arXiv · 2608.27264
Design and performance of the Fast Beam Condition Monitor for luminosity and background measurement at the CMS Experiment in LHC Run 3
Abstract
The Fast Beam Condition Monitor (BCM1F) has been used at the CMS Experiment since the first LHC circulating beams in 2008. Originally meant as a beam-induced background monitor for fast beam losses detection, it showed a potential also for luminosity measurements in 2012 running, and has been used for luminosity measurements since the beginning of Run 2 data taking in 2015 as a part of the Beam Radiation, Instrumentation and Luminosity (BRIL) system. Over the years, the system has undergone various upgrades to the sensors, the front-end and back-end electronics, providing improvements in the precision of the measurements, that remain valid in the higher pileup conditions of LHC Run 3 (2022-2026). Based on the experience of all BCM1F Run 2 upgrades, the detector was completely rebuilt prior to LHC Run 3 using AC-coupled silicon-pad diodes and active cooling. This latest detector version exhibits excellent linearity with instantaneous luminosity and achieves nanosecond-level timing precision, enabling improved systematic corrections for luminosity and background measurements. This paper presents a detailed overview of the detector system for LHC Run 3, including the selection and qualification of sensors as well as a summary of the readout system. It also outlines the processing and calibration strategy for luminosity data, discussing operational hurdles and comparing BCM1F measurements to other CMS luminosity measurements to assess the system's performance as a luminometer. Lastly, the implications for the design of a future luminosity detector to be used in the envisioned HL-LHC upgrade are discussed.
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The CMS BRIL Collaboration, Eliana Acurio, Ying An, Iakov Andreev, Tomas Atehortua, Georg Auzinger, Hamed Bakhshiansohi, Gergely Balint, Luis Ignacio Banos, Juan Pedro Barajas Ibarria, Hugo Alberto Becerril, Jose Feliciano Benitez, Philip H. Butler, Alan Campbell, Edgar Fernando Carrera Jarrın, Alfredo Castaneda Hernandez, Marco Costa, Antonio Cota Rodriguez, Luis Enrique Cuevas Picos, Anne Dabrowski, Vladyslav Danilov, Andres Guillermo Delannoy Sotomayor, Hedwin Aaron Encinas Acosta, Krisztian Farkas, Anna Feherkuti, Mahmoud Moussa Abdelkhalek Gadallah, Luis Gabriel Gallegos Marinez, Angela Giraldi, Alfredo Gurrola, Moritz Guthoff, Mykyta Haranko, Maria Hempel, Hans Henschel, Shilpi Jain, Armin Kadlecsik, Jan Kaplon, Adam Kardos, Olena Karacheban, Nimmitha Karunarathna, Joscha Ahauser, Georgios Krintiras, Leen Lambers, Jessica Leonard, Moises David Leon Coello, Maksim Jenihhin, Willard Johns, Markus Klute, Wolfgang Lange, Kuan-Yu Lin, Wei Heng Liu, Wolfgang Lohnmann, Arkady Lokhovitskiy, Robert Loos, Peter Major, Sophie Mallows, Jeremiah Mans, Daniel Marlow, Badder Marzocchi, John-Erik Meißner, Philip Jason Meltzer, Stefano Mersi, Andreas Bernhard Meyer, Dmitri Mihhailov, Valeria Monti, Michele Mormile, Javier Alberto Murillo Quijada, Vlodymyr Myronenko, Cristina Oropeza Barrera, Younes Otarid, Christopher Palmer, Jose David Ochoa Flores, Michelangelo Pari, Gabriella Pasztor, Marek Penno, Fabio Lucas Pereira Carneiro, Elena Popova, Attila Jozsef Radl, Evan Altair Ranken, Beatriz Ribeiro-Lopes, Francesco Romeo, Carlos Romero, Jonas Rubenach, Alexander Ruede, Vladimir Ryjov, Santeri Saariokari, Alessia Saggio, Valerie Scheurer, Vahid Sedighzadeh Dalavi, Mohammad Sedghi, Tatiana Selezneva, Konstantin Sharko, Alexey Shevelev, Konstantin Shibin, Sunil Somalwar, Rafael Sosa, Stefan Spanier, David Stickland, Robert Stone, Andromachi Tsirou, Oleksii Turkot. 2026-08-27. Design and performance of the Fast Beam Condition Monitor for luminosity and background measurement at the CMS Experiment in LHC Run 3. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.27264
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