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Gouranga C Nayak

Publications and source records attributed to Gouranga C Nayak.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Momentum Sum Rule Is Violated in The Operator Product Expansion in QCD At The High Energy Colliders

To prove the momentum sum rule in the operator product expansion (OPE) in QCD at high energy colliders it is assumed that $ =2(P^+)^2$ where $|P>$ is the momentum eigenstate of the hadron $H$ with momentum $P^μ$ and ${\hat T}^{++}(0)$ is the $++$ component of the gauge invariant color singlet energy-momentum tensor density operator ${\hat T}^{μν}(0)$ of all the quarks plus antiquarks plus gluons inside the hadron $H$. However, in this paper, we show that this relation $ =2(P^+)^2$ is correct if ${\hat T}^{μν}(0)$ is the energy-momentum tensor density operator of the hadron but this relation $ =2(P^+)^2$ is not correct if ${\hat T}^{μν}(0)$ is the gauge invariant color singlet energy-momentum tensor density operator of all the quarks plus antiquarks plus gluons inside the hadron. Hence we find that the momentum sum rule is violated in the operator product expansion (OPE) in QCD at high energy colliders.

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Momentum Sum Rule Violation in QCD at High Energy Colliders and Confinement

Momentum sum rule in QCD is widely used at high energy colliders. Although the exact form of the confinement potential energy is not known but the confinement potential energy at large distance $r$ can not rise slower than ${\rm ln}(r)$. In this paper we find that if the confinement potential energy at large distance $r$ rises linearly with $r$ (or faster) then the momentum sum rule in QCD is violated at the high energy colliders if we consider the hadron size as infinite. For finite size hadron we find that the momentum sum rule in QCD is violated at the high energy colliders for any form of the confinement potential energy.

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Angular Momentum Sum Rule Violation in QCD Due to Confinement and The Proton Spin Crisis

The proton spin crisis remains an unsolved problem in physics. In this paper we find that due to the confinement of partons inside the hadron the angular momentum sum rule in QCD is violated. Hence we find that the non-vanishing angular momentum flux contribution of the partons in QCD should be added to the spin and angular momentum of the partons to solve the proton spin crisis.

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Operator Product Expansion in QCD Is Not Consistent With Quantum Field Theory For Gluon Distribution Function

Since the operator product expansion (OPE) is applicable at short distance the OPE in QCD does not solve the long distance confinement problem involving hadron in QCD where the non-perturbative QCD is applicable. In this paper we show that the gauge invariant definition of the non-perturbative gluon distribution function inside the hadron consistent with the operator product expansion (OPE) in QCD at high energy colliders is not consistent with the gauge invariant definition of the non-perturbative gluon distribution function in the quantum field theory.

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Potential Energy Between Static Quarks Is Time Dependent in The Classical Yang-Mills Theory

Lattice QCD predicts that the potential energy between static quarks is independent of time. However, in this paper we show that the gauge invariant color singlet potential energy between static quarks in the classical Yang-Mills theory depends on time even if the quarks are at rest. This is a consequence of the time dependent fundamental color charge $q^a(t)$ of the quark in the classical Yang-Mills theory. We find that the gauge invariant color singlet time dependent potential energy between static quarks does not violate the conservation of energy in the Yang-Mills theory.

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Coulomb Potential Is Not a Part of The QCD Potential

The Coulomb plus linear potential is widely used in QCD. However, in this paper we show that the Coulomb potential of the form $\frac{1}{r}$ is not a part of the QCD potential. This is because the form $\frac{g^2}{r}$ is for abelian theory (not QCD) and the form $\frac{g^2(μ)}{r}$ in QCD at short distance is not of the Coulomb form $\frac{1}{r}$ because $g(μ)$ depends on the mass/length scale $μ$. Similarly at long distance the QCD potential corresponds to the potential in the classical Yang-Mills theory which does not have the Coulomb form $\frac{1}{r}$ because the fundamental color charge of the quark is time dependent in the classical Yang-Mills theory. This is unlike the QED potential which reduces to Coulomb potential at long distance.

