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Jacques Moret-Bailly

Publications and source records attributed to Jacques Moret-Bailly.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2016

Theoretical spectroscopy of quasars within Karlsson's law

The law introduced by Karlsson in spectroscopy of low-redshift quasars involves the Lyman spectrum of hydrogen atoms. Thus, it appears necessary to study the concepts introduced by a standard spectroscopy of quasars, studied here, with those deducted from $Λ$-CDM.A visible absorption of a sharp and saturated spectral line in a gas requires a long path without perturbations as collisions or cosmological redshift. Spectra of absorbed, saturated lines of quasars obeying Karlsson's law mainly result from interactions of natural, thermal light radiated by quasar with relatively cold, low presure atomic hydrogen. These lines are produced by three processes: a) A conventional absorption in a relatively cold gas produces a set of lines; b) These lines are multiplied by absorption after fundamental 3K or 4K redshifts, where K is Karlsson's constant: Spectra show that redshifts 3K (or 4K) exactly bring absorbed Lyman beta (or gamma) line on Lyman alpha: redshift almost disappears, and gas lines are intensely absorbed in the absence of alpha absorption; c) Redshifts occur in regions where light at alpha frequency is poorly absorbed due to permanent redshift, except when excitation of hydrogen to 2P level is sufficient for a superradiant flash emission at alpha frequency. This causes an intense absorption of high radiance rays from quasar, so the absorption of a line at current Lyman alpha frequency. Lightning and pumping produce relaxation oscillations that write many absorption lines. Redshifts by H atoms in 2P levels are due to parametric interactions composed of Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scatterings (ISRS): excited hydrogen atoms catalyze energy exchanges between observed ray and background cold thermal radiation, in agreement with thermodynamics. Description of Universe becomes much simpler, but less marvelous.

astro-ph.IM↗
arXiv2015

Absorption spectrum of very low pressure atomic hydrogen

Spectra of quasars result primarily from interactions of natural light with atomic hydrogen. A visible absorption of a sharp and saturated spectral line in a gas requires a low pressure, so a long path without blushing as a cosmological redshift. Burbidge and Karlsson observed that redshifts of quasars result from fundamental redshifts, written 3K and 4K, that cause a shift of absorbed beta and gamma lines of H to alpha gas line. Thus absorbed spectrum is shifted until an absorbed line overlaps with Lyman alpha line of gas: redshift only occurs if an alpha absorption pumps atoms to 2P state. Thus, space is divided into spherical shells centered on the quasar, containing or not 2P atoms. Neglecting collisional de-excitations in absorbing shells, more and more atoms are excited until amplification of a beam having a long path in a shell, thus perpendicular to the observed ray, is large enough for a superradiant flash at alpha frequency. Energy is provided by atoms and observed ray, absorbing a line at local Lyman alpha frequency. Redshifts of quasars spectra are due to parametric interactions composed of Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scatterings (ISRS) : Excited hydrogen atoms catalyze energy exchanges between observed light rays and background cold rays, in agreement with thermodynamics.

astro-ph.IM↗
arXiv2013

Optical coherence in astrophysics: The powerful alternative of big bang

The coherence of the interaction of light with a collisionless gas (Einstein 1917) founds the theory of gas lasers. It is, for the understanding of universe, a simpler and more powerful tool than the big bang which requires questionable supplements (dark matter, MOND, etc..). The Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scattering (ISRS) redshifts gradually light pulses which cross excited atomic hydrogen H*, so that the redshift is a measure of the column density of H*. Thus, the distance of the hot stars, surrounded by much H*, is exaggerated by the use of Hubble's law. Local exaggerated distances create voids in the maps of galaxies which become spongy. The interpretation of spectra of quasars, the periodicity of galaxy redshifts introduce an experimental "Karlsson's constant" exactly computed by ISRS. The need for dark matter comes from the exaggeration of the distance, therefore the size of galaxies. Without dark matter, celestial mechanics provides a reliable distance of spiral galaxies. Coherence also introduces superradiance and mode competition that explain that only the limbs of Strömgren spheres are visible as circles maybe punctuated by an even number of dots: Too numerous, the figures assigned to gravitational lenses can be such limbs. The coincidence of the ignition of the rings of SNR1987A with the extinction of the star is due to a multiphoton coherent scattering of star light, which amplifies the superradiant emission of the rings.. A blueshift of microwaves crossing H* resulting, between 10 and 15 AU, of the expansion of solar wind, explains the "anomalous acceleration" of Pioneer probes. All is obtained without any change in theories of standard spectroscopy.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2012

