arXiv subjects

Hao Guo

Publications and source records attributed to Hao Guo.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

arXiv2024

Beyond a binary theorizing of prosociality

A stylized experiment, the public goods game, has taught us the peculiar reproducible fact that humans tend to contribute more to shared resources than expected from economically rational assumptions. There have been two competing explanations for this phenomenon: either contributing to the public good is an innate human trait (the prosocial preference hypothesis) or a transitory effect while learning the game (the confused learner hypothesis). We use large-scale experimental data from a novel experimental design to distinguish between these two hypotheses. By monitoring the effects of zealots (persistently cooperating bots) and varying the participants' awareness of them, we find a considerably more complex scenario than previously reported. People indeed have a prosocial bias, but not to the degree that they always forego taking action to increase their profit. While our findings end the simplistic theorizing of prosociality in the public goods game, an observed positive, cooperative response to zealots has actionable policy implications.

physics.soc-ph↗

arXiv2024

FLuRKA: Fast and accurate unified Low-Rank & Kernel Attention

Many efficient $\textit{approximate}$ self-attention techniques have become prevalent since the inception of the transformer architecture. Two popular classes of these techniques are low-rank and kernel methods. Each of these methods has its strengths. We observe these strengths synergistically complement each other and exploit them to fuse low-rank and kernel methods, producing a new class of transformers: FLuRKA ($\textbf{F}$ast $\textbf{L}$ow-$\textbf{R}$ank & $\textbf{K}$ernel$ \textbf{A}$ttention). FLuRKA are highly $\textit{training-efficient}$ with faster model speeds $\textit{and}$ similar model qualities compared to constituent low-rank and kernel methods. We theoretically and empirically evaluate the speed and quality of FLuRKA. Our model speed analysis posits a variety of parameter configurations where FLuRKA exhibit speedups over low-rank and kernel approximations and our model quality analysis bounds the error of FLuRKA with respect to full-attention. Empirically, we instantiate three FLuRKA variants which experience speedups of up to 3.3x and 1.7x over low-rank and kernel methods respectively. This translates to speedups of up to 20x over models with flash-attention. Across a diverse set of tasks spanning language modeling, language understanding, long sequence modeling, machine translation, and image classification, FLuRKA achieve comparable accuracy with underlying low-rank and kernel approximations, occasionally surpassing both.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2024

Sj$\ddot{\text{o}}$qvist quantum geometric tensor of finite-temperature mixed states

The quantum geometric tensor (QGT) reveals local geometric properties and associated topological information of quantum states. Here a generalization of the QGT to mixed quantum states at finite temperatures based on the Sj$\ddot{\text{o}}$qvist distance is developed. The resulting Sj$\ddot{\text{o}}$qvist QGT is invariant under gauge transformations of individual spectrum levels of the density matrix. A Pythagorean-like relation connects the distances and gauge transformations, which clarifies the role of the parallel-transport condition. The real part of the QGT naturally decomposes into a sum of the Fisher-Rao metric and Fubini-Study metric, allowing a distinction between different contributions to the quantum distance. The imaginary part of the QGT is proportional to a weighted summation of the Berry curvatures, which leads to a geometric phase for mixed states under certain conditions. We present three examples of different dimensions to illustrate the temperature dependence of the QGT and a discussion on possible implications.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2024

Channel Modeling for FR3 Upper Mid-band via Generative Adversarial Networks

The upper mid-band (FR3) has been recently attracting interest for new generation of mobile networks, as it provides a promising balance between spectrum availability and coverage, which are inherent limitations of the sub 6GHz and millimeter wave bands, respectively. In order to efficiently design and optimize the network, channel modeling plays a key role since FR3 systems are expected to operate at multiple frequency bands. Data-driven methods, especially generative adversarial networks (GANs), can capture the intricate relationships among data samples, and provide an appropriate tool for FR3 channel modeling. In this work, we present the architecture, link state model, and path generative network of GAN-based FR3 channel modeling. The comparison of our model greatly matches the ray-tracing simulated data.

cs.IT↗

arXiv2024

Stable Acceleration of a LHe-Free Nb3Sn demo SRF e-linac Based on Conduction Cooling