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Nucleon Mass Sum Rule Violation in QCD and Confinement

In this paper we show that for a nucleon at rest if the quarks and/or antiquarks are in motion inside the nucleon producing chromo-magnetic field then the mass sum rule in QCD is violated when the confinement potential energy at large distance $r$ rises linearly with $r$ (or faster). Hence we find that the mass of the nucleon at rest is not equal to the mass-energy of all the quarks plus antiquarks plus gluons inside the nucleon if there exists chromo-magnetic field inside the nucleon and the confinement potential energy at large distance $r$ rises linearly with $r$ (or faster).

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Gauge Invariant Noether's Theorem and The Proton Spin Crisis

Due to proton spin crisis it is necessary to understand the gauge invariant definition of the spin and orbital angular momentum of the quark and gluon from first principle. In this paper we derive the gauge invariant Noether's theorem by using combined Lorentz transformation plus local gauge transformation. We find that the notion of the gauge invariant definition of the spin (or orbital) angular momentum of the electromagnetic field does not exist in Dirac-Maxwell theory although the notion of the gauge invariant definition of the spin (or orbital) angular momentum of the electron exists. We find that the gauge invariant definition of the spin angular momentum of the electromagnetic field in the literature is not correct because of the non-vanishing surface term in Dirac-Maxwell theory although the corresponding surface term vanishes for linear momentum. We also show that the Belinfante-Rosenfeld tensor is not required to obtain symmetric and gauge invariant energy momentum tensor of the electron and the electromagnetic field in Dirac-Maxwell theory.

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Gauge Invariant Noether's Theorem in Yang-Mills Theory

The gauge invariant definition of the spin dependent gluon distribution function from first principle is necessary to study the proton spin crisis at high energy colliders. In this paper we derive the gauge invariant Noether's theorem in Yang-Mills theory by using combined Lorentz transformation plus local non-abelian gauge transformation. We find that the definition of the gauge invariant spin (or orbital) angular momentum of the Yang-Mills field does not exist in Yang-Mills theory although the definition of the gauge invariant spin (or orbital) angular momentum of the quark exists. We show that the gauge invariant definition of the spin angular momentum of the Yang-Mills field in the literature is not correct because of the non-vanishing boundary surface term in Yang-Mills theory. We also find that the Belinfante-Rosenfeld tensor in Yang-Mills theory is not required to obtain the symmetric and gauge invariant energy-momentum tensor of the quark and the Yang-Mills field.

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Proof of Factorization of Heavy Quarkonium Production in Non-Equilibrium QCD at RHIC and LHC

Recently we have proved the NRQCD factorization in heavy quarkonium production at high energy colliders at all orders in coupling constant. In this paper we extend this to non-equilibrium QCD and prove the NRQCD factorization in heavy quarkonium production at all orders in coupling constant in non-equilibrium QCD. This proof is necessary to study heavy quarkonium production from quark gluon plasma at RHIC and LHC.

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Proof of Factorization of $χ_{cJ}$ Production in Non-Equilibrium QCD at RHIC and LHC in Color Singlet Mechanism

Recently we have proved the factorization of NRQCD S-wave heavy quarkonium production at all orders in coupling constant. In this paper we extend this to prove the factorization of infrared divergences in $χ_{cJ}$ production from color singlet $c{\bar c}$ pair in non-equilibrium QCD at RHIC and LHC at all orders in coupling constant. This can be relevant to study the quark-gluon plasma at RHIC and LHC.

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Correct Definition of Color Singlet P-Wave Non-Perturbative Matrix Element of Heavy Quarkonium Production

Recently we have proved factorization of infrared divergences in NRQCD S-wave heavy quarkonium production at high energy colliders at all orders in coupling constant. One of the problem which still exists in the higher order pQCD calculation of color singlet P-wave heavy quarkonium production/anihillation is the appearance of non-canceling infrared divergences due to real soft gluons exchange, although no such infrared divergences are present in the color singlet S-wave heavy quarkonium. In this paper we find that since the non-perturbative matrix element of the color singlet P-wave heavy quarkonium production contains derivative operators, the gauge links are necessary to make it gauge invariant and be consistent with the factorization of such non-canceling infrared divergences at all orders in coupling constant.