Propagation of light in low pressure gas

The criticism by W. E. Lamb, W. Schleich, M. Scully, C. Townes of a simplified quantum electrodynamics which represents the photon as a true particle is illustrated. Collisions being absent in low-pressure gas, exchanges of energy are radiative and coherent. Thin shells of plasma containing atoms in a model introduced by Strömgren are superradiant, seen as circles possibly dotted. Spectral radiance of novae has magnitude of laser radiance, and column densities are large in nebulae: Superradiance, multiphoton effects, etc., work in astrophysics. The superradiant beams induce multiphotonic scatterings of light emitted by the stars, brightening the limbs of plasma bubbles and darkening the stars. In excited atomic hydrogen, impulsive Raman scatterings shift frequencies of light. Microwaves exchanged with the Pioneer probes are blueshifted, simulating anomalous accelerations. Substituting coherence for wrong calculations in astrophysical papers, improves results, avoids "new physics".

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2011

Propagation of light: Coherent or Monte-Carlo computation ?

Wrong Monte-Carlo computations are used to study the propagation of light in low pressure gas of nebulae. We recall that the incoherent interactions required for Monte Carlo calculations and hindering coherent interactions are due to collisions that disappear at low pressure. Incoherent interactions blur the images while coherent do not. We introduce coherent optical effects or substitute them for Monte Carlo calculations in published papers, improving the results and avoiding the introduction of "new physics". The spectral radiance of novae has the magnitude of the radiance of lasers, and large column densities are available in the nebulae. Several types of coherent interactions (superradiance, multiphoton effects, etc..), well studied using lasers, work in nebulae as in laboratories. The relatively thin shell of plasma containing atoms around a Strômgren sphere is superradiant, so that the limb of the sphere is seen as a circle which may be dotted into an even number of "pearls". The superradiant beams induce a multiphotonic scattering of the light rays emitted by the star, improving the brightness of the limb and darkening the star. Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scatterings (ISRS) in excited atomic hydrogen shift the frequencies of electromagnetic waves: UV-X lines of the Sun are red- or blue-shifted, the microwaves exchanged with the Pioneer 10 and 11 probes are blueshifted (no anomalous acceleration needed), the far stars are redshifted. Without any "new physics", coherent spectroscopy works as a magic stick to explain many observations.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2010

Anti-photon

Quantum electrodynamics corrects miscalculations of classical electrodynamics, but by introducing the pseudo-particle "photon" it is the source of errors whose practical consequences are serious. Thus W. E. Lamb disadvises the use of the word "photon" in an article whose this text takes the title. The purpose of this paper is neither a compilation, nor a critique of Lamb's paper: It adds arguments and applications to show that the use of this concept is dangerous while the semi-classical theory is always right provided that common errors are corrected: in particular, the classical field of electromagnetic energy is often, wrongly, considered as linear, so that Bohr's electron falls on the nucleus and photon counting is false. Using absolute energies and radiances avoids doing these errors. Quantum electrodynamics quantizes "normal modes" chosen arbitrarily among the infinity of sets of orthogonal modes of the electromagnetic field. Changing the choice of normal modes splits the photons which are pseudo-particles, not physical objects. Considering the photons as small particles interacting without pilot waves with single atoms, astrophysicists use Monte-Carlo computations for the propagation of light in homogeneous media while it works only in opalescent media as clouds. Thus, for instance, two theories abort while, they are validated using coherence and Einstein theories, giving a good interpretation of the rings of supernova remnant 1987A, and the spectrum found inside. The high frequency shifts of this spectrum can only result from a parametric interaction of light with excited atomic hydrogen which is found in many regions of the universe.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2010

