arXiv2025
We investigate the asymptotic behavior, as $\varepsilon \to 0$, of nonlocal functionals $$ \mathcal{F}_{\varepsilon}(u) = \iint_{\mathbb{R}^N\times\mathbb{R}^N} ρ_{\varepsilon}(y-x)\,|u(x)-u(y)|^p\,dx\,dy,\qquad u\in L^p(\mathbb{R}^N),\quad 1\leqslant p<\infty, $$ associated with a general family of nonnegative measurable kernels $\{ρ_{\varepsilon}\}_{\varepsilon>0}$. Our primary aim is to single out the weakest moment-type assumptions on the family $\{ρ_{\varepsilon}\}_{\varepsilon>0}$ that are necessary and sufficient for the pointwise convergence $$ \lim_{\varepsilon\to 0}\mathcal{F}_{\varepsilon}(u)=2\|u\|_{L^p}^p $$ to hold for every $u$ in a prescribed subspace of $L^p(\mathbb{R}^N)$. In the canonical smooth regime of compactly supported functions ($u\in C_c^{\infty}(\mathbb{R}^N)$) we show that convergence occurs when two optimal conditions are satisfied: (i) a mass-escape condition, and (ii) a short-range attenuation effect, expressed by the vanishing as $\varepsilon\to 0$ of the kernels' $p$-moments in any fixed neighborhood of the origin. This general framework recovers the classical Maz'ya--Shaposhnikova theorem for fractional-type kernels and extends the convergence result to a much broader class of interaction profiles, which may be non-symmetric and non-homogeneous. Using a density argument that preserves the moment assumptions, we prove that the same necessary and sufficient conditions remain valid in the integer-order Sobolev setting ($u\in W^{1,p}(\mathbb{R}^N)$). Finally, by adapting the method to fractional Sobolev spaces $W^{s,p}(\mathbb{R}^N)$ with $s\in(0,1)$, we recover the Maz'ya-Shaposhnikova formula and extend it under analogous abstract conditions on the family $\{ρ_{\varepsilon}\}_{\varepsilon>0}$.