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Christiane Schmidt

Publications and source records attributed to Christiane Schmidt.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Segment Watchman Routes

Motivated by applications for robust guarding, we consider a variant of the multiple-watchmen problem that ensures that every point within a polygon $P$ is seen from more than one direction: we search for two routes $W_1,W_2$, such that every point $p\in P$ is contained in a segment $\overline{w_1w_2}\subseteq P$ such that $w_1\in W_1$ and $w_2\in W_2$. We call such routes segment watchman routes. We show that finding the two routes that are optimal with respect to the min-max criterion is weakly NP-hard even in simple polygons, and that finding the routes that are optimal with respect to the min-sum criterion is NP-hard in polygons with holes. Moreover, we present sufficient conditions for routes to be segment watchman routes, and provide a polynomial-time $2$-approximation under both the min-max criterion and the min-sum criterion, both in simple polygons. Finally, we show how to generalize our results for $k$ watchmen.

cs.CG

A Dantzig-Wolfe Reformulation for Automated Aircraft Arrival Routing and Scheduling

We consider the problem of computing aircraft arrival routes in a terminal maneuvering area (TMA) together with an automated scheduling of all the arrivals within a given time interval. The arrival routes are modeled as energy-efficient continuous-descent operations, such that separation based on wake-turbulence categories is guaranteed within the TMA. We propose a new model based on a Dantzig-Wolfe reformulation of a previous model for this problem. As in the previous model, we include tree consistency across consecutive planning intervals. However, the reformulation enables us to further improve the model and also consider aircraft that remain in the TMA from the previous period, a feature critical for operational safety. In computational experiments for Stockholm Arlanda airport, the new model consistently outperforms the previous one: we obtain solutions within 5 seconds to 12.65 minutes compared to 40.9 hours with the old model for instances of half hours with high traffic. In addition, we are able to solve instances of a full hour of arriving aircraft with high traffic (33 aircraft) within 22.22 to 58.57 minutes, whereas the old model could not solve these instances at all. While we schedule all aircraft as continuous-descent arrivals, our model can be applied to any type of speed profiles for the arriving aircraft.

math.OC

Multiple Watchman Routes in Staircase Polygons

We consider the watchman route problem for multiple watchmen in staircase polygons, which are rectilinear $x$- and $y$-monotone polygons. For two watchmen, we propose an algorithm to find an optimal solution that takes quadratic time, improving on the cubic time of a trivial solution. For $m \geq 3$ watchmen, we explain where this approach fails, and present an approximation algorithm for the min-max criterion with only an additive error.

cs.CG

Late Train-Crew Rescheduling: A Tabu-Search-Based Approach Using Restricted DFS

In this paper, we reschedule the duties of train drivers one day before the operation. Because several drivers are absent (for example, because of sick leave), some trains have no driver. Thus, duties need to be rescheduled for the day of operation. We start with a feasible crew schedule for each of the remaining operating drivers, a set of unassigned tasks originally assigned to the absent drivers, and a set of standby drivers with fixed start time, end time, start depot, and end depot. Our aim is to generate a crew schedule with as few canceled tasks as possible. We present a tabu-search-based approach with restricted graph search for crew rescheduling. We also adopt a column-generation approach as a benchmark to reflect the same restrictions and objective function as our tabu-search-based approach. We use it to compare the quality of the results, computational time, and other performance indicators. Our tabu-search-based approach needs less computational time than the column-generation approach to compute an acceptable result. We further test the performance of our approach under different settings. One of the datasets used in the experiments originated from a regional passenger-train system around Stockholm, Sweden, and was provided by M\"alart{\aa}g. The other dataset is generated from the open-source crew scheduling data from the ROMSOC project.

math.OC

A New Method for Inserting Train Paths into a Timetable

A seemingly simple, yet widely applicable subroutine in automated train scheduling is the insertion of a new train path to a timetable in a railway network. We believe it to be the first step towards a new train-rerouting framework in case of large disturbances or maintenance works. Other applications include handling ad-hoc requests and modifying train paths upon request from railway undertakings. We propose a fast and scalable path-insertion algorithm based on dynamic programming that is able to output multiple suitable paths. Our algorithm uses macroscopic data and can run on railway networks with any number of tracks. We apply the algorithm on the line from G\"oteborg S\"aven\"as to the Norwegian border at Kornsj\"o. For a time window of seven hours, we obtain eight suitable paths for a freight train within 0.3 seconds after preprocessing.

cs.DS

Dispersive Vertex Guarding for Simple and Non-Simple Polygons

We study the Dispersive Art Gallery Problem with vertex guards: Given a polygon $\mathcal{P}$, with pairwise geodesic Euclidean vertex distance of at least $1$, and a rational number $\ell$; decide whether there is a set of vertex guards such that $\mathcal{P}$ is guarded, and the minimum geodesic Euclidean distance between any two guards (the so-called dispersion distance) is at least $\ell$. We show that it is NP-complete to decide whether a polygon with holes has a set of vertex guards with dispersion distance $2$. On the other hand, we provide an algorithm that places vertex guards in simple polygons at dispersion distance at least $2$. This result is tight, as there are simple polygons in which any vertex guard set has a dispersion distance of at most $2$.