The design, construction, and commissioning of a conduction-cooled Nb3Sn demonstration superconducting radio frequency (SRF) electron accelerator at the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMP, CAS) will be presented. In the context of engineering application planning for Nb3Sn thin-film SRF cavities within the CiADS project, a 650MHz 5-cell elliptical cavity was coated using the vapor diffusion method for electron beam acceleration. Through high-precision collaborative control of 10 GM cryocooler, slow cooldown of the cavity crossing 18K is achieved accompanied by obviously characteristic magnetic flux expulsion. The horizontal test results of the liquid helium-free (LHe-free) cryomodule show that the cavity can operate steadily at Epk=6.02MV/m in continuous wave (CW) mode, and at Epk=14.90MV/m in 40% duty cycle pulse mode. The beam acceleration experiment indicates that the maximum average current of the electron beam in the macropulse after acceleration exceeds 200mA, with a maximum energy gain of 4.6MeV. The results provide a principle validation for the engineering application of Nb3Sn thin-film SRF cavities, highlighting the promising industrial application prospects of a small-scale compact Nb3Sn SRF accelerator driven by commercial cryocoolers.

physics.acc-ph↗

arXiv2024

Order-lifted data inversion/retrieval method of neighbor cells to implement general high-order schemes in unstructured-mesh-based finite-volume solution framework

This study introduces an order-lifted inversion/retrieval method for implementing high-order schemes within the framework of an unstructured-mesh-based finite-volume method. This method defines a special representation called the data order-lifted inversion of neighbor cells (DOLINC) differential, which transforms the degrees of freedom of wide templates into differentials of various orders stored in local grid cells. Furthermore, to retrieve the original far-field information without bias during the reconstruction/interpolation of face values, the corresponding accurate inversion formulas are derived based on the defined DOLINC differentials. The order-lifted inversion method can be applied to multi-dimensional polyhedral-mesh solvers by considering the influence of grid non-uniformity on high-order schemes. It seamlessly accommodates multi-process parallel computing for high-order methods without requiring special consideration for the boundary interface. This method not only enhances the numerical accuracy of second-order finite-volume methods, but also demonstrates a significant computational-speed advantage over similar methods. A series of benchmark cases, including the linear advection, Burgers, and Euler equations, are comprehensively validated to assess the practical performance of the method. The results indicate that the unstructured-mesh high-order schemes implemented based on this method achieve theoretical accuracy in practical computations and substantially reduce computational costs compared with methods that increase grid resolution.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2024

Development of low-dissipative projection method framework integrating various high-order time integration schemes using OpenFOAM

A low-dissipative solution framework integrating various types of high-order time scheme is proposed and implemented based on the open-source C++ library OpenFOAM. This framework aims to introduce different categories of low-dissipative time integration schemes into a unified solver convenient for comparison of scheme performance in finite volume computational fluid dynamics code, contributing to the development of low dissipation scheme appropriate for scale-resolving turbulence simulation. To demonstrate this general framework's ability of including a wide range of time integration method, in addition to typical Runge--Kutta family schemes of linear single-step method, two more complex linear multi-step method, Adams--Bashforth family and Adams--Bashforth--Moutton family schemes, are implemented with the projection algorithm, which increase the options of time discretization. The unified solver obtained by the solution framework select the specified time scheme from a variety of alternatives in runtime rather than maintaining multiple solvers with each compiled for a single scheme, while new scheme can be easily added according to the basic idea of this universal framework. Further research on the stability of the explicit scheme indicates that a multi-step method with an appropriate order may be an optimal choice when taking both the prediction accuracy and computational efficiency into account in unstable problems.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2024

Integrated Communication, Localization, and Sensing in 6G D-MIMO Networks

Future generations of mobile networks call for concurrent sensing and communication functionalities in the same hardware and/or spectrum. Compared to communication, sensing services often suffer from limited coverage, due to the high path loss of the reflected signal and the increased infrastructure requirements. To provide a more uniform quality of service, distributed multiple input multiple output (D-MIMO) systems deploy a large number of distributed nodes and efficiently control them, making distributed integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) possible. In this paper, we investigate ISAC in D-MIMO through the lens of different design architectures and deployments, revealing both conflicts and synergies. In addition, simulation and demonstration results reveal both opportunities and challenges towards the implementation of ISAC in D-MIMO.

cs.IT↗

arXiv2024

Complex Pathways to Cooperation Emergent from Asymmetry in Heterogeneous Populations

Cooperation within asymmetric populations has garnered significant attention in evolutionary games. This paper explores cooperation evolution in populations with weak and strong players, using a game model where players choose between cooperation and defection. Asymmetry stems from different benefits for strong and weak cooperators, with their benefit ratio indicating the degree of asymmetry. Varied rankings of parameters including the asymmetry degree, cooperation costs, and benefits brought by weak players give rise to scenarios including the prisoner's dilemma (PDG) for both player types, the snowdrift game (SDG), and mixed PDG-SDG interactions. Our results indicate that in an infinite well-mixed population, defection remains the dominant strategy when strong players engage in the prisoner's dilemma game. However, if strong players play snowdrift games, global cooperation increases with the proportion of strong players. In this scenario, strong cooperators can prevail over strong defectors when the proportion of strong players is low, but the prevalence of cooperation among strong players decreases as their proportion increases. In contrast, within a square lattice, the optimum global cooperation emerges at intermediate proportions of strong players with moderate degrees of asymmetry. Additionally, weak players protect cooperative clusters from exploitation by strong defectors. This study highlights the complex dynamics of cooperation in asymmetric interactions, contributing to the theory of cooperation in asymmetric games.

