arXiv subjects

Jason M. TenBarge

Publications and source records attributed to Jason M. TenBarge.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Phase-Space Energy Transfer of Wave-Particle Interactions using the Field-Particle Correlation Technique and Linear Plasma Theory with JET-PLUME

The collisionless transfer of energy between fields and particles through wave-particle interactions is a fundamental process in space plasmas but remains incompletely characterized because many mechanisms operate across a wide parameter range and diverse plasma conditions. The Field-Particle Correlation (FPC) technique reveals velocity-space signatures of particle energization by correlating measured electric field fluctuations with changes in the velocity distribution. Fully mapping these signatures across plasma parameters requires an impractically large number of kinetic simulations or observations. To address this challenge, we introduce JET-PLUME (Judging Energy Transfer in a Plasma in a Linear Uniform Magnetized Environment), an extension of the PLUME Vlasov-Maxwell dispersion solver. JET-PLUME uses PLUME's ability to model parallel drifting bi-Maxwellian distributions to examine phase-space energy transfer by adding an analytic Fourier-space formulation of the FPC. This approach isolates the contribution of individual resonances, separates degenerate entropy mode components, and allows systematic analysis of unstable, growing modes. Dimensionless expressions extend the results across a broad parameter range and highlight the role of off-diagonal elements of the susceptibility tensor in coupling electric field and current response. We show that during kinetic Alfv\'en wave damping, the perpendicular field can drive parallel ion currents among particles with large perpendicular velocity, reducing the net Landau damping. The resulting velocity-space signatures, accessible through JET-PLUME, demonstrate how analytic formulations of phase-space energy transfer can reveal novel physics of wave-particle interactions across diverse plasma environments.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2026

Line-Tied Flux Rope Relaxation and Reconnection: A 3D Kinetic Case Study

Magnetic flux ropes are ubiquitous magnetic structures found in plasmas ranging from astrophysical to laboratory. We employ a newly-developed parallel-kinetic-perpendicular-moment (PKPM) model to simulate the 3D interaction and evolution of two line-tied flux ropes at realistic laboratory plasma parameters, while retaining essential parallel kinetic physics in the system. We find that ropes undergo a current-dependent transition from a diamagnetic to paramagnetic regime, which we quantify with a simple analytic model. Although the macroscopic structural evolution qualitatively differs significantly between these regimes, analyzing the reconnection in proper field-aligned coordinates reveals that the underlying kinetic dynamics remain similar. Using the squashing factor and quasi-potential as diagnostics of 3D magnetic reconnection, we identify the formation of a quasi-separatrix layer and show that these quantities provide consistent metrics for reconnection rate and structure.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2026

From Weibel seeds to collisionless dynamos beyond pair-plasmas

Bridging the spatiotemporal scales of magnetic seed field generation and subsequent dynamo amplification in the weakly collisional intracluster medium presents an extreme numerical challenge. We perform collisionless turbulence simulations with initially unmagnetized electrons that capture both magnetic seed generation via the electron Weibel instability and the ensuing dynamo amplification. Going beyond existing pair-plasma studies, we use an ion-to-electron mass ratio of 100 for which we find electron and ion dynamics are sufficiently decoupled. These simulations are enabled by the 10-moment collisionless fluid solver of Gkeyll, which evolves the full pressure tensor for all species. The electron heat-flux closure regulates pressure isotropization and effectively sets the magnetic Reynolds number. We investigate how the strength of the closure influences the transition between a regime reminiscent of previous kinetic pair-plasma simulations and a regime exhibiting dynamo behavior qualitatively similar to magnetohydrodynamics.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2025

A Parallel-Kinetic-Perpendicular-Moment Model for Magnetized Plasmas

We describe a new model for the study of weakly-collisional, magnetized plasmas derived from exploiting the separation of the dynamics parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field. This unique system of equations retains the particle dynamics parallel to the magnetic field while approximating the perpendicular dynamics through a spectral expansion in the perpendicular degrees of freedom, analogous to moment-based fluid approaches. In so doing, a hybrid approach is obtained which is computationally efficient enough to allow for larger-scale modeling of plasma systems while eliminating a source of difficulty in deriving fluid equations applicable to magnetized plasmas. We connect this system of equations to historical asymptotic models and discuss advantages and disadvantages of this approach, including the extension of this parallel-kinetic-perpendicular-moment beyond the typical region of validity of these more traditional asymptotic models. This paper forms the first of a multi-part series on this new model, covering the theory and derivation, alongside demonstration benchmarks of this approach including shocks and magnetic reconnection.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2024