Introduction of coherence in astrophysical spectroscopy

By confusing the radiance of a single mode light beam, constant in a transparent medium, with the irradiance which decreases away from the source, Menzel purports to show that coherent interactions of light with the diluted media of astrophysics, are negligible. Therefore, to study the interaction of light with gases, astrophysicists use Monte Carlo computations which work to study nuclear systems, but not optics: optical modes which may be defined in inhomogeneous media or for the emissions of single atoms interact coherently with these systems: a unique formula represents, according to the sign of a parameter, absorption and coherent emission. The optical and spectroscopic properties of a very simple model, an extremely hot source in an isotropic cloud of pure, low pressure, initially cold, huge hydrogen cloud are studied using Planck's and Einstein's theories. The similarities of the images and the spectra of this simple model with astronomical observations, for instance of SNR1987A, Einstein cross, lyman break galaxies, quasars,... is so large that this model may be an elementary first step in the study of many astrophysical objects. Adaptations of the model to complex astrophysical systems could represent them using only the old, standard theories of physics commonly used in laser spectroscopy.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

Structure and light emission of a Stroemgren system

Stroemgren defined a model made up of an extremely hot source plunged in a constant density, huge, static cloud of low pressure hydrogen. The present studies of this model apply qualitatively with relatively small and cold sources, but without these assumptions, we must take into account that: - the source has, at all frequencies, the spectral radiance of a laser at a single frequency, so that the multi-photon absorption of few lines involves the whole continuous spectrum; - a spherical shell containing large column densities of excited atoms emits strongly super-radiant beams selected by competition of modes; - the long paths in excited atoms allow observations which require in the labs the use of ultrashort laser pulses. A necessary, qualitative update watch that: - the whole continuous spectrum of the source pumps the atoms to excited states, so that almost all energy emitted by the source is transferred to a line spectrum; - the main fraction of this line spectrum is emitted by a strong super-radiance in a spherical shell where the temperature becomes cold enough for a notable de-ionization of the atoms; by competition of modes, a dotted ring appears; - inside the ring, a less bright region emits spontaneously lines made extremely broad by parametric transfers of energy between the light beams and thermal radiation; the intensities of these lines decrease down to zero, from increased laboratory frequencies to decreased frequencies. Supernova remnant 1987A shows these properties.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2008

Light emission of very low density hydrogen excited by an extremely hot light source; applications in astrophysics

Stromgren studied the action of an extremely hot source on a diluted pure hydrogen cloud; a very ionized, spherical hydrogen plasma surrounded by neutral atomic hydrogen is formed. A relatively thin intermediate, partially ionized, hydrogen shell, is cooled by the radiation of the atoms. Stromgren was unaware of that this plasma, similar to the plasma of a gas laser, can be superradiant at several eigen frequencies of atomic hydrogen; the superradiant rays emitted tangentially with the sphere appear resulting from a discontinuous ring because of the competition of optical modes. The superradiance intensely depopulates the excited levels, including the continuum of proton-electron collisions, by cascades of transitions combined into resonant multiphotonic transitions so that the gas is cooled brutally beyond the radius of the Stromgren sphere. The extreme brightness of the rays emitted by the source allows a multiphotonic non-resonant absorption leading in stationary states or the ionization continuum. This absorption combines with the superradiant emissions in a multiphotonic diffusion induced by the superradiant rays. Although its brightness remains higher than that of the superradiant rays, the source becomes invisible if it is observed through a small solid angle. The lines emitted inside the sphere are all the more weak as they arrive of an internal area, lower in atoms, and more reddened also by a parametric transfer of energy towards the thermal radiation catalyzed by excited atomic hydrogen present in the sphere only. The Stromgren sphere appears to help to simply explain the appearance and the spectrum of supernova 1987A.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Far UV excitation of hydrogen and light emission; applications in astrophysics

