Ground states of lattice gases with ``almost'' convex repulsive interactions
To our best knowledge there is only one example of a lattice system with long-range two-body interactions whose ground states have been determined exactly: the one-dimensional lattice gas with purely repulsive and strictly convex interactions. Its ground-state particle configurations do not depend on the rate of decay of the interactions and are known as the generalized Wigner lattices or the most homogenenous particle configurations. The question of stability of this beautiful and universal result against certain perturbations of the repulsive and convex interactions seems to be interesting by itself. Additional motivations for studying such perturbations come from surface physics (adsorbtion on crystal surfaces) and theories of correlated fermion systems (recent results on ground-state particle configurations of the one-dimensional spinless Falicov-Kimball model). As a first step we have studied a one-dimensional lattice gas whose two-body interactions are repulsive and strictly convex only from distance 2 on while its value at distance 1 is fixed near its value at infinity. We show that such a modification makes the ground-state particle configurations sensitive to the decay rate of the interactions: if it is fast enough, then particles form 2-particle lattice-connected aggregates that are distributed in the most homogeneous way. Consequently, despite breaking of the convexity property, the ground state exibits the feature known as the complete devil's staircase.