) $\sim$ -3.52 $\pm$ 0.03. Dynamical modeling constrains its mass and mass ratio to be ${17.7}_{-4.9}^{+7.6}$ $M_{\rm Jup}$ and ${0.0090}_{-0.0024}^{+0.0036}$ and favors a $\sim$25 au semimajor axis. HIP 54515 b adds to a growing list of superjovian planets with moderate eccentricities (e $\approx$ 0.4). Now the third planet discovered from surveys combining high-contrast extreme adaptive optics imaging with precision astrometry, HIP 54515 b should help improve empirical constraints on the luminosity evolution and eccentricity distribution of the most massive planets. It may also provide a key technical test of the Roman Space Telescope Coronagraph Instrument's performance in the low stellar flux, small angular separation limit and a demonstration of its ability to yield constrainable planet spectral properties.

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arXiv2025

OASIS Survey Direct Imaging and Astrometric Discovery of HIP 71618 B: A Substellar Companion Suitable for the Roman Coronagraph Technology Demonstration

We present the OASIS survey program discovery of a substellar companion orbiting the young A1V star HIP 71618, detected using precision astrometry from Gaia and Hipparcos and high-contrast imaging with SCExAO/CHARIS and Keck/NIRC2. Atmospheric modeling favors a spectral type of M5--M8 and a temperature of $\sim$2700 $\pm$ 100 $K$. Dynamical modeling constrains HIP 71618 B's mass to be ${60}_{-21}^{+27}$ $M_{\rm Jup}$ or ${65}_{-29}^{+54}$ $M_{\rm Jup}$, depending on the adopted companion mass prior. It has a nearly edge-on, 11 au-orbit with a high eccentricity. HIP 71618 B will be located within Roman Coronagraph's dark hole region during the instrument's technological demonstration phase. A high signal-to-noise ratio detection of HIP 71618 B at 575 nm would demonstrate a 5-$\sigma$ contrast of 10$^{-7}$ or better. The system is also located within or very close to Roman's Continuous Viewing Zone -- near multiple candidate reference stars for dark-hole digging -- and its primary is bright ($V$ $\approx$ 5). The suitability of HIP 71618 as one potential Roman Coronagraph target for demonstrating the instrument's core requirement (TTR5) should motivate the timely, deep vetting of candidate reference stars.

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arXiv2025

CoronaGraph Instrument Reference stars for Exoplanets (CorGI-REx) I. Preliminary Vetting and Implications for the Roman Coronagraph and Habitable Worlds Observatory

The upcoming Roman Coronagraph will be the first high-contrast instrument in space capable of high-order wavefront sensing and control technologies, a critical technology demonstration for the proposed Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) that aims to directly image and characterize habitable exoEarths. The nominal Roman Coronagraph observing plan involves alternating observations of a science target and a bright, nearby reference star. High contrast is achieved using wavefront sensing and control, also known as "digging a dark hole", where performance depends on the properties of the reference star, requiring V<3, a resolved stellar diameter <2 mas, and no stellar multiplicity. The imposed brightness and diameter criteria limit the sample of reference star candidates to high-mass main sequence and post-main sequence objects, where multiplicity rates are high. A future HWO coronagraph may have similarly restrictive criteria in reference star selection. From an exhaustive literature review of 95 stars, we identify an initial list of 40 primary and 18 reserve reference star candidates relevant to both the Roman Coronagraph and HWO. We present results from an initial survey of these candidates with high-resolution adaptive optics imaging and speckle interferometry and identify no new companions. We discuss the need for higher-contrast observations to sufficiently vet these reference star candidates prior to Roman Coronagraph observations along with the implications of reference star criteria on observation planning for Roman and HWO.

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arXiv2025

Are We There Yet? Challenges in Quantifying the Frequency of Earth Analogs in the Habitable Zone

Searching for life elsewhere in the universe is one of the most highly prioritized pursuits in astronomy today. However, the ability to observe evidence of Earth-like life through biosignatures is limited by the number of planets in the solar neighborhood with conditions similar to Earth. The occurrence rate of Earth-like planets in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars, $\eta_{\oplus}$, is therefore crucial for addressing the apparent lack of consensus on its value in the literature. Here we present a review of the current understanding of $\eta_{\oplus}$. We first provide definitions for parameters that contribute to $\eta_{\oplus}$. Then, we discuss the previous and current estimated parameter values and the context of the limitations on the analyses that produced these estimates. We compile an extensive list of the factors that go into any calculation of $\eta_{\oplus}$, and how detection techniques and surveys differ in their sensitivity and ability to accurately constrain $\eta_{\oplus}$. Understanding and refining the value of $\eta_{\oplus}$ is crucial for upcoming missions and telescopes, such as the planned Habitable Worlds Observatory and the Large Interferometer for Exoplanets, which aim to search for biosignatures on exoplanets in the solar neighborhood.