Assuming a spherical symmetry, the extreme UV emitted by a very hot source ionizes low pressure molecular hydrogen making a transparent bubble of H II (Protons and electrons). For an increase of radius, intensity of extreme UV and temperature decrease, so that the plasma contains more and more atoms. A spherical shell, mainly of neutral atoms (H I) appears. If this shell is optically thick at Lyman frequencies of H I, it is superradiant and a competition of modes selects modes tangent to a sphere for which many atoms are excited. Thus, a shell of plasma emits, into a given direction, tangential rays showing a ring in which selected modes are brighter. While at Lyman frequencies, absorption of rays emitted by the source excites the atoms able to amplify the superradiance, a more powerful amplification of superradiance results from an induced scattering of the radial beams, which extends to feet of lines and progressively to the whole spectrum. Thermodynamics says that the brightness of radial and tangential beams tends to be equal; if the solid angle of observation is much larger for the ring than for the source, almost the whole light emitted by the source is transferred to the rings, and the source becomes invisible. Paradoxically, a glow due to incoherent scattering and impurities around the source remains visible. As the scattering decreases with the decrease of the radial intensity, the brightness of the ring decreases with radius. These characteristics are found in supernova remnant 1987A.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Superradiance and stimulated scattering in SNR 1987A

The rings observed around supernova remnant 1987A are emitted by a plasma mainly made of ionized and neutral hydrogen atoms. With a density of 10 power 10 atoms per cubic metre, and at least a dimension of plasma of 0.01 light-year, the column density is 10 power 24 atoms per square metre, much more than needed for an optically thick gas at Lyman frequencies (Case B). While, at 10000 K, the bulky gas would absorb Lyman lines fully, at 50000K it emits superradiant lines. As superradiance de-excites the atoms strongly, nearly all available energy is emitted in a few competing modes: Superradiance appears only for beams which cross the largest column densities; for an observation from Earth, these beams generate three elliptical hollow cylinders whose bases are the observed rings; admitting that the Earth is not in a privileged direction, these cylinders envelope ellipsoidal shells observed, for the external rings, by photon echoes. For the equatorial ring, the brightness of the superradiant beams is multiplied by a quasi-resonant induced scattering of the rays emitted by the star. The de-excitation of atoms by emitted beams cools the gas strongly, so that ionization decreases fast, the process self accelerates. The energy of the high radiance rays from the star is strongly scattered to the ring while the low radiance of the glow which surrounds the star is rather amplified. The fast absorption of the radial beams produces the radial decrease of radiance of the ring while a competition of modes produces the pearls.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Explaining the pearl necklace of SNR 1987A by coherent optics

A lot of beautiful observations of Supernova remnant 1987A give a precise idea of its structure and its evolution. The regular interpretations of the observations set that the large energy needed to explain the brightness of the pearl necklaces is provided by shock waves involving remnants of a first explosion and a wave produced by the observed explosion although the existence of this wave is discussed. We develop the alternative explanation of the necklaces by photoionization. Our main hypothesis is that the explosion of the blue supergiant progenitor produces two neutron stars and a central brilliant object, a linear system similar to those which were observed by Halton Arp. We suppose that these stars remains bright in extreme UV, to maintain the strong ionization of a bubble of hot hydrogen nearly transparent in far UV (defined as the range of Lyman frequencies of atomic hydrogen). Outside the bubbles, three shells containing atomic hydrogen generate resonant, superradiant scatterings at Lyman frequencies, in tangential competing modes. The superradiance cools the gas and absorbs strongly the radial far UV light, hiding the stars. The shells may be identified with the inner active shells found from light echoes.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2006

Origin of the pearl necklace of SN1987A

The bright circles observed around stars are usually considered as produced by shock waves; but this interpretation does not explain easily the bright spots of the "pearl necklace" of NS 1987A supernova. Assuming that the central object of SN 1987A is a neutron star heated by the accretion of a low density cloud, non-linear optics, in particular superradiance and impulsive stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS), is needed to take into account the high intensity of the radiated light. Where the temperature of the surrounding gas decreases enough to allow a combination of protons and electrons into atomic hydrogen in despite of the low density, a spherical shell absorbs in particular the Lyman alpha line, but does not populate much the 2P state because a tangential superradiance appears until the exciting line is almost absorbed; the increase of the 2P population resulting from the disappearance of the superradiance produces a redshift, so that almost all energy of a wide band is transferred to tangential modes making an UV pearl necklace in a given direction of observation. In a column of UV light making a pearl, atomic lines are excited enough to produce new, co-linear superradiances, in particular visible.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2005

