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Jesús Martín-Pintado

Publications and source records attributed to Jesús Martín-Pintado.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

The complex organic molecular content in the L1517B starless core

Recent observations of the pre-stellar core L1544 and the younger starless core L1498 have revealed that complex organic molecules (COMs) are enhanced in the gas phase toward their outer and intermediate-density shells. Our goal is to determine the level of chemical complexity toward the starless core L1517B, which seems younger than L1498, and compare it with the other two previously studied cores to see if there is a chemical evolution within the cores. We have carried out 3 mm high-sensitivity observations toward two positions in the L1517B starless core: the core's centre and the position where the methanol emission peaks (at a distance of $\sim$5000 au from the core's centre). Our observations reveal that a lower number of COMs and COM precursors are detected in L1517B with respect to L1498 and L1544, and also show lower abundances. Besides methanol, we only detected CH$_3$O, H$_2$CCO, CH$_3$CHO, CH$_3$CN, CH$_3$NC, HCCCN, and HCCNC. Their measured abundances are $\sim$3 times larger toward the methanol peak than toward the core's centre, mimicking the behaviour found toward the more evolved cores L1544 and L1498. We propose that the differences in the chemical complexity observed between the three studied starless cores are a consequence of their evolution, with L1517B being the less evolved one, followed by L1498 and L1544. Chemical complexity in these cores seems to increase over time, with N-bearing molecules forming first and O-bearing COMs forming at a later stage as a result of the catastrophic depletion of CO.

astro-ph.GA↗

On the abiotic origin of dimethyl sulfide: discovery of DMS in the Interstellar Medium

Following the discovery of dimethyl sulfide (CH$_3$SCH$_3$, DMS) signatures in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, we report the first detection of this organosulfur species in the interstellar medium, during the exploration of an ultradeep molecular line survey performed toward the Galactic Center molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027 with the Yebes 40$\,$m and IRAM 30$\,$m telescopes. We derive a molecular column density of $N$ = (2.6 $\pm$ 0.3)$\times$10$^{13}$ cm$^{-2}$, yielding a fractional abundance relative to H$_2$ of $\sim$1.9$\times$10$^{-10}$. This implies that DMS is a factor of $\sim$1.6 times less abundant than its structural isomer CH$_3$CH$_2$SH and $\sim$30 times less abundant than its O-analogue dimethyl ether (CH$_3$OCH$_3$) toward this cloud, in excellent agreement with previous results on various O/S pairs. Furthermore, we find a remarkable resemblance between the relative abundance of DMS/CH$_3$OH in G+0.693-0.027 ($\sim$1.7$\times$10$^{-3}$) and in the comet ($\sim$1.3$\times$10$^{-3}$). Although the chemistry of DMS beyond Earth is yet to be fully disclosed, this discovery provides conclusive observational evidence on its efficient abiotic production in the interstellar medium, casting doubts about using DMS as a reliable biomarker in exoplanet science.

astro-ph.GA↗

ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XIX. The origin of SiO emission

The production of silicon monoxide (SiO) can be considered as a fingerprint of shock interaction. In this work, we use high-sensitivity observations of the SiO (2-1) and H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$ (1-0) emission to investigate the broad and narrow SiO emission toward 146 massive star-forming regions in the ATOMS survey. We detected SiO emission in 136 regions and distinguished broad and narrow components across the extension of 118 sources (including 58 UC $H_{II}$ regions) with an average angular resolution of 2.5$^{\prime}$$^{\prime}$. The derived SiO luminosity ($L_{SiO}$) across the whole sample shows that the majority of $L_{SiO}$ (above 66$\%$) can be attributed to broad SiO, indicating its association with strong outflows. The comparison of the ALMA SiO images with the filamentary skeletons identified from H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$ and in the infrared data (at 4.5, 8, and 24 $mu$m), further confirms that most SiO emission originates from outflows. However, note that for nine sources in our sample, the observed SiO emission may be generated by expanding UC $H_{II}$ regions. There is a moderate positive correlation between the bolometric luminosity ($L_{bol}$) and $L_{SiO}$ for both components (narrow and broad). The UC $H_{II}$ sources show a weaker positive correlation between $L_{bol}$ and $L_{SiO}$ and higher $L_{SiO}$ compared to the sources without UC $H_{II}$ regions. These results imply that the SiO emission from UC $H_{II}$ sources might be affected by UV-photochemistry induced by UC $H_{II}$ regions.