A Tetrad-First Approach to Robust Numerical Algorithms in General Relativity

General relativistic Riemann solvers are typically complex, fragile and unwieldy, at least in comparison to their special relativistic counterparts. In this paper, we present a new high-resolution shock-capturing algorithm on curved spacetimes that employs a local coordinate transformation at each inter-cell boundary, transforming all primitive and conservative variables into a locally flat spacetime coordinate basis (i.e., the tetrad basis), generalizing previous approaches developed for relativistic hydrodynamics. This algorithm enables one to employ a purely special relativistic Riemann solver, combined with an appropriate post-hoc flux correction step, irrespective of the geometry of the underlying Lorentzian manifold. We perform a systematic validation of the algorithm using the Gkeyll simulation framework for both general relativistic electromagnetism and general relativistic hydrodynamics, highlighting the algorithm's superior convergence and stability properties in each case when compared against standard analytical solutions for black hole magnetosphere and ultra-relativistic black hole accretion problems. However, as an illustration of the generality and practicality of the algorithm, we also apply it to more astrophysically realistic magnetosphere and fluid accretion problems in the limit of high black hole spin, for which standard general relativistic Riemann solvers are often too unstable to produce useful solutions.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2024

The Kinetic Analogue of the Pressure-Strain Interaction

Energy transport in weakly collisional plasma systems is often studied with fluid models and diagnostics. However, the applicability of fluid models is necessarily limited when collisions are weak or absent, and using a fluid approach can obscure kinetic processes that provide key insights into the physics of energy transport. A kinetic technique that retains all of the information in 3D-3V phase-space for the study of energy transfer between electromagnetic fields and particle kinetic energy, which is quantified by the rate of electromagnetic work per unit volume $\mathbf{j} \cdot \mathbf{E}$ in fluid models, is the Field- Particle Correlation (FPC) technique. This technique has demonstrated that leveraging the full information contained in phase-space can elucidate the physical mechanisms of energy transfer. This provides a significant advantage over fluid diagnostics that quantify the rate at which energy is exchanged but do not distinguish between different physical processes. A different channel of energy transport, between fluid flow energy and particle internal energy, is quantified in fluid models via the pressure-strain interaction $-(\mathbf{P} \cdot \nabla ) \cdot \mathbf{u}$. Using a similar approach to that of the field-particle correlation technique, in this work we derive a kinetic analog of the pressure-strain interaction and use it alongside the field-particle correlation to analyze the flow of energy from electromagnetic fields into particle internal energy in two case studies of electron Landau damping.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2024

Electron Influence on the Parallel Proton Firehose Instability in 10-Moment, Multi-Fluid Simulations

Instabilities driven by pressure anisotropy play a critical role in modulating the energy transfer in space and astrophysical plasmas. For the first time, we simulate the evolution and saturation of the parallel proton firehose instability using a multi-fluid model without adding artificial viscosity. These simulations are performed using a 10-moment, multi-fluid model with local and gradient relaxation heat-flux closures in high-$β$ proton-electron plasmas. When these higher-order moments are included and pressure anisotropy is permitted to develop in all species, we find that the electrons have a significant impact on the saturation of the parallel proton firehose instability, modulating the proton pressure anisotropy as the instability saturates. Even for lower $β$s more relevant to heliospheric plasmas, we observe a pronounced electron energization in simulations using the gradient relaxation closure. Our results indicate that resolving the electron pressure anisotropy is important to correctly describe the behavior of multi-species plasma systems.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2024

Experimental study of Alfvén wave reflection from an Alfvén-speed gradient relevant to the solar coronal holes

We report the first experimental detection of a reflected Alfvén wave from an Alfvén-speed gradient under conditions similar to those in coronal holes. The experiments were conducted in the Large Plasma Device at the University of California, Los Angeles. We present the experimentally measured dependence of the coefficient of reflection versus the wave inhomogeneity parameter, i.e., the ratio of the wave length of the incident wave to the length scale of the gradient. Two-fluid simulations using the Gkeyll code qualitatively agree with and support the experimental findings. Our experimental results support models of wave heating that rely on wave reflection at low heights from a smooth Alfvén-speed gradient to drive turbulence.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2024

Electron Energization in Reconnection: Eulerian versus Lagrangian Perspectives

Particle energization due to magnetic reconnection is an important unsolved problem for myriad space and astrophysical plasmas. Electron energization in magnetic reconnection has traditionally been examined from a particle, or Lagrangian, perspective using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. Guiding-center analyses of ensembles of PIC particles have suggested that Fermi (curvature drift) acceleration and direct acceleration via the reconnection electric field are the primary electron energization mechanisms. However, both PIC guiding-center ensemble analyses and spacecraft observations are performed in an Eulerian perspective. For this work, we employ the continuum Vlasov-Maxwell solver within the Gkeyll simulation framework to re-examine electron energization from a kinetic continuum, Eulerian, perspective. We separately examine the contribution of each drift energization component to determine the dominant electron energization mechanisms in a moderate guide-field Gkeyll reconnection simulation. In the Eulerian perspective, we find that the diamagnetic and agyrotropic drifts are the primary electron energization mechanisms away from the reconnection x-point, where direct acceleration dominates. We compare the Eulerian (Vlasov Gkeyll) results with the wisdom gained from Lagrangian (PIC) analyses.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2022