nlin.AO↗

arXiv2024

Ultra-low Frequency Acoustic Luneburg Lens

In this paper, a novel structural Luneburg lens with local resonators is proposed. This lens allows for the realization of subwavelength focusing in low frequency range. The lens is achieved by graded refractive index from the lens centre to the outer surface. Numerical simulations are conducted to obtain data on wave propagation waveform, maximum displacement amplitude, and full width at half maximum of the lens's focal region. The results show that a broadband frequency range can be achieved for subwavelength focusing. This provides a straightforward and adaptable method for designing the structural Luneburg lens for numerous applications.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2024

Elastic wave imaging with Maxwell's fish-eye lens

In this paper, a modified Maxwell's fish-eye lens is proposed in order to achieve super-resolution imaging. This lens possesses elevated refractive index profile compared with the traditional Maxwell's fish-eye lens. The refractive index profile is achieved with variable thickness configuration defined in a sheet plate structure, to realise desired changes in refractive indices. The wave propagation behaviours and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) are obtained from numerical simulations and experimental studies at the focal region of the lens. Super-resolution imaging is observed in a broadband frequency scope, with the FWHM around 0.2λ from 5 to 10 kHz. This work provides a straightforward and flexible approach to the engineering of the MFEL imaging characteristics and energy distributions for related applications.

physics.class-ph↗

arXiv2024

Interferometric Geometric Phases of $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric Quantum Mechanics

We present a generalization of the geometric phase to pure and thermal states in $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric quantum mechanics (PTQM) based on the approach of the interferometric geometric phase (IGP). The formalism first introduces the parallel-transport conditions of quantum states and reveals two geometric phases, $θ^1$ and $θ^2$, for pure states in PTQM according to the states under parallel-transport. Due to the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian in PTQM, $θ^1$ is complex and $θ^2$ is its real part. The imaginary part of $θ^1$ plays an important role when we generalize the IGP to thermal states in PTQM. The generalized IGP modifies the thermal distribution of a thermal state, thereby introducing effective temperatures. At certain critical points, the generalized IGP exhibits discrete jumps at finite temperatures, signaling a geometric phase transition. We demonstrate the finite-temperature geometric phase transition in PTQM by a two-level system and visualize its results.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2024

Near-Far Field Channel Modeling for Holographic MIMO Using Expectation-Maximization Methods

Holographic Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (HMIMO), which densely integrates numerous antennas into a limited space, is anticipated to provide higher rates for future 6G wireless communications. The increase in antenna aperture size makes the near-field region enlarge, causing some users to be located in the near-field region. Thus, we are facing a hybrid near-field and far-field communication problem, where conventional far-field modeling methods may not work well. In this paper, we propose a near-far field channel model that does not presuppose whether each path is near-field or far-field, different from the existing work requiring the ratio of the number of near-field paths to that of far-field paths as prior knowledge. However, this gives rise to a new challenge for accurately modeling the channel, as conventional methods of obtaining channel model parameters are not applicable to this model. Therefore, we propose a new method, Expectation-Maximization (EM)-based Near-Far Field Channel Modeling, to obtain channel model parameters, which considers whether each path is near-field or far-field as a hidden variable, and optimizes the hidden variables and channel model parameters through an alternating iteration method. Simulation results show that our method is superior to conventional near-field and far-field algorithms in fitting the near-far field channel in terms of outage probability.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2024

NormSAGE: Multi-Lingual Multi-Cultural Norm Discovery from Conversations On-the-Fly

