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Gouranga C Nayak

Publications and source records attributed to Gouranga C Nayak.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2019

Correct Definition of The QCD Potential From The Wilson Loop

The static Coulomb potential energy between the electron and positron at rest separated by a large distance $R$ obtained from the Wilson loop in QED is same as the Coulomb potential energy obtained in the classical Maxwell theory. Since the Yang-Mills theory was discovered by making analogy with the Maxwell theory by extending U(1) group to the SU(3) group one finds by making analogy with the QED that the QCD potential energy between the quark and antiquark at rest separated by a large distance $R$ obtained from the Wilson loop in QCD is the same potential energy obtained in the classical Yang-Mills theory. This implies that the static QCD potential energy $V(R)$ obtained at the large separation distance $R$ in the literature is not consistent with the classical Yang-Mills theory because the potential energy $V(T,R)$ in the classical Yang-Mills theory is time $T$ dependent even if the quark and antiquark are at rest. In this paper we find the correct definition of the QCD potential energy $V(T,R)$ from the Wilson loop in QCD which, at the large separation distance $R$, is consistent with the classical Yang-Mills theory.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2019

$Υ$ Production From Quark-Gluon Plasma

Complete suppression of the heavy quarkonium due to the screening mechanism of the quark-gluon plasma is proposed in the literature to be a signature of the quark-gluon plasma detection at RHIC and LHC. However, since the heavy quarkonium $Υ$ production is experimentally measured in the Pb-Pb collisions by the ALICE collaboration at LHC one has to study the $Υ$ production from the quark-gluon plasma instead of studying the $Υ$ suppression due to the screening mechanism of the quark-gluon plasma. In this paper we derive the non-perturbative formula of the $Υ$ production amplitude from the quark-gluon plasma from the first principle in QCD which can be calculated by using the lattice QCD method at the finite temperature.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2019

Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Of The Universe and Baryon Formation From Non-Equilibrium Quarks and Gluons

Baryon number violation, CP violation and non-equilibrium evolution of the early universe just after the big bang are proposed in the literature to be necessary conditions to explain the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry (baryon asymmetry) of the universe. Since the free quarks are not observed and the baryons are formed by the confinement of quarks and gluons, it is necessary to understand how the baryons were formed for the first time from the non-equilibrium quarks and gluons in the early universe just after the big bang in order to study the baryon asymmetry of the universe. In this paper we study the baryon formation from the non-equilibrium quarks and gluons in the early universe just after the big bang from the first principle in QCD by using the closed-time path integral formalism in non-equilibrium QCD.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2019

Lattice QCD Method To Study Proton Radius Puzzle

Recently there has been disagreement between various experiments about the value of the proton radius which is known as the proton radius puzzle. Since the proton is not a point particle the charge radius of the proton depends on the charge distribution (the form factor) of the partons inside the proton. Since this form factor is a non-perturbative quantity in QCD it cannot be calculated by using the perturbative QCD (pQCD) method but it can be calculated by using the lattice QCD method. In this paper we formulate the lattice QCD method to study the charge radius of the proton. We derive the non-perturbative formula of the charge radius of the proton from the first principle in QCD which can be calculated by using the lattice QCD method.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2019

Lattice QCD Method To Study Proton Decay

The proton decay has not been experimentally observed with the lower limit of the proton lifetime being $\gtrsim 10^{34}$ years which is more than the age of the universe. One of the important quantity that appears in the study of the proton decay is the proton decay matrix element which is a non-perturbative quantity in QCD which cannot be calculated by using the perturbative QCD (pQCD) method but it can be calculated by using the lattice QCD method. In this paper we formulate the lattice QCD method to study the proton decay matrix element. We derive the non-perturbative formula of the proton decay matrix element from the first principle in QCD which can be calculated by using the lattice QCD method.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2019