astro-ph.GA↗

Advancing spectroscopic understanding of HOCS$^+$: Laboratory investigations and astronomical implications

Sulphur-bearing species play crucial roles in interstellar chemistry, yet their precise characterisation remains challenging. Here, we present laboratory experiments aimed at extending the high-resolution spectroscopy of protonated carbonyl sulphide (HOCS$^+$), a recently detected molecular ion in space. Using a frequency-modulated free-space absorption spectrometer, we detected rotational transitions of HOCS$^+$ in an extended negative glow discharge with a mixture of H$_2$ and OCS, extending the high-resolution rotational characterisation of the cation well into the millimetre wave region (200-370 GHz). Comparisons with prior measurements and quantum chemical calculations revealed an overall agreement in the spectroscopic parameters. With the new spectroscopic dataset in hand, we re-investigated the observations of HOCS$^+$ towards G+0.693-0.027, which were initially based solely on K$_a$ = 0 lines contaminated by HNC$^{34}$S. This re-investigation enabled the detection of weak K$_a$ = 0 transitions, free from HNC$^{34}$S contamination. Our high-resolution spectroscopic characterisation also provides valuable insights for future millimetre and submillimetre astronomical observations of these species in different interstellar environments. In particular, the new high-resolution catalogue will facilitate the search for this cation in cold dark clouds, where very narrow line widths are typically observed.

astro-ph.GA↗

Imaging the jet of MWC 349A with resolved Radio Recombination Line emission from ALMA

Jets and disk winds arise from materials with excess angular momentum ejected from the accretion disks in forming stars. How these structures are launched and how they impact the gas within the innermost regions of these objects remains poorly understood. MWC349A is a massive star that has a circumstellar disk which rotates in accord with Kepler's Law, with an ionized wind and a high-velocity jet launched from the disk surface. The strongly maser-amplified emission of hydrogen radio recombination lines (RRLs) observed toward this system provides a comprehensive picture of its ionized environment with exquisite detail. In this Letter, we present ALMA observations of the H26$α$ RRL and continuum emission obtained with the highest angular resolution ever used toward this source (beam of $\sim$0.02"). The maser RRL emission is resolved for the first time and clearly delineates the ionized disk, wind and jet. We analyzed the RRL data cubes with the 3D non-LTE radiative transfer model MORELI, confirming that the jet is poorly collimated. We found that the jet orientation is closer to the rotation axis of the system than derived from spatially unresolved data. This study confirms that hydrogen RRL masers are powerful probes of the physical structure and kinematics of the innermost ionized material around massive stars.

astro-ph.SR↗

First detection in space of the high-energy isomer of cyanomethanimine: H2CNCN

We report the first detection in the interstellar medium of $N$-cyanomethanimine (H$_2$CNCN), the stable dimer of HCN of highest energy, and the most complex organic molecule identified in space containing the prebiotically relevant NCN backbone. We have identified a plethora of $a$-type rotational transitions with 3 $\leq J_\text{up} \leq$ 11 and $K_\text{a} \leq$ 2 that belong to this species towards the Galactic Center G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud, the only interstellar source showing the three cyanomethanimine isomers (including the $Z$- and $E$- isomers of $C$-cyanomethanimine, HNCHCN). We have derived a total column density for H$_2$CNCN of (2.9$\, \pm \,$0.1)$\times$10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$, which translates into a total molecular abundance with respect to H$_2$ of (2.1$\, \pm \,$0.3)$\times$10$^{-11}$. We have also revisited the previous detection of $E$- and $Z$-HNCHCN, and found a total $C/N$-cyanomethanimine abundance ratio of 31.8$\, \pm \,$1.8 and a $Z/E$-HNCHCN ratio of 4.5$\, \pm \,$0.2. While the latter can be explained on the basis of thermodynamic equilibrium, chemical kinetics are more likely responsible for the observed $C/N$-cyanomethanimine abundance ratio, where the gas-phase reaction between methanimine (CH$_2$NH) and the cyanogen radical (CN) arises as the primary formation route.

astro-ph.GA↗

Discovery of thionylimide, HNSO, in space: the first N-, S- and O-bearing interstellar molecule