cs.CG

Guarding Polyominoes Under $k$-Hop Visibility

We study the Art Gallery Problem under $k$-hop visibility in polyominoes. In this visibility model, two unit squares of a polyomino can see each other if and only if the shortest path between the respective vertices in the dual graph of the polyomino has length at most $k$. In this paper, we show that the VC dimension of this problem is $3$ in simple polyominoes, and $4$ in polyominoes with holes. Furthermore, we provide a reduction from Planar Monotone 3Sat, thereby showing that the problem is NP-complete even in thin polyominoes (i.e., polyominoes that do not a contain a $2\times 2$ block of cells). Complementarily, we present a linear-time $4$-approximation algorithm for simple $2$-thin polyominoes (which do not contain a $3\times 3$ block of cells) for all $k\in \mathbb{N}$.

cs.CG

Rectangular Spiral Galaxies are Still Hard

Spiral Galaxies is a pencil-and-paper puzzle played on a grid of unit squares: given a set of points called centers, the goal is to partition the grid into polyominoes such that each polyomino contains exactly one center and is 180° rotationally symmetric about its center. We show that this puzzle is NP-complete, ASP-complete, and #P-complete even if (a) all solutions to the puzzle have rectangles for polyominoes; or (b) the polyominoes are required to be rectangles and all solutions to the puzzle have just 1$\times$1, 1$\times$3, and 3$\times$1 rectangles. The proof for the latter variant also implies NP/ASP/#P-completeness of finding a noncrossing perfect matching in distance-2 grid graphs where edges connect vertices of Euclidean distance 2. Moreover, we prove NP-completeness of the design problem of minimizing the number of centers such that there exists a set of galaxies that exactly cover a given shape

cs.CG

Opposing Half Guards

We study the art gallery problem for opposing half guards: guards that can either see to their left or to their right only. We present art gallery theorems, show that the location of half guards in 2-guardable polygons is not restricted to extensions, show that the problem is NP-hard in monotone polygons, and present approximation algorithms for spiral and staircase polygons.

cs.CG

$k$-Transmitter Watchman Routes

We consider the watchman route problem for a $k$-transmitter watchman: standing at point $p$ in a polygon $P$, the watchman can see $q\in P$ if $\overline{pq}$ intersects $P$'s boundary at most $k$ times -- $q$ is $k$-visible to $p$. Traveling along the $k$-transmitter watchman route, either all points in $P$ or a discrete set of points $S\subset P$ must be $k$-visible to the watchman. We aim for minimizing the length of the $k$-transmitter watchman route. We show that even in simple polygons the shortest $k$-transmitter watchman route problem for a discrete set of points $S\subset P$ is NP-complete and cannot be approximated to within a logarithmic factor (unless P=NP), both with and without a given starting point. Moreover, we present a polylogarithmic approximation for the $k$-transmitter watchman route problem for a given starting point and $S\subset P$ with approximation ratio $O(\log^2(|S|\cdot n) \log\log (|S|\cdot n) \log(|S|+1))$ (with $|P|=n$).

cs.CG

Modeling Magnetic Particle Imaging for Dynamic Tracer Distributions

Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a promising tracer-based, functional medical imaging technique which measures the non-linear magnetization response of magnetic nanoparticles to a dynamic magnetic field. For image reconstruction, system matrices from time-consuming calibration scans are used predominantly. Finding modeled forward operators for magnetic particle imaging, which are able to compete with measured matrices in practice, is an ongoing topic of research. The existing models for magnetic particle imaging are by design not suitable for arbitrary dynamic tracer concentrations. Neither modeled nor measured system matrices account for changes in the concentration during a single scanning cycle. In this paper we present a new MPI forward model for dynamic concentrations. A static model will be introduced briefly, followed by the changes due to the dynamic behavior of the tracer concentration. Furthermore, the relevance of this new extended model is examined by investigating the influence of the extension and example reconstructions with the new and the standard model.

eess.IV

Folding Polyominoes with Holes into a Cube

When can a polyomino piece of paper be folded into a unit cube? Prior work studied tree-like polyominoes, but polyominoes with holes remain an intriguing open problem. We present sufficient conditions for a polyomino with one or several holes to fold into a cube, and conditions under which cube folding is impossible. In particular, we show that all but five special \emph{simple} holes guarantee foldability.