Norm discovery is important for understanding and reasoning about the acceptable behaviors and potential violations in human communication and interactions. We introduce NormSage, a framework for addressing the novel task of conversation-grounded multi-lingual, multi-cultural norm discovery, based on language model prompting and self-verification. NormSAGE leverages the expressiveness and implicit knowledge of the pretrained GPT-3 language model backbone, to elicit knowledge about norms through directed questions representing the norm discovery task and conversation context. It further addresses the risk of language model hallucination with a self-verification mechanism ensuring that the norms discovered are correct and are substantially grounded to their source conversations. Evaluation results show that our approach discovers significantly more relevant and insightful norms for conversations on-the-fly compared to baselines (>10+% in Likert scale rating). The norms discovered from Chinese conversation are also comparable to the norms discovered from English conversation in terms of insightfulness and correctness (<3% difference). In addition, the culture-specific norms are promising quality, allowing for 80% accuracy in culture pair human identification. Finally, our grounding process in norm discovery self-verification can be extended for instantiating the adherence and violation of any norm for a given conversation on-the-fly, with explainability and transparency. NormSAGE achieves an AUC of 95.4% in grounding, with natural language explanation matching human-written quality.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2023

Dynamic Blockage Pre-Avoidance using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

Internet-of-vehicle (IoV) is a general concept referring to, e.g., autonomous drive based vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications or moving relays. Here, high rate and reliability demands call for advanced multi-antenna techniques and millimeter-wave (mmw) based communications. However, the sensitivity of the mmw signals to blockage may limit the system performance, especially in highways/rural areas with limited building reflectors/base station deployments and high-speed devices. To avoid the blockage, various techniques have been proposed among which reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a candidate. RIS, however, has been mainly of interest in stationary/low mobility scenarios, due to the associated channel state information acquisition and beam management overhead as well as imperfect reflection. In this article, we study the potentials and challenges of RIS-assisted dynamic blockage avoidance in IoV networks. Particularly, by designing region-based RIS pre-selection as well as blockage prediction schemes, we show that RIS-assisted communication has the potential to boost the performance of IoV networks. However, there are still issues to be solved before RIS can be practically deployed in IoV networks.

cs.IT↗

arXiv2023

B^2SFL: A Bi-level Blockchained Architecture for Secure Federated Learning-based Traffic Prediction

Federated Learning (FL) is a privacy-preserving machine learning (ML) technology that enables collaborative training and learning of a global ML model based on aggregating distributed local model updates. However, security and privacy guarantees could be compromised due to malicious participants and the centralized FL server. This article proposed a bi-level blockchained architecture for secure federated learning-based traffic prediction. The bottom and top layer blockchain store the local model and global aggregated parameters accordingly, and the distributed homomorphic-encrypted federated averaging (DHFA) scheme addresses the secure computation problems. We propose the partial private key distribution protocol and a partially homomorphic encryption/decryption scheme to achieve the distributed privacy-preserving federated averaging model. We conduct extensive experiments to measure the running time of DHFA operations, quantify the read and write performance of the blockchain network, and elucidate the impacts of varying regional group sizes and model complexities on the resulting prediction accuracy for the online traffic flow prediction task. The results indicate that the proposed system can facilitate secure and decentralized federated learning for real-world traffic prediction tasks.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2023

Geometric phases of mixed quantum states: A comparative study of interferometric and Uhlmann phases

Two geometric phases of mixed quantum states, known as the interferometric phase and Uhlmann phase, are generalizations of the Berry phase of pure states. After reviewing the two geometric phases and examining their parallel-transport conditions, we specify a class of cyclic processes that are compatible with both conditions and therefore accumulate both phases through their definitions, respectively. Those processes then facilitate a fair comparison between the two phases. We present exact solutions of two-level and three-level systems to contrast the two phases. While the interferometric phase exhibits finite-temperature transitions only in the three-level system but not the two-level system, the Uhlmann phase shows finite-temperature transitions in both cases. Thus, using the two geometric phases as finite-temperature topological indicators demonstrates the rich physics of topology of mixed states.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2023

Deep generative model conditioned by phase picks for synthesizing labeled seismic waveforms with limited data

Shortage of labeled seismic field data poses a significant challenge for deep-learning related applications in seismology. One approach to mitigate this issue is to use synthetic waveforms as a complement to field data. However, traditional physics-driven methods for synthesizing data are computationally expensive and often fail to capture complex features in real seismic waveforms. In this study, we develop a deep-learning-based generative model, PhaseGen, for synthesizing realistic seismic waveforms dictated by provided P- and S-wave arrival labels. Contrary to previous generative models which require a large amount of data for training, the proposed model can be trained with only 100 seismic events recorded by a single seismic station. The fidelity, diversity and alignment for waveforms synthesized by PhaseGen with diverse P- and S-wave arrival labels are quantitatively evaluated. Also, PhaseGen is used to augment a labelled seismic dataset used for training a deep neural network for the phase picking task, and it is found that the picking capability trained with the augmented dataset is unambiguously improved. It is expected that PhaseGen can offer a valuable alternative for synthesizing realistic waveforms and provide a promising solution for the lack of labeled seismic data.

physics.geo-ph↗