Lattice QCD Method To Study Proton Spin Crisis

The proton spin crisis remains an unsolved problem in particle physics. The spin and angular momentum of the partons inside the proton are non-perturbative quantities in QCD which cannot be calculated by using the perturbative QCD (pQCD). In this paper we present the lattice QCD formulation to study the proton spin crisis. We derive the non-perturbative formula of the spin and angular momentum of the partons inside the proton from the first principle in QCD which can be calculated by using the lattice QCD method.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2019

A New Contribution To The Proton Spin Crisis: Non-Zero Boundary Surface Term Due To Confinement in QCD

The proton spin crisis still remains an unsolved problem in particle physics. It is suggested in the literature that the gauge invariant spin and orbital angular momentum of the quark and the gauge invariant total angular momentum of the gluon contribute to the proton spin. However, in this paper we find a new contribution to the proton spin. This new contribution is due to the boundary surface term in the total angular momentum conservation equation in QCD which is non-zero due to the confinement of the quarks and gluons inside the finite size proton. We derive the non-perturbative formula of this new contribution to the proton spin which can be calculated by using the lattice QCD method.

hep-ph↗
arXiv2019

Hadron Formation From Non-Equilibrium Quark-Gluon Plasma at RHIC and LHC Using Closed-Time Path Integral Formalism

Recently we have reported the correct formulation of the hadron formation from the quarks and gluons by using the lattice QCD method at the zero temperature. Similarly we have also reported the correct formulation of the hadron formation from the thermalized quark-gluon plasma by using the lattice QCD method at the finite temperature. In this paper we extend this to non-equilibrium QCD and present the correct formulation of the hadron formation from the non-equilibrium quark-gluon plasma by using the closed time path integral formalism. Hadron formation from the non-equilibrium quark-gluon plasma is necessary to detect the quark-gluon plasma at RHIC and LHC.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2019

Lattice QCD Method To Study Parton To Hadron Fragmentation Function

In the literature it is assumed that the parton to hadron fragmentation function cannot be studied by using the lattice QCD method because of the sum over the (unobserved) outgoing hadronic states. However, in this paper we find that since the hadron formation from the partons can be studied by using the lattice QCD method, the parton to hadron fragmentation function can be studied by using the lattice QCD method by using the LSZ reduction formula for the partonic processes.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2018

Hadron Formation From Quark-Gluon Plasma Using Lattice QCD At Finite Temperature

Recently we have reported the correct formulation of the lattice QCD method at the zero temperature to study the hadron formation from the quarks and gluons by incorporating the non-zero boundary surface term in QCD which arises due to the confinement of quarks and gluons inside the finite size hadron. In this paper we extend this to the finite temperature QCD and present the correct formulation of the lattice QCD method at the finite temperature to study the hadron formation from the quark-gluon plasma.

nucl-th↗
arXiv2018

Correct Formulation Of Lattice QCD Method To Study Hadron Formation From Quarks and Gluons

The present lattice QCD method can not study the hadron formation from the quarks and gluons. This is because it operates the unphysical QCD Hamiltonian of all the quarks plus antiquarks plus gluons inside the hadron on the physical energy eigenstate of the hadron to obtain the physical energy eigenvalue of the hadron which is not correct because of the non-vanishing boundary surface term in the energy conservation equation in QCD due to the confinement of quarks, antiquarks and gluons inside the finite size hadron. In this paper we present the correct formulation of the lattice QCD method to study the physical hadron formation from the unphysical quarks, antiquarks and gluons inside the hadron by using this non-vanishing boundary surface term in the lattice QCD.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2018

Lattice QCD Can Study Parton Distribution Function Inside Hadron

Recently we have reported that the lattice QCD can not study the physical hadron formation from the unphysical quarks and gluons because it operates the unphysical QCD Hamiltonian of all the partons inside the hadron on the physical energy eigenstate of the hadron to obtain the physical energy eigenvalue of the hadron. However, since the parton distribution function (PDF) inside the hadron is unphysical (although it is well defined in QCD), we find in this paper that the unphysical energy of all the partons inside the hadron (instead of the physical energy of the hadron) can be used to study the PDF using the lattice QCD. Hence we find that the lattice QCD can study the parton distribution function inside the hadron from the first principle.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2018

