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Júlio C. Fabris

Publications and source records attributed to Júlio C. Fabris.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Some Remarks on Alternative (or Modified) Theories of Gravity

A seminar given about 30 years ago by Ruben Aldrovandi motivates this text where some reflexions about constructing theories that modify General Relativity are made. Two particular cases, the Brans-Dicke and Unimodular Gravity ones, are discussed, in a quite qualitative way, showing on how they can address some of the most outstanding problems of General Relativity, specially the transplanckian physics and the cosmological constant problem.

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Black hole lensing in Kerr-de Sitter spacetimes

We have derived analytical solutions using Jacobi elliptic functions for bound and nearly bound photon orbits in Kerr-de Sitter (KdS) and Kerr-de Sitter Revisited (RKdS) spacetimes. Leveraging our obtained solutions, we have conducted an analytic ray-tracing in both spacetimes. We have obtained direct images, lensing rings and photon rings for equatorial disks considering inclined locally static observers. Images corresponding to n=(2,3) exhibit a significantly closer resemblance to the critical curve as compared to the n=1 image. This highlights the remarkable potential of these higher-order images as robust testing grounds for General Relativity (GR). Furthermore in both spacetimes, we have obtained analytical solutions for the critical parameters governing the structure of the photon ring and analyzed these parameters in details.

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Spherically Symmetric Configurations in Unimodular Gravity

Unimodular gravity (UG) is considered, under many aspects, equivalent to General Relativity (GR), even if the theory is invariant under a more restricted diffeomorphic class of transformations. We discuss the conditions for the equivalence between the two formulations by applying the UG to the static and spherically symmetric configurations being the energy-momentum tensor sourced by a scalar field or by the electromagnetic field. We argue that the equivalence between UG and GR may be broken when analyzing the stability of the solutions at perturbative level.

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Generalized models for black-bounce solutions in $f(R)$ Gravity

In this article, the implementation of black-bounce solutions in $f(R)$ theories is investigated. Black-bounce solutions are regular configurations of the static spherically symmetric space-time, containing both black holes and wormholes structures. In General Relativity (GR), black-bounce solution implies violation of the energy conditions. We investigate the same issue in $f(R)$ theories using two strategies: first, supposing a given form for the $f(R)$ function and then determining the matter behavior; second, imposing a condition on the matter density and obtaining the resulting $f(R)$ function. In all cases, a given structure for the metric functions is supposed. Violation of the energy conditions still occur but they are less severe than in the corresponding GR cases. We propose a zero-density model that has horizons, which differs from the GR case. We also propose a model with positive energy density and show that $ρ+p_r>0$, which was not the case in GR.

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Black-bounce solution in $k$-essence theories

In the present work, we construct black-bounce configurations in the context of $k$-essence theory. The solutions have a regular metric function at the origin. The area metric function is linked to the black-bounce area initially considered by Simpson-Visser, $Σ^2=x^2+a^2$. Subsequently, the expressions for the scalar field and scalar potential corresponding to the found solutions are determined, exhibiting phantom behavior everywhere due to violation of Null Energy Condition $(NEC^ϕ)$. The Kretschmann scalar is regular throughout spacetime, and the geodesics are complete. The energy conditions are analyzed, verifying that the null $(NEC^ϕ_1)$ and dominant energy conditions $(DEC^ϕ_1)$ are violated inside and outside the event horizon. Finally, the extrinsic curvature method was applied to determine the sign of the mass on the junction surface.

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On Rastall gravity formulation as a $f(R,\mathcal{L}_m)$ and a $f(R,T)$ theory

Rastall introduced a stress-energy tensor whose divergence is proportional to the gradient of the Ricci scalar. This proposal leads to a change in the form of the field equations of General Relativity, but it preserves the number of degrees of freedom. Rastall's field equations can be either interpreted as GR with a redefined SET, or it can imply different physical consequences inside the matter sector. We investigate limits under which the Rastall field equations can be directly derived from an action, in particular from two $f(R)$-gravity extensions: $f(R,\mathcal L_m)$ and $f(R,T)$. We show that there are similarities between these theories, but the Rastall SET cannot be fully recovered from them, apart from certain particular cases here discussed. It is remarkable that a simple, covariant and invertible redefinition of the SET, as the one proposed by Rastall, is hard to be directly implemented in the action.

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Using cosmological perturbation theory to distinguish between General Relativity and Unimodular Gravity

Unimodular Gravity is one of the oldest geometric gravity theory alternative to General Relativity. Essentially, it is based on the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian with an additional constraint on the determinant of the metric. It can be explicitly shown that Unimodular Gravity can be recast as General Relativity in presence of a cosmological constant. This fact has led to many discussions on the equivalence of both theories at classical and quantum levels. Here we present an analysis focused on the classical scalar perturbations around a cosmological background. The discussion is extended for the case where a non-minimal coupled scalar field is introduced. Our results indicate that the equivalence is not verified completely at perturbative level.

