arXiv subjects

Henry Yuen

Publications and source records attributed to Henry Yuen.

61 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

arXiv2015

Strong parallel repetition for free entangled games, with any number of players

We present a strong parallel repetition theorem for the entangled value of multi-player, one-round free games (games where the inputs come from a product distribution). Our result is the first parallel repetition theorem for entangled games involving more than two players. Furthermore, our theorem applies to games where the players are allowed to output (possibly entangled) quantum states as answers. More specifically, let $G$ be a $k$-player free game, with entangled value $\mathrm{val}^*(G) = 1 - ε$. We show that the entangled value of the $n$-fold repetition of $G$, $\mathrm{val}^*(G^{\otimes n})$, is at most $(1 - ε)^{Ω(n/k^2)}$. In the traditional setting of $k=2$ players, our parallel repetition theorem is optimal in terms of its dependence on $ε$ and $n$. For an arbitrary number of players, our result is nearly optimal: for all $k$, we exhibit a $k$-player free game $G$ and $n > 1$ such that $\mathrm{val}^*(G^{\otimes n}) \geq \mathrm{val}^*(G)^{n/k}$. Hence, exponent of the repeated game value cannot be improved beyond $Ω(n/k)$. Our parallel repetition theorem improves on the prior results of [Jain, et al. 2014] and [Chailloux, Scarpa 2014] in a number of ways: (1) our theorem applies to a larger class of games (arbitrary number of players, quantum outputs); (2) we demonstrate that strong parallel repetition holds for the entangled value of free games: i.e., the base of the repeated game value is $1 - ε$, rather than $1 - ε^2$; and (3) there is no dependence of the repeated game value on the input and output alphabets of $G$. In contrast, it is known that the repeated game value of classical free games must depend on the output size. Thus our results demonstrate a seperation between the behavior of entangled games and classical games.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2014

Infinite Randomness Expansion and Amplification with a Constant Number of Devices

We present a device-independent randomness expansion protocol, involving only a constant number of non-signaling quantum devices, that achieves \emph{infinite expansion}: starting with $m$ bits of uniform private randomness, the protocol can produce an unbounded amount of certified randomness that is $\exp(-Ω(m^{1/3}))$-close to uniform and secure against a quantum adversary. The only parameters which depend on the size of the input are the soundness of the protocol and the security of the output (both are inverse exponential in $m$). This settles a long-standing open problem in the area of randomness expansion and device-independence. The analysis of our protocols involves overcoming fundamental challenges in the study of \emph{adaptive} device-independent protocols. Our primary technical contribution is the design and analysis of device-independent protocols which are \emph{Input Secure}; that is, their output is guaranteed to be secure against a quantum eavesdropper, \emph{even if the input randomness was generated by that same eavesdropper}! The notion of Input Security may be of independent interest to other areas such as device-independent quantum key distribution.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2013

A quantum lower bound for distinguishing random functions from random permutations

The problem of distinguishing between a random function and a random permutation on a domain of size $N$ is important in theoretical cryptography, where the security of many primitives depend on the problem's hardness. We study the quantum query complexity of this problem, and show that any quantum algorithm that solves this problem with bounded error must make $Ω(N^{1/5}/\log N)$ queries to the input function. Our lower bound proof uses a combination of the Collision Problem lower bound and Ambainis's adversary theorem.

cs.CC↗

arXiv2013

Robust Randomness Amplifiers: Upper and Lower Bounds

A recent sequence of works, initially motivated by the study of the nonlocal properties of entanglement, demonstrate that a source of information-theoretically certified randomness can be constructed based only on two simple assumptions: the prior existence of a short random seed and the ability to ensure that two black-box devices do not communicate (i.e. are non-signaling). We call protocols achieving such certified amplification of a short random seed randomness amplifiers. We introduce a simple framework in which we initiate the systematic study of the possibilities and limitations of randomness amplifiers. Our main results include a new, improved analysis of a robust randomness amplifier with exponential expansion, as well as the first upper bounds on the maximum expansion achievable by a broad class of randomness amplifiers. In particular, we show that non-adaptive randomness amplifiers that are robust to noise cannot achieve more than doubly exponential expansion. Finally, we show that a wide class of protocols based on the use of the CHSH game can only lead to (singly) exponential expansion if adversarial devices are allowed the full power of non-signaling strategies. Our upper bound results apply to all known non-adaptive randomness amplifier constructions to date.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2012