Anomalous frequency shifts in the solar system

The improvements of the observations of the solar system allowed by the use of probes and big instruments let appear several problems: The frequencies of the radio signals received from the probes sent over 5 UA from the Sun are too high; the explanation by spicules or siphon-flows of the frequency shifts of UV emissions observed on the surface of the sun by SOHO is not satisfactory; the anisotropy of the CMB seems bound to the ecliptic. This problems are solved using a coherent optical effect, deduced from standard spectroscopy and easily observed with lasers. In a gas containing atomic hydrogen in states 2S and (or) 2P, transfers of energy between light beams, allowed by thermodynamics, produce the required frequency shifts or amplifications.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2005

Interaction between incoherent light beams propagating in excited atomic hydrogen; applications in astrophysics

While it is generally assumed that several light beams propagate independently in a refracting medium, the exception of laser beams may be extended to usual time-incoherent light provided that conditions of space-coherence are fulfilled. Very few molecules have convenient properties, the simplest one being atomic hydrogen in 2S and 2P states (called H* here). The interaction increases the entropy of a set of beams without a permanent excitation of H*, a loss of energy by a beam having a high Planck's temperature producing a decrease of its frequency, and the thermal radiation getting energy. Atomic hydrogen in its ground state is pumped to H* by Lyman alpha absorptions, producing a redshift of the light. The combination of the Lyman absorptions and the redshifts they produce, induce oscillations which generate a spectrum in which the lines deduce from each other by relative frequency shifts which are products of an integer by a constant z_b=0.062. These purely physical results may be applied in astrophysics, searching where H* may appear. In particular, the computed spectra of the accreting neutron stars, remarkably identical to the spectra of the quasars, may explain that these stars seem never observed. The too high frequencies of the radio signals from the Pioneer probes may result from a transfer of energy from the solar light allowed by a cooling of the solar wind able to produce H*. A similar transfer to the CMB may explain its anisotropy bound to the ecliptic.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2004

The accreting neutron stars are quasars, and the universe does not expand

The reliable theory of the evolution of heavy stars predicts the existence of a type of neutron stars which accrete a cloud of dirty hydrogen (accretors). Although they are very small (some hundreds of kilometres), the accretors should be easily observable because the accretion raises the surface temperature over 1 000 000 K, but they are never detected. The reason of this failure is a misunderstanding of the spectroscopy of hydrogen crossed by a powerful beam of short wavelengths light. Except very close to the surface, hydrogen is mostly heated by a Lyman absorption improved by a parametric frequency shift due to excited atomic hydrogen, so that this absorption stabilises the temperature between the limits of ionisation and dimerisation. A powerful radio emission may produce an extra ionisation where the pressure is convenient. The combination of Lyman absorptions and redshifts produces an instability which chains Lyman absorption patterns : when a redshifted Lyman absorbed line coincides with a Lyman line, all absorption lines of the gas are written into the spectrum. Thus all characteristics of the complex spectrum of a quasar are generated, so that observed accretors are named quasars, and the origin of the intrinsic redshifts is found. The lack of redshifts of the variations of luminosity of stars and quasars shows that the "cosmological redshifts" result from the parametric frequency shift, so that the universe does not expand.

astro-ph↗
arXiv2004

Propagation of electromagnetic waves in space plasma

Coherent Raman Effect on Incoherent Light (CREIL), shifts the frequencies of normally incoherent light without any blurring of the images or altering the order of the spectra. CREIL operates in gases having quadrupolar resonances in the megaherz range, and it is easily confused with Doppler effects. When CREIL is taken into account, the propagation of light in cosmic low pressure gases involves a complex combination of absorptions and frequency shifts. Current star theory predicts very bright accreting neutron stars. These should be small, very hot objects surrounded by dirty atomic hydrogen. CREIL predicts spectra for these stars that have exactly the characteristics found in the spectra of the quasars. The intrinsic redshifting in the extended photosphere of Quasars as defined by CREIL events drastically reduces both the size and distance to quasars, and clearly identifies the missing neutron stars as quasar-like objects. A full interpretation of quasar spectra does not require jets, dark matter, a variation of the fine structure constant, or an early synthesis of iron. CREIL is useful in explaining other astrophysical problems, such as redshifting proportional to the path of light through the corona of the Sun. CREIL radiation transfers may explain the blueshifting of radio signals from Pioneer 10 and 11.

astro-ph↗