cs.CG

Altitude Terrain Guarding and Guarding Uni-Monotone Polygons

We present an optimal, linear-time algorithm for the following version of terrain guarding: given a 1.5D terrain and a horizontal line, place the minimum number of guards on the line to see all of the terrain. We prove that the cardinality of the minimum guard set coincides with the cardinality of a maximum number of ``witnesses'', i.e., terrain points, no two of which can be seen by a single guard. We show that our results also apply to the Art Gallery problem in ``monotone mountains'', i.e., $x$-monotone polygons with a single edge as one of the boundary chains. This means that any monotone mountain is ``perfect'' (its guarding number is the same as its witness number); we thus establish the first non-trivial class of perfect polygons.

cs.CG

Folding Polyominoes into (Poly)Cubes

We study the problem of folding a polyomino $P$ into a polycube $Q$, allowing faces of $Q$ to be covered multiple times. First, we define a variety of folding models according to whether the folds (a) must be along grid lines of $P$ or can divide squares in half (diagonally and/or orthogonally), (b) must be mountain or can be both mountain and valley, (c) can remain flat (forming an angle of $180^\circ$), and (d) must lie on just the polycube surface or can have interior faces as well. Second, we give all the inclusion relations among all models that fold on the grid lines of $P$. Third, we characterize all polyominoes that can fold into a unit cube, in some models. Fourth, we give a linear-time dynamic programming algorithm to fold a tree-shaped polyomino into a constant-size polycube, in some models. Finally, we consider the triangular version of the problem, characterizing which polyiamonds fold into a regular tetrahedron.

cs.CG

Single-Player and Two-Player Buttons & Scissors Games

We study the computational complexity of the Buttons \& Scissors game and obtain sharp thresholds with respect to several parameters. Specifically we show that the game is NP-complete for $C = 2$ colors but polytime solvable for $C = 1$. Similarly the game is NP-complete if every color is used by at most $F = 4$ buttons but polytime solvable for $F \leq 3$. We also consider restrictions on the board size, cut directions, and cut sizes. Finally, we introduce several natural two-player versions of the game and show that they are PSPACE-complete.

cs.CC

Algorithms for Art Gallery Illumination

The Art Gallery Problem (AGP) is one of the classical problems in computational geometry. It asks for the minimum number of guards required to achieve visibility coverage of a given polygon. The AGP is well-known to be NP-hard even in restricted cases. In this paper, we consider the Art Gallery Problem with Fading (AGPF): A polygonal region is to be illuminated with light sources such that every point is illuminated with at least a global threshold, light intensity decreases over distance, and we seek to minimize the total energy consumption. Choosing fading exponents of zero, one, and two are equivalent to the AGP, laser scanner applications, and natural light, respectively. We present complexity results as well as a negative solvability result. Still, we propose two practical algorithms for AGPF with fixed light positions (e.g. vertex guards) independent of the fading exponent, which we demonstrate to work well in practice. One is based on a discrete approximation, the other on non-linear programming by means of simplex-partitioning strategies. The former approach yields a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme for AGPF with fixed light positions. The latter approach obtains better results in our experimental evaluation.

cs.CG

The Continuous 1.5D Terrain Guarding Problem: Discretization, Optimal Solutions, and PTAS

In the NP-hard continuous 1.5D Terrain Guarding Problem (TGP) we are given an $x$-monotone chain of line segments in $\mathbb{R}^2$ (the terrain $T$) and ask for the minimum number of guards (located anywhere on $T$) required to guard all of $T$. We construct guard candidate and witness sets $G, W \subset T$ of polynomial size such that any feasible (optimal) guard cover $G^* \subseteq G$ for $W$ is also feasible (optimal) for the continuous TGP. This discretization allows us to (1) settle NP-completeness for the continuous TGP, (2) provide a Polynomial Time Approximation Scheme (PTAS) for the continuous TGP using the PTAS for the discrete TGP by Gibson et al., and (3) formulate the continuous TGP as an Integer Linear Program (IP). Furthermore, we propose several filtering techniques reducing the size of our discretization, allowing us to devise an efficient IP-based algorithm that reliably provides optimal guard placements for terrains with up to $10^6$ vertices within minutes on a standard desktop computer.

cs.CG

Computing Nonsimple Polygons of Minimum Perimeter

We provide exact and approximation methods for solving a geometric relaxation of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) that occurs in curve reconstruction: for a given set of vertices in the plane, the problem Minimum Perimeter Polygon (MPP) asks for a (not necessarily simply connected) polygon with shortest possible boundary length. Even though the closely related problem of finding a minimum cycle cover is polynomially solvable by matching techniques, we prove how the topological structure of a polygon leads to NP-hardness of the MPP. On the positive side, we show how to achieve a constant-factor approximation. When trying to solve MPP instances to provable optimality by means of integer programming, an additional difficulty compared to the TSP is the fact that only a subset of subtour constraints is valid, depending not on combinatorics, but on geometry. We overcome this difficulty by establishing and exploiting additional geometric properties. This allows us to reliably solve a wide range of benchmark instances with up to 600 vertices within reasonable time on a standard machine. We also show that using a natural geometry-based sparsification yields results that are on average within 0.5% of the optimum.

cs.CG