We present the first detection in space of thionylimide (HNSO) toward the Galactic Center molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027, thanks to the superb sensitivity of an ultradeep molecular line survey carried out with the Yebes 40$\,$m and IRAM 30$\,$m telescopes. This molecule is the first species detected in the interstellar medium containing, simultaneously, N, S and O. We have identified numerous $K$$_a$ = 0, 1 and 2 transitions belonging to HNSO covering from $J$$_{\rm up}$ = 2 to $J$$_{\rm up}$ = 10, including several completely unblended features. We derive a molecular column density of $N$ = (8 $\pm$ 1)$\times$10$^{13}$ cm$^{-2}$, yielding a fractional abundance relative to H$_2$ of $\sim$6$\times$10$^{-10}$, which is about $\sim$37 and $\sim$4.8 times less abundant than SO and SO2, respectively. Although there are still many unknowns in the interstellar chemistry of NSO-bearing molecules, we propose that HNSO is likely formed through the reaction of the NSO radical and atomic H on the surface of icy grains, with alternative routes also deserving exploration. Finally, HNSO appears as a promising link between N- , S- and O- interstellar chemistry and its discovery paves the route to the detection of a new family of molecules in space.

astro-ph.GA↗

Interstellar detection of O-protonated carbonyl sulfide, HOCS+

We present the first detection in space of O-protonated carbonyl sulfide (\ch{HOCS+}), in the midst of an ultradeep molecular line survey toward the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud. From the observation of all $K$$_a$ = 0 transitions ranging from $J$$_{lo}$ = 2 to $J$$_{lo}$ = 13 of \ch{HOCS+} covered by our survey, we derive a column density of $N$ = (9 $\pm$ 2)$\times$10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$, translating into a fractional abundance relative to H$_2$ of $\sim$7$\times$10$^{-11}$. Conversely, the S-protonated \ch{HSCO+} isomer remains undetected, and we derive an upper limit to its abundance with respect to H$_2$ of $\leq$3$\times$10$^{-11}$, a factor of $\geq$2.3 less abundant than \ch{HOCS+}. We obtain a \ch{HOCS+}/OCS ratio of $\sim$2.5$\times$10$^{-3}$, in good agreement with the prediction of astrochemical models. These models show that one of the main chemical routes to the interstellar formation of \ch{HOCS+} is likely the protonation of OCS, which appears to be more efficient at the oxygen end. Also, we find that high values of cosmic-ray ionisation rates (10$^{-15}$-10$^{-14}$ s$^{-1}$) are needed to reproduce the observed abundance of \ch{HOCS+}. In addition, we compare the O/S ratio across different interstellar environments. G+0.693-0.027 appears as the source with the lowest O/S ratio. We find a \ch{HOCO+}/\ch{HOCS+} ratio of $\sim$31, in accordance with other O/S molecular pairs detected toward this region and also close to the O/S solar value ($\sim$37). This fact indicates that S is not significantly depleted within this cloud due to the action of large-scale shocks, unlike in other sources where S-bearing species remain trapped on icy dust grains.

astro-ph.GA↗

Millimetre and submillimetre spectroscopy of isobutene and its detection in the molecular cloud G+0.693

Isobutene ((CH$_3$)$_2$C=CH$_2$) is one of the four isomers of butene (C$_4$H$_8$). Given the detection of propene (CH$_3$CH=CH$_2$) toward TMC-1, and also in the warmer environment of the solar-type protostellar system IRAS 16293$-$2422, one of the next alkenes, isobutene, is a promising candidate to be searched for in space. We aim to extend the limited line lists of the main isotopologue of isobutene from the microwave to the millimetre region in order to obtain a highly precise set of rest frequencies and to facilitate its detection in the interstellar medium. We investigated the rotational spectrum of isobutene in the 35$-$370 GHz range using absorption spectroscopy at room temperature. Quantum-chemical calculations were carried out to evaluate vibrational frequencies. We determined new or improved spectroscopic parameters for isobutene up to a sixth-order distortion constant. These new results enabled its detection in the G+0.693 molecular cloud for the first time, where propene was also recently found. The propene to isobutene column density ratio was determined to be about 3:1. The observed spectroscopic parameters for isobutene are sufficiently accurate that calculated transition frequencies should be reliable up to 700 GHz. This will further help in observing this alkene in other, warmer regions of the ISM.

