arXiv subjects

Elena Popova

Publications and source records attributed to Elena Popova.

16 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Design and performance of the Fast Beam Condition Monitor for luminosity and background measurement at the CMS Experiment in LHC Run 3

The Fast Beam Condition Monitor (BCM1F) has been used at the CMS Experiment since the first LHC circulating beams in 2008. Originally meant as a beam-induced background monitor for fast beam losses detection, it showed a potential also for luminosity measurements in 2012 running, and has been used for luminosity measurements since the beginning of Run 2 data taking in 2015 as a part of the Beam Radiation, Instrumentation and Luminosity (BRIL) system. Over the years, the system has undergone various upgrades to the sensors, the front-end and back-end electronics, providing improvements in the precision of the measurements, that remain valid in the higher pileup conditions of LHC Run 3 (2022-2026). Based on the experience of all BCM1F Run 2 upgrades, the detector was completely rebuilt prior to LHC Run 3 using AC-coupled silicon-pad diodes and active cooling. This latest detector version exhibits excellent linearity with instantaneous luminosity and achieves nanosecond-level timing precision, enabling improved systematic corrections for luminosity and background measurements. This paper presents a detailed overview of the detector system for LHC Run 3, including the selection and qualification of sensors as well as a summary of the readout system. It also outlines the processing and calibration strategy for luminosity data, discussing operational hurdles and comparing BCM1F measurements to other CMS luminosity measurements to assess the system's performance as a luminometer. Lastly, the implications for the design of a future luminosity detector to be used in the envisioned HL-LHC upgrade are discussed.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2025

On semantics of first-order justification logic with binding modalities

We introduce the first order logic of proofs $FOLP^\Box$ in the joint language combining justification terms and binding modalities. The main issue is Kripke--style semantics for this logic. We describe models for $FOLP^\Box$ in terms of valuations of individual variables instead of introducing constants to the language. This approach requires a new format of the evidence function. This allows us to assign semantic meaning to formulas that contain free variables. The main results are soundness and completeness of $FOLP^\Box$ with respect to the described semantics.

cs.LO↗

arXiv2025

Origin of Pulsed Radio Emission from Magnetars

Extended periods of radio pulsations have been observed for six magnetars, displaying characteristics different from those of ordinary pulsars. In this Letter, we argue that radio emission is generated in a closed, twisted magnetic flux bundle originating near the magnetic pole and extending beyond 100 km from the magnetar. The electron-positron flow in the twisted bundle has to carry electric current and, at the same time, experiences a strong drag by the radiation field of the magnetar. This combination forces the plasma into a ``radiatively locked'' state with a sustained two-stream instability, generating radio emission. We demonstrate this mechanism using novel first-principles simulations that follow the plasma behavior by solving the relativistic Vlasov equation with the discontinuous Galerkin method. First, using one-dimensional simulations, we demonstrate how radiative drag induces the two-stream instability, sustaining turbulent electric fields. When extended to two dimensions, the system produces electromagnetic waves, including superluminal modes capable of escaping the magnetosphere. We measure their frequency and emitted power, and incorporate the local simulation results into a global magnetospheric model. The model explains key features of observed radio emission from magnetars: its appearance after an X-ray outburst, wide pulse profiles, luminosities $\sim 10^{30}{\rm{erg/s}}$, and a broad range of frequencies extending up to $\sim 100\, \mathrm{GHz}$.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2023

Outlook on Magnetohydrodynamical Turbulence and its Astrophysical Implications

Magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) turbulence is ubiquitous in magnetized astrophysical plasmas, and it radically changes a great variety of astrophysical processes. In this review, we give the concept of MHD turbulence and explain the origin of its scaling. We consider the implications of MHD turbulence to various problems: dynamo in different types of stars, flare activity, solar and stellar wind from different stars, propagation of cosmic rays, and star formation. We also discuss how the properties of MHD turbulence provide a new way of tracing magnetic fields in interstellar and intracluster media.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2023

Periodicities of solar activity and solar radiation derived from observations and their links with the terrestrial environment