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Jet Quenching at RHIC and LHC and the Fragmentation Function in Vacuum

The value of the parton to hadron fragmentation function in QCD in vacuum (for example from proton-proton collisions at high energy colliders) is directly/indirectly used in the literature to study the jet quenching and the hadron production from quark-gluon plasma at RHIC and LHC. In this paper we show that this is not possible because, unlike the perturbative propagator in non-equilibrium QCD, the parton to hadron fragmentation function is a non-perturbative quantity in QCD and hence it is not possible to decompose the fragmentation function in non-equilibrium QCD into the vacuum part and the medium part.

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5-Point 1PI Proper Vertex Function of Gluon and the S-Matrix Element

As far as the renormalization in perturbative QCD is concerned the n-point one particle irreducible (1PI) proper vertex function is the basic building block where the ultra-violet (UV) divergence occurs when the loop momentum integration limit goes to infinity. In this paper we express the S-matrix element for the $gg \rightarrow ggg$ scattering process at all orders in coupling constant in terms of 5-point, 4-point, 3-point 1PI proper vertex functions and the (full) propagator by using the path integral formulation of QCD.

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String Theory at LHC Using Higgs Production and Decay From String Balls

We study Higgs production and decay from TeV scale string balls in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 14 TeV at LHC. We present the results of total cross section of diphotons, invariant mass distribution of the diphotons and $p_T$ distribution of the diphotons and $ZZ$ pairs from Higgs from string balls at LHC. We find that the invariant mass distribution of diphotons from Higgs from string balls is not very sensitive to the increase in diphoton invariant mass. We find that for string mass scale $M_s$=2.5 TeV, which is the lower limit of the string mass scale set by the recent CMS collaboration at LHC, the $\frac{dσ}{dp_T}$ of high $p_T$ ($\ge$ 450 GeV) diphotons and $ZZ$ pairs produced from Higgs from string balls is larger than that from standard model Higgs. Hence in the absence of black hole production at LHC an enhancement of high $p_T$ diphotons and $ZZ$ pairs at LHC can be useful signatures for string theory at LHC. Since the matrix element for Higgs production in parton-parton collisions via string regge excitations is not available we compute $\frac{dσ}{dp_T}$ of photon production from string regge excitations and make a comparison with that from string balls at LHC. We find that for string mass scale $M_s$ = 2.5 TeV the $\frac{dσ_{photon}}{dp_T}$ from string regge excitations is larger than that from string balls and black holes at LHC.

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Dark Matter Production at LHC from Black Hole Remnants

We study dark matter production at CERN LHC from black hole remnants (BHR). We find that the typical mass of these BHR at LHC is ~ 5-10 TeV which is heavier than other dark matter candidates such as: axion, axino, neutralino etc. We propose the detection of this dark matter via single jet production in the process pp -> jet +BHR(dark matter) at CERN LHC. We find that for zero impact parameter partonic collisions, the monojet cross section is not negligible in comparison to the standard model background and is much higher than the other dark matter scenarios studied so far. We also find that dσ/dp_T of jet production in this process increases as p_T increases, whereas in all other dark matter scenarios the dσ/dp_T decreases at CERN LHC. This may provide an useful signature for dark matter detection at LHC. However, we find that when the impact parameter dependent effect of inelasticity is included, the monojet cross section from the above process becomes much smaller than the standard model background and may not be detectable at LHC.

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Gauge Fixing Identity in the Background Field Method of QCD in Pure Gauge

In this paper we derive a gauge fixing identity by varying the covariant gauge fixing term in $Z[A,J,η, {\bar η}]$ in the background field method of QCD in pure gauge. Using this gauge fixing identity we establish a relation between $Z[J,η,{\bar η}]$ in QCD and $Z[A,J,η, {\bar η}]$ in background field method of QCD in pure gauge. We show the validity of this gauge fixing identity in general non-covariant and general Coulomb gauge fixings respectively. This gauge fixing identity is used to prove factorization theorem in QCD at high energy colliders and in non-equilibrium QCD at high energy heavy-ion colliders.

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Proof of Factorization of Fragmentation Function in Non-Equilibrium QCD

In this paper we prove factorization of fragmentation function in non-equilibrium QCD by using Schwinger-Keldysh closed-time path integral formalism. We use the background field method of QCD in a pure gauge in path integral approach to prove factorization of fragmentation function in non-equilibrium QCD. Our proof is valid in any arbitrary gauge fixing parameter $α$. This may be relevant to study hadron production from quark-gluon plasma at high energy heavy-ion colliders at RHIC and LHC.

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