astro-ph.GA↗

Modeling of the high-velocity jet powered by the massive star MWC 349A

MWC 349A is a massive star with a well-known circumstellar disk rotating following a Keplerian law, and an ionized wind launched from the disk surface. Recent ALMA observations carried out toward this system have however revealed an additional high-velocity component in the strong, maser emission of hydrogen radio recombination lines (RRLs), suggesting the presence of a high-velocity ionized jet. In this work, we present 3D non-LTE radiative transfer modeling of the emission of the H30$α$ and H26$α$ maser lines, and of their associated radio continuum emission, toward the MWC 349A massive star. By using the MORELI code, we reproduce the spatial distribution and kinematics of the high-velocity emission of the H30$α$ and H26$α$ maser lines with a high-velocity ionized jet expanding at a velocity of $\sim$ 250 km s$^{-1}$, surrounded by MWC 349A's wide-angle ionized wind. The bipolar jet, which is launched from MWC 349A's disk, is poorly collimated and slightly miss-aligned with respect to the disk rotation axis. Thanks to the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial accuracy provided by ALMA, we also find that the already known, wide-angle ionized wind decelerates as it expands radially from the ionized disk. We briefly discuss the implications of our findings in understanding the formation and evolution of massive stars. Our results show the huge potential of RRL masers as powerful probes of the innermost ionized regions around massive stars and of their high-velocity jets.

astro-ph.SR↗

First glycine isomer detected in the interstellar medium: glycolamide (NH$_2$C(O)CH$_2$OH)

We report the first detection in the interstellar medium of a C$_2$H$_5$O$_2$N isomer: $syn$-glycolamide (NH$_2$C(O)CH$_2$OH). The exquisite sensitivity at sub-mK levels of an ultra-deep spectral survey carried out with the Yebes 40m and IRAM 30m telescopes towards the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud have allowed us to unambiguously identify multiple transitions of this species. We derived a column density of (7.4 $\pm$ 0.7)$\times$10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$, which implies a molecular abundance with respect to H$_2$ of 5.5$\times$10$^{-11}$. The other C$_2$H$_5$O$_2$N isomers, including the higher-energy $anti$ conformer of glycolamide, and two conformers of glycine, were not detected. The upper limit derived for the abundance of glycine indicates that this amino acid is surely less abundant than its isomer glycolamide in the ISM. The abundances of the C$_2$H$_5$O$_2$N isomers cannot be explained in terms of thermodynamic equilibrium, and thus chemical kinetics need to be invoked. While the low abundance of glycine might not be surprising, based on the relative low abundances of acids in the ISM compared to other compounds (e.g. alcohols, aldehydes or amines), several chemical pathways can favour the formation of its isomer glycolamide. It can be formed through radical-radical reactions on the surface of dust grains. The abundances of these radicals can be significantly boosted in an environment affected by a strong ultraviolet field induced by cosmic rays, such as that expected in G+0.693-0.027. Therefore, as shown by several recent molecular detections towards this molecular cloud, it stands out as the best target to discover new species with carbon, oxygen and nitrogen with increasing chemical complexity.

astro-ph.GA↗

Discovery of the elusive carbonic acid (HOCOOH) in space

After a quarter century since the detection of the last interstellar carboxylic acid, acetic acid (CH$_3$COOH), we report the discovery of a new one, the cis-trans form of carbonic acid (HOCOOH), toward the Galactic Center molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027. HOCOOH stands as the first interstellar molecule containing three oxygen atoms and also the third carboxylic acid detected so far in the interstellar medium. Albeit the limited available laboratory measurements (up to 65 GHz), we have also identified several pairs of unblended lines directly in the astronomical data (between 75-120 GHz), which allowed us to slightly improve the set of spectroscopic constants. We derive a column density for cis-trans HOCOOH of $N$ = (6.4 $\pm$ 0.4) $\times$ 10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$, which yields an abundance with respect to molecular H$_2$ of 4.7 $\times$ 10$^{-11}$. Meanwhile, the extremely low dipole moment (about fifteen times lower) of the lower-energy conformer, cis-cis HOCOOH, precludes its detection. We obtain an upper limit to its abundance with respect to H$_2$ of $\leq$ 1.2 $\times$10$^{-9}$, which suggests that cis-cis HOCOOH might be fairly abundant in interstellar space, although it is nearly undetectable by radio astronomical observations. We derive a cis-cis/cis-trans ratio $\leq$ 25, consistent with the smaller energy difference between both conformers compared with the relative stability of trans- and cis-formic acid (HCOOH). Finally, we compare the abundance of these acids in different astronomical environments, further suggesting a relationship between the chemical content found in the interstellar medium and the chemical composition of the minor bodies of the Solar System, which could be inherited during the star formation process.

astro-ph.GA↗

H2CN/H2NC abundance ratio: a new potential temperature tracer for the interstellar medium