Continuous Time Channels with Interference

Khanna and Sudan \cite{KS11} studied a natural model of continuous time channels where signals are corrupted by the effects of both noise and delay, and showed that, surprisingly, in some cases both are not enough to prevent such channels from achieving unbounded capacity. Inspired by their work, we consider channels that model continuous time communication with adversarial delay errors. The sender is allowed to subdivide time into an arbitrarily large number $M$ of micro-units in which binary symbols may be sent, but the symbols are subject to unpredictable delays and may interfere with each other. We model interference by having symbols that land in the same micro-unit of time be summed, and we study $k$-interference channels, which allow receivers to distinguish sums up to the value $k$. We consider both a channel adversary that has a limit on the maximum number of steps it can delay each symbol, and a more powerful adversary that only has a bound on the average delay. We give precise characterizations of the threshold between finite and infinite capacity depending on the interference behavior and on the type of channel adversary: for max-bounded delay, the threshold is at $D_{\text{max}}=\ThetaM \log\min{k, M}))$, and for average bounded delay the threshold is at $D_{\text{avg}} = Θ(\sqrt{M \cdot \min\{k, M\}})$.

cs.IT↗

arXiv2011

BQP_p = PP for integer p > 2

There's something really strange about quantum mechanics. It's not just that cats can be dead and alive at the same time, and that entanglement seems to violate the principle of locality; quantum mechanics seems to be what Aaronson calls "an island in theoryspace", because even slight perturbations to the theory of quantum mechanics seem to generate absurdities. In [Aar 04] and [Aar 05], he explores these perturbations and the corresponding absurdities in the context of computation. In particular, he shows that a quantum theory where the measurement probabilities are computed using p-norm instead of the standard 2-norm has the effect of blowing up the class BQP (the class of problems that can be efficiently solved on a quantum computer) to at least PP (the class of problems that can be solved in probabilistic polynomial time). He showed that PP \subseteq BQP_p \subseteq PSPACE for all constants p != 2, and that BQP_p = PP for even integers p > 2. Here, we show that this equality holds for all integers p > 2.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2010

DNA Sequencing via Quantum Mechanics and Machine Learning

Rapid sequencing of individual human genome is prerequisite to genomic medicine, where diseases will be prevented by preemptive cures. Quantum-mechanical tunneling through single-stranded DNA in a solid-state nanopore has been proposed for rapid DNA sequencing, but unfortunately the tunneling current alone cannot distinguish the four nucleotides due to large fluctuations in molecular conformation and solvent. Here, we propose a machine-learning approach applied to the tunneling current-voltage (I-V) characteristic for efficient discrimination between the four nucleotides. We first combine principal component analysis (PCA) and fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering to learn the "fingerprints" of the electronic density-of-states (DOS) of the four nucleotides, which can be derived from the I-V data. We then apply the hidden Markov model and the Viterbi algorithm to sequence a time series of DOS data (i.e., to solve the sequencing problem). Numerical experiments show that the PCA-FCM approach can classify unlabeled DOS data with 91% accuracy. Furthermore, the classification is found to be robust against moderate levels of noise, i.e., 70% accuracy is retained with a signal-to-noise ratio of 26 dB. The PCA-FCM-Viterbi approach provides a 4-fold increase in accuracy for the sequencing problem compared with PCA alone. In conjunction with recent developments in nanotechnology, this machine-learning method may pave the way to the much-awaited rapid, low-cost genome sequencer.

physics.bio-ph↗