Solar magnetic activity is expressed via variations of sunspots and active regions varying on different timescales. The most accepted is an 11-year period supposedly induced by the electromagnetic solar dynamo mechanism. There are also some shorter or longer timescales detected: the biennial cycle (2-2.7 years), Gleisberg cycle (80-100 years), and Hallstatt's cycle (2100-2300 years). Recently, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the observed solar background magnetic field (SBMF), another period of 330-380 years, or Grand Solar Cycle (GSC), was derived from the summary curve of two eigenvectors of SBMF. In this paper, a spectral analysis of the averaged sunspot numbers, solar irradiance, and the summary curve of eigenvectors of SBMF was carried out using Morlet wavelet and Fourier transforms. We detect a 10.7-year cycle from the sunspots and modulus summary curve of eigenvectors as well a 22 years cycle and the grand solar cycle of 342-350-years from the summary curve of eigenvectors. The Gleissberg centennial cycle is only detected on the full set of averaged sunspot numbers for 400 years or by adding a quadruple component to the summary curve of eigenvectors. Another period of 2200-2300 years is detected in the Holocene data of solar irradiance measured from the abundance of $^{14}$C isotope. This period was also confirmed with the period of 2100 years derived from a baseline of the summary curve, supposedly, caused by the solar inertial motion (SIM) induced by the gravitation of large planets. The implication of these findings for different deposition of solar radiation into the northern and southern hemispheres of the Earth caused by the combined effects of the solar activity and solar inertial motion on the terrestrial atmosphere are also discussed.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2022

A shallow layer laboratory model of large-scale atmospheric circulation

A new shallow layer laboratory model of global atmosphere circulation is realized. The shallow rotating cylindrical layer of fluid with the localized heater at the bottom periphery and localized cooler in the central part of the upper boundary is considered. The rim heater imitates the equator heating and disc cooler -- the north pole cooling. The rim heater is intentionally shifted from the sidewall to decrease the influence of the no-slip vertical boundaries and provide anticyclonic-cyclonic motion in the upper layer, imitating the formation of large-scale zonal flows (easterlies and westerlies) in the low latitudes. The low-viscous silicon oil is used instead of water to avoid complex effects provided by the formation of a thin film of a surface-active substance on the open surface. The flow transforms from the Hadley-like regime to the baroclinic wave regime through transitional states. The decrease in the thermal Rossby number for the fixed value of Taylor number results in the regularization of the baroclinic waves. The main difference between presented and classical annulus configurations is the absence of the steady waves. All wave regimes, even with regular wave structures, are characterized by strong non-periodic fluctuations. The observed baroclinic wave structures are a combination of temporarily evolving different baroclinic modes. The presented model provides the formation of atmospheric-like flows, characterized by complex temporal behaviour and can serve as an efficient tool for studying different aspects of global atmospheric circulation.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2022

Standing spin wave excitation in Bi:YIG films via temperature induced anisotropy changes and magnetoacoustic coupling

Based on micromagnetic simulations and experimental observations of the magnetization and lattice dynamics following the direct optical excitation of the magnetic insulator Bi:YIG or indirect excitation via an optically opaque Pt/Cu double layer, we disentangle the dynamical effects of magnetic anisotropy and magnetoelastic coupling. The strain and temperature of the lattice are quantified via modeling ultrafast x-ray diffraction data. Measurements of the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect agree well with the magnetization dynamics simulated according to the excitation via two mechanisms: The magneto-acoustic coupling to the experimentally verified strain dynamics and the ultrafast temperature-induced transient change in the magnetic anisotropy. The numerical modeling proves that for direct excitation both mechanisms drive the fundamental mode with opposite phase. The relative ratio of standing spin-wave amplitudes of higher order modes indicates that both mechanisms are substantially active.

cond-mat.other↗

arXiv2020

Tip Avalanche Photodiode -- A new generation Silicon Photomultiplier based on non-planar technology

The Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) is a mature photodetector concept that is applied in a variety of applications ranging from medical imaging to automotive LiDAR systems. Over the last few years, improvements of the sensor performance are gradually approaching to a saturation. In this work we present our new concept to overcome the intrinsic limitations of planar configurations of electrodes. Our non-planar technology is based on focusing and enhancing the electric fields by tip-like electrodes. The shape of the electric field and the lack of typical micro-cell edges, allows us to exclude cell separation boundaries and eliminate dead space around active cell areas. Our design provides a high-density micro-cell layout with a high geometric efficiency. It resolves the well-known trade-off between the detection efficiency and the dynamic range. The first "Tip Avalanche Photodiode" (TAPD) prototypes show a remarkable geometric efficiency above 80% for a micro-cell pitch of 15$\mathrmμ$m. This directly translates into a photon detection efficiency (PDE) record peak value of 73% at 600nm with respect to the state-of-the-art SiPMs. Moreover, the PDE remains above a value of 45% up to a wavelength of 800nm with another record value of 22% at 905nm. The reduced micro-cell capacity allows for a fast recovery time below 4ns, which improves the operation at high photon rates. Overall, the TAPD is anticipated to be a very promising SiPM generation for various wide-spectral and high-dynamic-range applications in health science, biophysics, particle physics and LiDARs.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2020

Domain Shift in Computer Vision models for MRI data analysis: An Overview

Machine learning and computer vision methods are showing good performance in medical imagery analysis. Yetonly a few applications are now in clinical use and one of the reasons for that is poor transferability of themodels to data from different sources or acquisition domains. Development of new methods and algorithms forthe transfer of training and adaptation of the domain in multi-modal medical imaging data is crucial for thedevelopment of accurate models and their use in clinics. In present work, we overview methods used to tackle thedomain shift problem in machine learning and computer vision. The algorithms discussed in this survey includeadvanced data processing, model architecture enhancing and featured training, as well as predicting in domaininvariant latent space. The application of the autoencoding neural networks and their domain-invariant variationsare heavily discussed in a survey. We observe the latest methods applied to the magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) data analysis and conclude on their performance as well as propose directions for further research.

eess.IV↗

arXiv2020

Some Aspects of a Software Reliability Problem

Obviously, the dynamism of software reliability research has speeded up significantly in the last period, and we can state the fact that its intensity is approaching, and in some cases is ahead of the information systems hardware reliability research intensity. Reliability of software is much more important than its other characteristics, such as runtime, and although the absolute reliability of modern software is apparently unattainable, there is still no generally accepted measure of reliability of computer programs. The article analyzes the reasons for the situation and offers an approach to solving the problem. The article touches upon the issue of general characteristics of information systems software life cycle. Considered software application reliability questions and use of fail-safe ensuring programming. Also presented basic types of so-called virus programs that lead to abnormal functioning of information systems. Much attention is given to presenting some known models used for software debugging and operating. So, this review paper consists of four sections: information systems software process creation, reliability of information systems software, using of fail-safe programs and estimation of software reliability according the results of adjusting and normal operation.

cs.SE↗

arXiv2020

Bismuth iron garnet: ab initio study of electronic properties

Bismuth iron garnet (BIG), i.e. Bi3Fe5O12, is a strong ferrimagnet that also possess outstanding magneto-optical properties such as the largest known Faraday rotation. These properties are related with the distribution of magnetic moments on octahedral and tetrahedral sites, the presence of spin gaps in the density of state and a strong spin-orbit coupling. In this work, first-principles ab initio calculations are performed to study the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of BIG using Density Functional Theory with Hubbard+U (DFT+U) correction including spin-orbit coupling and HSE06 hybrid functional. We found that the presence of spin gaps in the electronic structure results from the interplay between exchange and correlation effects and the crystal field strengths for tetrahedral and octahedral iron sublattices. The DFT+U treatment tends to close the spin-gaps for larger U due to over-localization effects, notably in the octahedral site. On the other hand, the hybrid functional confirms the occurrences of three spin gaps in the iron states of the conduction band as expected from optical measurements. A strong exchange splitting at the top of the valence bands associated with a lone-pair type mixture of O p and Bi s,p states is also obtained. Similar exchange splitting was not previously observed for other iron based garnets, such as for yttrium iron garnet. It follows that hole doping, as obtained by Ca substitution at Bi sites, results in a full spin polarized density at the Fermi energy. This work helps to shed more light on the theoretical comprehension of the properties of BIG and opens the route towards the use of advanced Many Body calculations to predict the magneto-optical coupling effects in BIG in a direct comparison with the experimental measurements.