The ${\rm H_2NC}$ radical is the high-energy metastable isomer of ${\rm H_2CN}$ radical, which has been recently detected for the first time in the interstellar medium towards a handful of cold galactic sources, besides a warm galaxy in front of the PKS 1830-211 quasar. These detections have shown that the ${\rm H_2CN}$/${\rm H_2NC}$ isomeric ratio, likewise the HCN/HNC ratio, might increase with the kinetic temperature ($T_{\rm kin}$), but the shortage of them in warm sources still prevents us to confirm this hypothesis and shed light about their chemistry. In this work, we present the first detection of ${\rm H_2CN}$ and ${\rm H_2NC}$ towards a warm galactic source, the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud (with $T_{\rm kin} > 70 \, {\rm K}$), using IRAM 30m observations. We have detected multiple hyperfine components of the $N_{K_\text{a}K_\text{c}} = 1_{01} - 0_{00}$ and $2_{02} - 1_{01}$ transitions. We derived molecular abundances with respect to ${\rm H_2}$ of (6.8$\pm$1.3)$\times 10^{-11}$ for ${\rm H_2CN}$ and of (3.1$\pm$0.7)$\times 10^{-11}$ for ${\rm H_2NC}$, and a ${\rm H_2CN}$/${\rm H_2NC}$ abundance ratio of 2.2$\pm$0.5. These detections confirm that the ${\rm H_2CN}$/${\rm H_2NC}$ ratio is $\gtrsim$2 for sources with $T_{\rm kin} > 70 \, {\rm K}$, larger than the $\sim$1 ratios previously found in colder cores ($T_{\rm kin}\sim10 \, {\rm K}$). This isomeric ratio dependence with temperature cannot be fully explained with the currently proposed gas-phase formation and destruction pathways. Grain surface reactions, including the ${\rm H_2NC} \rightarrow {\rm H_2CN}$ isomerization, deserve consideration to explain the higher isomeric ratios and ${\rm H_2CN}$ abundances observed in warm sources, where the molecules can be desorbed into the gas phase through thermal and/or shock-induced mechanisms.

astro-ph.GA↗

A sequential acid-base (SAB) mechanism in the interstellar medium: The emergence of cis formic acid in dark molecular clouds

The abundance ratios between isomers of a COM observed in the ISM provides valuable information about the chemistry and physics of the gas and eventually, the history of molecular clouds. In this context, the origin of an abundance of c-HCOOH acid of only 6% the isomer c-HCOOH abundance in cold cores, remains unknown. Herein, we explain the presence of c-HCOOH in dark molecular clouds through the destruction and back formation of c-HCOOH and t-HCOOH in a cyclic process that involves HCOOH and highly abundant molecules such as HCO+ and NH3. We use high-level ab initio methods to compute the potential energy profiles for the cyclic destruction/formation routes of c-HCOOH and t-HCOOH. Global rate constants and branching ratios were calculated based on the transition state theory and the master equation formalism under the typical conditions of the ISM. The destruction of HCOOH by reaction with HCO+ in the gas phase leads to three isomers of the cation HC(OH)2+. The most abundant cation can react in a second step with other abundant molecules of the ISM like NH3 to form back c-HCOOH and t-HCOOH. This mechanism explains the formation of c-HCOOH in dark molecular clouds. Considering this mechanism, the fraction of c-HCOOH with respect t-HCOOH is 25.7%. To explain the 6% reported by the observations we propose that further destruction mechanisms of the cations of HCOOH should be taken into account. The sequential acid-base (SAB) mechanism proposed in this work involves fast processes with very abundant molecules in the ISM. Thus, HCOOH very likely suffers our proposed transformations in the conditions of dark molecular clouds. This is a new approach in the framework of the isomerism of organic molecules in the ISM which has the potential to try to explain the ratio between isomers of organic molecules detected in the ISM.

astro-ph.GA↗

Positive feedback, quenching and sequential super star cluster (SSC) formation in NGC 4945