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Brans-Dicke unimodular gravity

We propose a unimodular version of the Brans-Dicke theory designed with a constrained Lagrangian formulation. The resulting field equations are traceless. The vacuum solutions in the cosmological background reproduce the corresponding solutions of the usual Brans-Dicke theory but with a cosmological constant term. A perturbative analysis of the scalar modes is performed and stable and unstable configurations appear in contrast with the Brans-Dicke case for which only stable configurations occur. On the other hand, tensorial modes in this theory remains the same as in the traditional Brans-Dicke theory.

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Remarks on the black hole shadows in Kerr-de Sitter space times

This work is geared towards analysis of shadows cast by Kerr-de Sitter (KdS) and Kerr-de Sitter Revisited (RKdS) black holes. Considering observers in the vicinity of the static radius, we derive the impact parameters defining the apparent positions of the shadows. Such observers are of interest to our work because embedding diagrams have shown that de Sitter space-time is analogous to an asymptotically flat one in the vicinity of the static radius. We also perform a comparative analysis between our result with that in Ref.[1]. Furthermore, we numerically obtain the radii of curvature, vertical diameters and horizontal diameters of the shadows. We find that for $Λ=1.11\times 10^{-52} m^{-2}$, M87* observations cannot distinguish a RKdS black hole shadow from that of a Kerr black hole. Additionally, for the same value of $Λ$, KdS and RKdS black hole shadows are identical. Previously, it has also been shown that when $Λ=1.11\times 10^{-52} m^{-2}$, KdS and Kerr black hole shadows are indistinguishable. Utilizing the 2017 EHT observations of M87* on the allowed range of the characteristic radius of the shadow, we obtain constraints on both black holes. When, a/M>0.812311, we observe that large angles of inclination ($θ>30.5107^{\circ}$) do not pass the constraints for both KdS and RKdS black holes.

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Black hole and wormhole solutions in Einstein-Maxwell-Scalar theory

We classified and studied the charged black hole and wormhole solutions in the Einstein--Maxwell system in the presence of a massless, real scalar field. The possible existence of charged black holes in general scalar--tensor theories was studied in {Bronnikov et al, 1999;} black holes and wormholes exist for a negative kinetic term for the scalar field. Using a conformal transformation, the static, spherically symmetric possible structures in the minimal coupled system are described. Besides wormholes and naked singularities, only a restricted class of black hole exists, exhibiting a horizon with an infinite surface and a timelike central singularity. The black holes and wormholes defined in the Einstein frame have some specificities with respect to the non-minimal coupling original frame, which are discussed in the text.

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Black holes and wormholes in $f(R)$ gravity with a kinetic curvature scalar

We study the chiral self-gravitating model (CSGM) of a special type in the spherically symmetric static spacetime in Einstein frame. Such CSGM is derived, by virtue of Weyl conformal transformation, from a gravity model in the Jordan frame corresponding to a modified $f(R)$ gravity with a kinetic scalar curvature. We investigate the model using harmonic coordinates and consider a special case of the scaling transformation from the Jordan frame. We find classes of solutions corresponding to a zero potential and we investigate horizons, centers and the asymptotic behavior of the obtained solutions. Other classes of solutions (for the potential not equal to zero) are found using a special relation (ansatz) between the metric components. Investigations of horizons, centers and asymptotic behavior of obtained solutions for this new case are performed as well. Comparative analysis with the solutions obtained earlier in literature is made.

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Scattering and absorption of a scalar field impinging on a charged black hole in the Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theory

This study revisits the absorption and scattering process by which a massless scalar field impinges on a charged dilatonic black hole. First, we review the classical analysis to obtain the deflection angle and the differential scattering cross-section. Then, using the partial wave method, we determine the total absorption cross-section numerically in terms of the decoupling parameter called $Mω$, finding that the amplitude of the dilatonic black hole is lower than the Reissner-Nordström one for mild frequencies. In the high-frequency limit, the absorption cross-section exhibits two different complex behaviors; the fine structure and the hyperfine structure. For the differential scattering cross-section, smaller values of $Mω$ lead to more significant amplitudes; the opposite scenario is obtained by increasing the charge-to-mass ratio. To fully grasp the main properties of the charged dilatonic black hole, we consider a different framework where the compact object is impinged by a charged massive scalar field. The superradiant effect is lessened for intermediate frequency concerning the Reissner-Nordström case. However, this effect does not necessarily imply the existence of any dynamical instability. In order to trigger the superradiant instability, unstable modes must remain trapped outside the event horizon with a mechanism based on the reflecting-mirror boundary conditions. In this way, a charged scalar field plus a charged black hole configure a charged black hole bomb. We provide an analytic formula (lower bound) for the values of the charge field, which can trigger this superradiant instability. We extend this minimal setup by considering the dilaton perturbations while freezing the other degree of freedom. The new perturbation scheme enhances the superradiance scattering and reduces the lower bound of the charge-to-mass ratio to develop a superradiant instability.