Phase Space Energization of Ions in Oblique Shocks

Examining energization of kinetic plasmas in phase space is a growing topic of interest, owing to the wealth of data in phase space compared to traditional bulk energization diagnostics. Via the field-particle correlation (FPC) technique and using multiple means of numerically integrating the plasma kinetic equation, we have studied the energization of ions in phase space within oblique collisionless shocks. The perspective afforded to us with this analysis in phase space allows us to characterize distinct populations of energized ions. In particular, we focus on ions which reflect multiple times off the shock front through shock-drift acceleration, and how to distinguish these different reflected populations in phase space using the FPC technique. We further extend our analysis to simulations of three-dimensional shocks undergoing more complicated dynamics, such as shock ripple, to demonstrate the ability to recover the phase space signatures of this energization process in a more general system. This work thus extends previous applications of the FPC technique to more realistic collisionless shock environments, providing stronger evidence of the technique's utility for simulation, laboratory, and spacecraft analysis.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2021

Characterizing Velocity-Space Signatures of Electron Energization in Large-Guide-Field Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection

Magnetic reconnection plays an important role in the release of magnetic energy and consequent energization of particles in collisionless plasmas. Energy transfer in collisionless magnetic reconnection is inherently a two-step process: reversible, collisionless energization of particles by the electric field, followed by collisional thermalization of that energy, leading to irreversible plasma heating. Gyrokinetic numerical simulations are used to explore the first step of electron energization, and we generate the first examples of field-particle correlation (FPC) signatures of electron energization in 2D strong-guide-field collisionless magnetic reconnection. We determine these velocity space signatures at the x-point and in the exhaust, the regions of the reconnection geometry in which the electron energization primarily occurs. Modeling of these velocity-space signatures shows that, in the strong-guide-field limit, the energization of electrons occurs through bulk acceleration of the out-of-plane electron flow by parallel electric field that drives the reconnection, a non-resonant mechanism of energization. We explore the variation of these velocity-space signatures over the plasma beta range $0.01 \le β_i \le 1$. Our analysis goes beyond the fluid picture of the plasma dynamics and exploits the kinetic features of electron energization in the exhaust region to propose a single-point diagnostic which can potentially identify a reconnection exhaust region using spacecraft observations.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2021

A Field-Particle Correlation Analysis of a Perpendicular Magnetized Collisionless Shock: I. Theory

Collisionless shocks play an important role in space and astrophysical plasmas by irreversibly converting the energy of the incoming supersonic plasma flows into other forms, including plasma heat, particle acceleration, and electromagnetic field energy. Here we present the application of the field-particle correlation technique to an idealized perpendicular magnetized collisionless shock to understand the transfer of energy from the incoming flow into ion and electron energy through the structure of the shock. The connection between a Lagrangian perspective following particle trajectories, and an Eulerian perspective observing the net energization of the distribution of particles, illuminates the energy transfer mechanisms. Using the field-particle correlation analysis, we identify the velocity-space signature of shock-drift acceleration of the ions in the shock foot, as well as the velocity-space signature of adiabatic electron heating through the shock ramp.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2021

A Field-Particle Correlation Analysis of a Perpendicular Magnetized Collisionless Shock

Using the field-particle correlation technique, we examine the particle energization in a 1D-2V continuum Vlasov--Maxwell simulation of a perpendicular magnetized collisionless shock. The combination of the field-particle correlation technique with the high fidelity representation of the particle distribution function provided by a direct discretization of the Vlasov equation allows us to ascertain the details of the exchange of energy between the electromagnetic fields and the particles in phase space. We identify the velocity-space signatures of shock-drift acceleration of the ions and adiabatic heating of the electrons due to the perpendicular collisionless shock by constructing a simplified model with the minimum ingredients necessary to produce the observed energization signatures in the self-consistent Vlasov-Maxwell simulation. We are thus able to completely characterize the energy transfer in the perpendicular collisionless shock considered here and provide predictions for the application of the field-particle correlation technique to spacecraft measurements of collisionless shocks.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2020

Dynamo in weakly collisional nonmagnetized plasmas impeded by Landau damping of magnetic fields