We have used ALMA imaging (resolutions 0.1\arcsec-0.4\arcsec) of ground and vibrationally excited lines of HCN and HC$_3$N toward the nucleus of NGC 4945 to trace the protostellar phase in Super Star Clusters (proto-SSC). Out of the 14 identified SSCs, we find that 8 are in the proto-SSC phase showing vibrational HCN emission with 5 of them also showing vibrational HC$_3$N emission. We estimate proto-SSC ages of 5-9.7$\times$10$^4$ yr. The more evolved ones, with only HCN emission, are close to reach the Zero Age Main Sequence (ZAMS; ages $\gtrsim$10$^5$ yr). The excitation of the parental cloud seems to be related to the SSC evolutionary stage, with high ($\sim$65 K) and low ($\sim$25 K) rotational temperatures for the youngest proto and ZAMS SSCs, respectively. Heating by the HII regions in the SSC ZAMS phase seems to be rather local. The youngest proto-SSCs are located at the edges of the molecular outflow, indicating SSC formation by positive feedback in the shocked regions. The proto-SSCs in NGC 4945 seem to be more evolved than in the starburst galaxy NGC 253. We propose that sequential SSC formation can explain the spatial distribution and different ages of the SSCs in both galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗

The Canfranc Axion Detection Experiment (CADEx): Search for axions at 90 GHz with Kinetic Inductance Detectors

We propose a novel experiment, the Canfranc Axion Detection Experiment (CADEx), to probe dark matter axions with masses in the range 330-460 $μ$eV, within the W-band (80-110 GHz), an unexplored parameter space in the well-motivated dark matter window of Quantum ChromoDynamics (QCD) axions. The experimental design consists of a microwave resonant cavity haloscope in a high static magnetic field coupled to a highly sensitive detecting system based on Kinetic Inductance Detectors via optimized quasi-optics (horns and mirrors). The experiment is in preparation and will be installed in the dilution refrigerator of the Canfranc Underground Laboratory. Sensitivity forecasts for axion detection with CADEx, together with the potential of the experiment to search for dark photons, are presented.

hep-ex↗

Precursors of the RNA-world in space: Detection of ($Z$)-1,2-ethenediol in the interstellar medium, a key intermediate in sugar formation

We present the first detection of ($Z$)-1,2-ethenediol, (CHOH)$_2$, the enol form of glycolaldehyde, in the interstellar medium towards the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud located in the Galactic Center. We have derived a column density of (1.8$\pm$0.1)$\times$10$^{13}$ cm$^{-2}$, which translates into a molecular abundance with respect to molecular hydrogen of 1.3$\times$10$^{-10}$. The abundance ratio between glycolaldehyde and ($Z$)-1,2-ethenediol is $\sim$5.2. We discuss several viable formation routes through chemical reactions from precursors such as HCO, H$_2$CO, CHOH or CH$_2$CHOH. We also propose that this species might be an important precursor in the formation of glyceraldehyde (HOCH$_2$CHOHCHO) in the interstellar medium through combination with the hydroxymethylene (CHOH) radical.

astro-ph.GA↗

Ionise hard: interstellar PO$^{+}$ detection

We report the first detection of the phosphorus monoxide ion (PO$^{+}$) in the interstellar medium. Our unbiased and very sensitive spectral survey towards the G+0.693$-$0.027 molecular cloud covers four different rotational transitions of this molecule, two of which ($J$=1$-$0 and $J$=2$-$1) appear free of contamination from other species. The fit performed, assuming Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium conditions, yields a column density of $N$=(6.0$\pm$0.7)$\times$10$^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$. The resulting molecular abundance with respect to molecular hydrogen is 4.5$\times$10$^{-12}$. The column density of PO$^{+}$ normalised by the cosmic abundance of P is larger than those of NO$^{+}$ and SO$^{+}$, normalised by N and S, by factors of 3.6 and 2.3, respectively. The $N$(PO$^{+}$)/$N$(PO) ratio is 0.12$\pm$0.03, more than one order of magnitude higher than those of $N$(SO$^{+}$)/$N$(SO) and $N$(NO$^{+}$)/$N$(NO). These results indicate that P is more efficiently ionised in the ISM than N and S. We have performed new chemical models that confirm that the PO$^+$ abundance is strongly enhanced in shocked regions with high values of cosmic-ray ionisation rates (10$^{-15}-$10$^{-14}$ s$^{-1}$), as occurs in the G+0.693$-$0.027 molecular cloud. The shocks sputter the interstellar icy grain mantles, releasing into the gas phase most of their P content, mainly in the form of PH$_3$, which is converted into atomic P, and then ionised efficiently by cosmic rays, forming P$^+$. Further reactions with O$_2$ and OH produce PO$^{+}$. The cosmic-ray ionisation of PO might also contribute significantly, which would explain the high $N$(PO$^{+}$)/$N$(PO) observed. The relatively high gas-phase abundance of PO$^{+}$ with respect to other P-bearing species stresses the relevance of this species in the interstellar chemistry of P.

astro-ph.GA↗