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Nonconservative unimodular gravity: Gravitational waves

Unimodular gravity is characterized by an extra condition with respect to General Relativity: the determinant of the metric is constant. This extra condition leads to a more restricted class of invariance by coordinate transformation. Even though, if the conservation of the energy-momentum tensor is imposed in unimodular gravity, the General Relativity theory is recovered with an additional integration constant which is associated to the cosmological term $Λ$. However, if the energy-momentum tensor does not conserve separately, a new geometric structure appears with potentially observational signatures. In this text, we consider the evolution of gravitational waves in the nonconservative unimodular gravity, showing how it differs from the usual signatures in the standard model.

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Nonconservative unimodular gravity: a viable cosmological scenario

In this work we review the issue of imposing the conservation of the energy-momentum tensor as a necessary condition to recover the equivalence between the unimodular gravity and General Relativity (GR) equipped with a cosmological constant. This procedure is usually interpreted as an {\it ad hoc} imposition on the unimodular theory's structure. Whereas the consequences of avoiding the conservation of the total energy-momentum tensor has been already introduced in the literature, it has been not widely explored so far. We study an expanding universe sourced by a single effective perfect fluid such that the null divergence of its energy-momentum tensor is not imposed. As we shall show, in this scheme, the unimodular theory has its own conservation equation obtained from the Bianchi identities. We explore the evolution of the homogeneous and isotropic expanding background and show that a viable cosmological scenario exists. Also, we consider scalar perturbations with particular attention given to the gauge issue. We show that contrary to the traditional unimodular theory where the synchronous and longitudinal (newtonian) gauge for cosmological perturbations are not permitted, if the conservation of the energy-momentum is relaxed the scalar perturbations in the synchronous condition survive and present a growing mode behavior. We study therefore a new cosmological scenario in which the dynamics of the universe transits from the radiative phase directly to a accelerated one but allowing thus for structure formation.

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Stellar structure in a Newtonian theory with variable $G$

A Newtonian-like theory inspired by the Brans-Dicke gravitational Lagrangian has been recently proposed. For static configurations the gravitational coupling acquires an intrinsic spatial dependence within the matter distribution. Therefore, the interior of astrophysical configurations may provide a testable environment for this approach as long as no screening mechanism is evoked. In this work we focus on the stellar hydrostatic equilibrium structure in such varying $G$ scenario. A modified Lane-Emden equation is presented and its solutions for various values of the polytropic index are discussed. The role played by the theory parameter $ω$, the analogue of the Brans-Dicke parameter, on the physical properties of stars is discussed.

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The Possibility of a Non-Lagrangian Theory of Gravity

General Relativity resembles a very elegant crystal glass: If we touch its principles, that is, its Lagrangian, there is a risk of breaking everything. Or, if we will, it is like a short blanket: Curing some problems creates new problems. This paper is devoted to bring to light the reasons why we pursue the possibility of a non-Lagrangian theory of gravity under the hypothesis of an extension of the original general relativity with an ansatz inspired in the fundamental principles of classical and quantum physics.

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The simplest wormhole in Rastall and k-essence theories

The geometry of the Ellis-Bronnikov wormhole is implemented in the Rastall and k-essence theories of gravity with a self-interacting scalar field. The form of the scalar field potential is determined in both cases. A stability analysis with respect to spherically symmetric time-dependent perturbations is carried out, and it shows that in k-essence theory the wormhole is unstable, like the original version of this geometry supported by a massless phantom scalar field in general relativity. In Rastall's theory, it turns out that a perturbative approach reveals the same inconsistency that was found previously for black hole solutions: time-dependent perturbations of the static configuration prove to be excluded by the equations of motion, and the wormhole is, in this sense, stable under spherical perturbations.

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Newtonian-like gravity with variable $G$

We propose a Lagrangian formulation for a varying $G$ Newtonian-like theory inspired by the Brans-Dicke gravity. Rather than imposing an {\it ad hoc} dependence for the gravitational coupling, as previously done in the literature, in our proposal the running of $G$ emerges naturally from the internal dynamical structure of the theory. We explore the features of the resulting gravitational field for static and spherically symmetric mass distributions as well as within the cosmological framework.

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