cond-mat.str-el↗

arXiv2019

Faraday-Rotation in Iron Garnet Films Beyond Elemental Substitutions

In previous decades significant efforts have been devoted to increasing the magneto-optical efficiency of iron garnet materials for the miniaturization of nonreciprocal devices such as isolators and circulators. Elemental substitutions or proper nano-structuring to benefit from optical resonances have been pursued. However, all these approaches still require film thicknesses of at least several tens of microns to deliver useful device applications, and suffer from narrow bandwidths in the case of optical resonance effects. This Letter reports on a newly discovered enhancement of the Faraday Effect observed experimentally in nanoscale bismuth-substituted iron garnet films. It is shown here that this enhancement is not due to elemental substitution or compositional variations. Nor is it due to photon trapping or resonance effects. Comprehensive experimental and theoretical analysis of the Faraday rotation reveals a dramatic seven-fold amplification in the magneto-optic gyrotropy within only 2 nm of the air-surface interface, corresponding to just a couple of atomic monolayers as a result of symmetry-breaking at the air-film interface. This finding opens up an avenue to the application of monolayer magnetic garnets for the control of light.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2018

Spatially Resolved Dark Count Rate of SiPMs

The Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) is a promising photo-detector for a variety of applications. However, the high dark count rate (DCR) of the SiPM is still a contemporary problem. Decreasing the DCR would significantly broaden the range of possible applications. In this work we present a novel method for the spatially resolved characterization of crystal defects in SiPMs. The contribution of crystal defects to the DCR is evaluated by exploiting the effect of "hot carrier luminescence" (HCL), which is light that is emitted during the Geiger mode operation of avalanche photodiodes (SiPM micro-cells). Spatially confined regions with an enhanced light emission intensity (hotspots) are identified within the active areas of SiPM micro-cells. By correlating the detected light intensity and the DCR, a significant contribution of up to 56 % of the DCR can be attributed to less than 5 % of the micro-cells. The analysis of the temperature dependence of the emitted light identifies the Shockley-Read-Hall-Generation to be the dominant mechanism responsible for the occurrence of hotspots. The motivation of this work is to generate a deeper understanding of the origin of hotspots in order to suppress their contribution to the DCR of SiPMs.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2018

Picosecond acoustic excitation driven ultrafast magnetization dynamics in dielectric Bi-substituted yttrium iron garnet

Using femtosecond optical pulses, we have investigated the ultrafast magnetization dynamics induced in a dielectric film of bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Bi-YIG) buried below a thick Cu/Pt metallic bilayer. We show that exciting the sample from Pt surface launches an acoustic strain pulse propagating into the garnet film. We discovered that this strain pulse induces a coherent magnetization precession in the Bi-YIG at the frequency of the ferromagnetic resonance. The observed phenomena can be explain by strain-induced changes of magnetocristalline anisotropy via the inverse magnetostriction effect. These findings open new perspectives toward the control of the magnetization in magnetic garnets embedded in complex heterostructure devices.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2017

Bismuth iron garnet Bi3Fe5O12: a room temperature magnetoelectric material

The possibility to control the magnetic properties of a material with an electric field at room temperature is highly desirable for modern applications. Moreover, a coupling between magnetic and electric orders within a single material presenting a wide range of exceptional physical properties, such as bismuth iron garnet (BIG), may lead to great advances in the field of spintronic applications. In particular, the combination of the magnetoelectric (ME) coupling with the low damping of spin waves in BIG can allow the control and manipulation of spin waves by an electric field in magnonic devices. Here we report the unambiguous observation of linear magnetoelectric coupling above 300 K in BIG using ferromagnetic resonance technique with electric field modulation. The measured coupling value is comparable with that observed for prototypal magnetoelectric Cr2O3. On the basis of our experimental results, the strength of this linear ME coupling is directly linked to the presence of bismuth ions inducing strong spin orbit coupling and to the appearance of local magnetic inhomogeneities related to the magnetic domain structure. The unprecedented combination of magnetic, optical and magnetoelectrical properties in BIG is expected to trigger significant interest for technological applications as well as for theoretical studies.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2015

Excitation of magnetic precession in bismuth iron garnet via a polarization-independent impulsive photomagnetic effect

A polarization-independent, nonthermal optical effect on the magnetization in bismuth iron garnet is found, in addition to the circular polarization-dependent inverse Faraday effect and the linear polarization-dependent photoinduced magnetic anisotropy. Its impulsive character is demonstrated by the field dependence of the amplitude of the resulting precession, which cannot be explained by a long-living photo or heat-induced anisotropy.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