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arXiv2025

Flight masks of the Roman Space Telescope Coronagraph Instrument

Over the past two decades, thousands of confirmed exoplanets have been detected. The next major challenge is to characterize these other worlds and their stellar systems. Much information on the composition and formation of exoplanets and circumstellar debris disks can only be achieved via direct imaging. Direct imaging is challenging because of the small angular separations (< 1 arcsec) and high star-to-planet flux ratios such as ~1e9 for a Jupiter analog or ~1e10 for an Earth analog in the visible. Atmospheric turbulence prohibits reaching such high flux ratios on the ground, so observations must be made above the Earth's atmosphere. The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman), planned to launch in late 2026, will be the first space-based observatory to demonstrate high-contrast imaging with active wavefront control using its Coronagraph Instrument. The instrument's main purpose is to mature the various technologies needed for a future flagship mission to image and characterize Earth-like exoplanets. These technologies include two high-actuator-count deformable mirrors, photon-counting detectors, two complementary wavefront sensing and control loops, and two different coronagraph types. In this paper, we describe the complete set of flight masks in the Roman Coronagraph Instrument, their intended combinations, and how they were laid out, fabricated, and measured.

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arXiv2025

GRIP: a generic data reduction package for nulling interferometry

Nulling interferometry is a powerful observing technique to study exoplanets and circumstellar dust at separations too small for direct imaging with single-dish telescopes. With recent photonics developments and the near-future ground-based instrumental projects, it bears the potential to detect young giant planets near the snow lines of their host stars. The observable quantity of a nulling interferometer is called the null depth, its precise measurement and calibration remain challenging against instrument and atmospheric noise. Null self-calibration is a method aiming to model the statistical distribution of the nulled signal. It has proven to be more sensitive and accurate than average-based data reduction methods in nulling interferometry. The variety of existing and upcoming of nullers raises the issue of consistency of the calibration process, structure of the data and the ability to reduce archived data on the long term. It has also led to many different implementations of the Null self-calibration method. In this article, we introduce GRIP: the first open-source toolbox to reduce nulling data with enhanced statistical self-calibration methods from any nulling interferometric instrument within a single and consistent framework. Astrophysical results show good consistency with two published GLINT and LBTI datasets and confirm nulling precision down to a few 10$^{-4}$.

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arXiv2025

Exozodiacal dust as a limitation to exoplanet imaging and spectroscopy

In addition to planets and other small bodies, stellar systems will likely also host exozodiacal dust, or exozodi. This warm dust primarily resides in or near the habitable zone of a star, and scatters stellar light in visible to NIR wavelengths, possibly acting as a spatially inhomogeneous fog that can impede our ability to detect and characterize Earth-like exoplanets. By improving our knowledge of exozodi in the near term with strategic precursor observations and model development, we may be able to mitigate these effects to support a future search for signs of habitability and life with a direct imaging mission. This white paper introduces exozodi, summarizes its impact on directly imaging Earth-like exoplanets, and outlines several key knowledge gaps and near-term solutions to maximize the science return of future observations.

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arXiv2025

Technical description and performance of the phase II version of the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer

The Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC) is a series of upgrades for the Keck II Adaptive Optics (AO) system and the NIRSPEC spectrograph to enable diffraction limited, high resolution (R>30000) spectroscopy of exoplanets and low mass companions in the K and L bands. Phase I consisted of single mode fiber injection/extraction units (FIU/FEU) used in conjunction with a H band pyramid wavefront sensor. The use of single mode fibers provides a gain in stellar rejection, a substantial reduction in sky background, and an extremely stable line spread function in the spectrograph. Phase II, deployed and commissioned in 2022, brought a 1000 actuator deformable mirror, beam shaping optics, a vortex mask, and other upgrades to the FIU/FEU. An additional service mission in 2024 extended operations down to y band, delivered an atmospheric dispersion corrector, and provided access to two laser frequency combs. KPIC phase II brings higher planet throughput, lower stellar leakage and many new observing modes which extend its ability to characterize exoplanets at high spectral resolution, building on the success of phase I. In this paper we present a description of the final phase II version of KPIC, along with results of system level laboratory testing and characterization showing the instrument's phase II throughput, stability, repeatability, and other key performance metrics prior to delivery and during installation at Keck. We outlined the capabilities of the various observing modes enabled by the new modules as well as efforts to compensate for static aberrations and non common path errors at Keck, which were issues that plagued phase I. Finally, we show results from commissioning.

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arXiv2025

The SPHEREx Target List of Ice Sources (SPLICES)

One of the primary objectives of the SPHEREx mission is to understand the origin of molecules such as H2O, CO2, and other volatile compounds at the early stages of planetary system formation. Because the vast majority of these compounds -- typically exceeding 95% -- exist in the solid phase rather than the gaseous phase in the systems of concern here, the observing strategy planned to characterize them is slightly unusual. Specifically, SPHEREx will target highly obscured sources throughout the Milky Way, and observe the species of concern in absorption against background illumination. SPHEREx spectrophotometry will yield ice column density measurements for millions of obscured Milky Way sources of all ages and types. By correlating those column densities with source ages, the SPHEREx mission will shed light on whether those molecules were formed in situ along with their nascent stellar systems, or whether instead they formed elsewhere and were introduced into those systems after their formation. To that end, this work describes version 7$.$1 of the SPHEREx Target List of Ice Sources (SPLICES) for the community. It contains about 8$.$6 million objects brighter than W2~12 Vega mag over much of the sky, principally within a broad strip running the length of the Milky Way midplane, but also within high-latitude molecular clouds and even the Magellanic Clouds.

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