We perform fully kinetic simulations of flows known to produce dynamo in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), considering scenarios with low Reynolds number and high magnetic Prandtl number, relevant for galaxy cluster scale fluctuation dynamos. We find that Landau damping on the electrons leads to a rapid decay of magnetic perturbations, impeding the dynamo. This collisionless damping process operates on spatial scales where electrons are nonmagnetized, reducing the range of scales where the magnetic field grows in high magnetic Prandtl number fluctuation dynamos. When electrons are not magnetized down to the resistive scale, the magnetic energy spectrum is expected to be limited by the scale corresponding to magnetic Landau damping or, if smaller, the electron gyroradius scale, instead of the resistive scale. In simulations we thus observe decaying magnetic fields where resistive MHD would predict a dynamo.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2020

Diagnosing collisionless energy transfer using field-particle correlations: Alfven-Ion Cyclotron Turbulence

We apply field-particle correlations -- a technique that tracks the time-averaged velocity-space structure of the energy density transfer rate between electromagnetic fields and plasma particles -- to data drawn from a hybrid Vlasov-Maxwell simulation of Alfvén Ion-Cyclotron turbulence. Energy transfer in this system is expected to include both Landau and cyclotron wave-particle resonances, unlike previous systems to which the field-particle correlation technique has been applied. In this simulation, the energy transfer rate mediated by the parallel electric field $E_\parallel$ comprises approximately $60\%$ of the total rate, with the remainder mediated by the perpendicular electric field $E_\perp$. The parallel electric field resonantly couples to protons, with the canonical bipolar velocity-space signature of Landau damping identified at many points throughout the simulation. The energy transfer mediated by $E_\perp$ preferentially couples to particles with $v_{tp} \lesssim v_\perp \lesssim 3 v_{tp}$ in agreement with the expected formation of a cyclotron diffusion plateau. Our results demonstrate clearly that the field-particle correlation technique can distinguish distinct channels of energy transfer using single-point measurements, even at points in which multiple channels act simultaneously, and can be used to determine quantitatively the rates of particle energization in each channel.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2019

Collisionless energy transfer in kinetic turbulence: field-particle correlations in Fourier space

Turbulence is ubiquitously observed in nearly collisionless heliospheric plasmas, including the solar wind and corona and the Earth's magnetosphere. Understanding the collisionless mechanisms responsible for the energy transfer from the turbulent fluctuations to the particles is a frontier in kinetic turbulence research. Collisionless energy transfer from the turbulence to the particles can take place reversibly, resulting in non-thermal energy in the particle velocity distribution functions (VDFs) before eventual collisional thermalization is realized. Exploiting the information contained in the fluctuations in the VDFs is valuable. Here we apply a recently developed method based on VDFs, the field-particle correlation technique, to a $β=1$, solar-wind-like, low-frequency Alfvénic turbulence simulation with well resolved phase space to identify the field-particle energy transfer in velocity space. The field-particle correlations reveal that the energy transfer, mediated by the parallel electric field, results in significant structuring of the ion and electron VDFs in the direction parallel to the magnetic field. Fourier modes representing the length scales between the ion and electron gyroradii show that energy transfer is resonant in nature, localized in velocity space to the Landau resonances for each Fourier mode. The energy transfer closely follows the Landau resonant velocities with varying perpendicular wavenumber $k_\perp$ and plasma $β$. This resonant signature, consistent with Landau damping, is observed in all diagnosed Fourier modes that cover the dissipation range of the simulation.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2019

Effect of a weak ion collisionality on the dynamics of kinetic electrostatic shocks

In strictly collisionless electrostatic shocks, the ion distribution function can develop discontinuities along phase-space separatrices, due to partial reflection of the ion population. In this paper, we depart from the strictly collisionless regime and present a semi-analytical model for weakly collisional kinetic shocks. The model is used to study the effect of small but finite collisionalities on electrostatic shocks, and they are found to smooth out these discontinuities into growing boundary layers. More importantly, ions diffuse into and accumulate in the previously empty regions of phase space, and, by upsetting the charge balance, lead to growing downstream oscillations of the electrostatic potential. We find that the collisional age of the shock is the more relevant measure of the collisional effects than the collisionality, where the former can become significant during the lifetime of the shock, even for weak collisionalities.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2017

Low Mach-number collisionless electrostatic shocks and associated ion acceleration

The existence and properties of low Mach-number ($M \gtrsim 1$) electrostatic collisionless shocks are investigated with a semi-analytical solution for the shock structure. We show that the properties of the shock obtained in the semi-analytical model can be well reproduced in fully kinetic Eulerian Vlasov-Poisson simulations, where the shock is generated by the decay of an initial density discontinuity. Using this semi-analytical model, we study the effect of electron-to-ion temperature ratio and presence of impurities on both the maximum shock potential and Mach number. We find that even a small amount of impurities can influence the shock properties significantly, including the reflected light ion fraction, which can change several orders of magnitude. Electrostatic shocks in heavy ion plasmas reflect most of the hydrogen impurity ions.

physics.plasm-ph↗