Differentiable Cardiac Electrophysiology Simulations for Dynamical State and Parameter Estimation
The heart's contractions are triggered by action potential waves, which propagate through the cardiac muscle and exhibit diverse spatio-temporal dynamics during different heart rhythms. The dynamics are modeled with partial differential equations (PDEs) in cardiac electrophysiology simulations. However, fitting such models to measurement data to develop digital twins or patient-specific computer models is challenging. Here, we introduce differentiable cardiac electrophysiology simulations that can be fitted automatically to spatio-temporal measurement data of action potential waves in cardiac tissue. By comparing the simulated dynamics with the observation data, we define a loss function that is minimized via gradient-based optimization. Backpropagating the loss gradient through the differentiable PDE solver enables us to learn the parameters and recover the full dynamics, even with sparse, noisy, or partial observations. Implemented using both the finite-difference and smoothed particle hydrodynamics methods, our simulation framework can be applied to pixel-, voxel-, or point-based data, such as 2D or 3D slabs, or arbitrary shapes, such as the heart's ventricles. Using this methodology, we locate early activation sites inside a 3D bi-ventricular simulation geometry and fit a phenomenological model to imaging data of a voltage spiral wave in a cardiac monolayer cell culture. With experimental data, we employed a perceptual loss based on the Video Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture, which enables fitting to noisy imaging data, and a generative diffusion model to estimate initial conditions and constrain solutions. Differentiable cardiac electrophysiology simulations could improve the diagnosis of rhythm abnormalities in patients and facilitate the development of personalized models or digital twins of the heart.