Molecular Dynamics Study of Orientational Cooperativity in Water
Recent experiments on liquid water show collective dipole orientation fluctuations dramatically slower then expected (with relaxation time $>$ 50 ns) [D. P. Shelton, Phys. Rev. B {\bf 72}, 020201(R) (2005)]. Molecular dynamics simulations of SPC/E water show large vortex-like structure of dipole field at ambient conditions surviving over 300 ps [J. Higo at al. PNAS, {\bf 98} 5961 (2001)]. Both results disagree with previous results on water dipoles in similar conditions, for which autocorrelation times are a few ps. Motivated by these recent results, we study the water dipole reorientation using molecular dynamics simulations in bulk SPC/E water for temperatures ranging from ambient 300 K down to the deep supercooled region of the phase diagram at 210 K. First, we calculate the dipole autocorrelation function and find that our simulations are well-described by a stretched exponential decay, from which we calculate the {\it orientational autocorrelation time} $τ_{a}$. Second, we define a second characteristic time, namely the time required for the randomization of molecular dipole orientation, the {\it self-dipole randomization time} $τ_{r}$, which is an upper limit on $τ_{a}$; we find that $τ_{r}\approx 5 τ_{a}$. Third, to check if there are correlated domains of dipoles in water which have large relaxation times compared to the individual dipoles, we calculate the randomization time $τ_{\rm box}$ of the site-dipole field, the net dipole moment formed by a set of molecules belonging to a box of edge $L_{\rm box}$. We find that the {\it site-dipole randomization time} $τ_{\rm box}\approx 2.5 τ_{a}$ for $L_{\rm box}\approx 3$Å, i.e. it is shorter than the same quantity calculated for the self-dipole. Finally, we find that the orientational correlation length is short even at low $T$.