Proof of NRQCD Color Octet Factorization of P-Wave Heavy Quarkonium Production In Non-Equilibrium QCD at RHIC and LHC

Recently we have proved NRQCD color octet factorization of S-wave and P-wave heavy quarkonia production at all orders in coupling constant in QCD in vacuum at high energy colliders in Eur. Phys. J. C76 (2016) 448 and in arXiv:1807.04722 [hep-ph] respectively. In this paper we extend this to prove NRQCD color octet factorization of P-wave heavy quarkonium production in non-equilibrium QCD at RHIC and LHC at all orders in coupling constant. This proof is necessary to study the quark-gluon plasma at RHIC and LHC.

hep-ph↗
arXiv2018

Boundary Surface Term In QCD Is At Finite Distance Due To Confinement of Quarks and Gluons Inside Finite Size Hadron

In this paper we show that since we have not observed quarks and gluons outside the hadron due to the confinement of quarks and gluons inside the hadron, the boundary surface term in QCD is at the finite distance which is at the surface of the finite size hadron. Since the boundary surface is at the finite distance we find that the boundary surface term in QCD is non-zero irrespective of the form of the $r$ dependence of the gluon field ${\hat A}_μ^a(t,r)$ and the $r$ dependence of the quark field ${\hat ψ}_i(t,r)$ where $a=1,...,8$ and $i=1,2,3$ are the color indices. We show that this is consistent with the fact that the cluster decomposition property fails in QCD due to confinement.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2018

Proof of Color Octet NRQCD Factorization of P-Wave Heavy Quarkonium Production at All Orders in Coupling Constant

Recently we have proved color octet NRQCD factorization of S-wave heavy quarkonium production at all orders in coupling constant at high energy colliders in Eur. Phys. J. C76 (2016) 448. In this paper we extend this to prove color octet NRQCD factorization of P-wave heavy quarkonium production at all orders in coupling constant at high energy colliders. We find that while the color octet NRQCD S-wave non-perturbative matrix element contains two gauge-links in the adjoint representation of SU(3), the color octet NRQCD P-wave non-perturbative matrix element contains four gauge-links in the fundamental representation of SU(3).

hep-ph↗
arXiv2018

Lattice QCD Method To Study Hadron Mass Is Not Correct

Since the numerical path integration in the lattice QCD involves quark and gluon fields (not hadron fields) the lattice QCD cannot calculate any hadronic observable. Because of this reason the hadronic properties are extracted in the lattice QCD method by inserting complete set of hadron states $\sum_n |n> =E_n|n>$ where $E_n$ is the energy of the hadron. However, in this paper we find $H_{\rm QCD}|n>\neq E_n|n>$ because the QCD hamiltonian $H_{QCD}$ is unphysical but the $E_n$ and $|n>$ of the hadron are physical. We show that this is consistent with $E_{\rm QCD}(t)= \neq E_n$ due to non-zero energy flux $E_{\rm flux}(t)$ in QCD because of confinement involving non-perturbative QCD. Hence we find that the lattice QCD method to study hadron mass is not correct.

hep-lat↗
arXiv2018

There Is No Proof of Thermalized Quark-Gluon Plasma at RHIC and LHC

Although Tevatron has discovered top quark and LHC (pp collisions) has discovered Higgs boson but the RHIC and LHC heavy-ion colliders have not discovered thermalized quark-gluon plasma (QGP). This is because the experimental data of top quark at Tevatron and the experimental data of Higgs boson at LHC are compared with the exact first principle calculation but the experimental data at RHIC and LHC are compared with simplistic models and assumptions which are not exact first principle calculation. In this paper we show that the exact first principle method to study quark-gluon plasma at RHIC and LHC is the nonequilibrium-nonperturbative QCD by using closed-time path integral formalism. Hence in the absence of such exact first principle calculation we conclude that there is no proof of thermalized quark-gluon plasma at RHIC and LHC.

hep-ph↗