arXiv subjects

Jing Gu

Publications and source records attributed to Jing Gu.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2024

Klein Model for Hyperbolic Neural Networks

Hyperbolic neural networks (HNNs) have been proved effective in modeling complex data structures. However, previous works mainly focused on the Poincaré ball model and the hyperboloid model as coordinate representations of the hyperbolic space, often neglecting the Klein model. Despite this, the Klein model offers its distinct advantages thanks to its straight-line geodesics, which facilitates the well-known Einstein midpoint construction, previously leveraged to accompany HNNs in other models. In this work, we introduce a framework for hyperbolic neural networks based on the Klein model. We provide detailed formulation for representing useful operations using the Klein model. We further study the Klein linear layer and prove that the "tangent space construction" of the scalar multiplication and parallel transport are exactly the Einstein scalar multiplication and the Einstein addition, analogous to the Möbius operations used in the Poincaré ball model. We show numerically that the Klein HNN performs on par with the Poincaré ball model, providing a third option for HNN that works as a building block for more complicated architectures.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2024

TemporalBench: Benchmarking Fine-grained Temporal Understanding for Multimodal Video Models

Understanding fine-grained temporal dynamics is crucial for multimodal video comprehension and generation. Due to the lack of fine-grained temporal annotations, existing video benchmarks mostly resemble static image benchmarks and are incompetent at evaluating models for temporal understanding. In this paper, we introduce TemporalBench, a new benchmark dedicated to evaluating fine-grained temporal understanding in videos. TemporalBench consists of ~10K video question-answer pairs, derived from ~2K high-quality human annotations detailing the temporal dynamics in video clips. As a result, our benchmark provides a unique testbed for evaluating various temporal understanding and reasoning abilities such as action frequency, motion magnitude, event order, etc. Moreover, it enables evaluations on various tasks like both video question answering and captioning, both short and long video understanding, as well as different models such as multimodal video embedding models and text generation models. Results show that state-of-the-art models like GPT-4o achieve only 38.5% question answering accuracy on TemporalBench, demonstrating a significant gap (~30%) between humans and AI in temporal understanding. Furthermore, we notice a critical pitfall for multi-choice QA where LLMs can detect the subtle changes in negative captions and find a centralized description as a cue for its prediction, where we propose Multiple Binary Accuracy (MBA) to correct such bias. We hope that TemporalBench can foster research on improving models' temporal reasoning capabilities. Both dataset and evaluation code will be made available.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2024

SwapAnything: Enabling Arbitrary Object Swapping in Personalized Visual Editing

Effective editing of personal content holds a pivotal role in enabling individuals to express their creativity, weaving captivating narratives within their visual stories, and elevate the overall quality and impact of their visual content. Therefore, in this work, we introduce SwapAnything, a novel framework that can swap any objects in an image with personalized concepts given by the reference, while keeping the context unchanged. Compared with existing methods for personalized subject swapping, SwapAnything has three unique advantages: (1) precise control of arbitrary objects and parts rather than the main subject, (2) more faithful preservation of context pixels, (3) better adaptation of the personalized concept to the image. First, we propose targeted variable swapping to apply region control over latent feature maps and swap masked variables for faithful context preservation and initial semantic concept swapping. Then, we introduce appearance adaptation, to seamlessly adapt the semantic concept into the original image in terms of target location, shape, style, and content during the image generation process. Extensive results on both human and automatic evaluation demonstrate significant improvements of our approach over baseline methods on personalized swapping. Furthermore, SwapAnything shows its precise and faithful swapping abilities across single object, multiple objects, partial object, and cross-domain swapping tasks. SwapAnything also achieves great performance on text-based swapping and tasks beyond swapping such as object insertion.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2024

LLMs Assist NLP Researchers: Critique Paper (Meta-)Reviewing

This work is motivated by two key trends. On one hand, large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable versatility in various generative tasks such as writing, drawing, and question answering, significantly reducing the time required for many routine tasks. On the other hand, researchers, whose work is not only time-consuming but also highly expertise-demanding, face increasing challenges as they have to spend more time reading, writing, and reviewing papers. This raises the question: how can LLMs potentially assist researchers in alleviating their heavy workload? This study focuses on the topic of LLMs assist NLP Researchers, particularly examining the effectiveness of LLM in assisting paper (meta-)reviewing and its recognizability. To address this, we constructed the ReviewCritique dataset, which includes two types of information: (i) NLP papers (initial submissions rather than camera-ready) with both human-written and LLM-generated reviews, and (ii) each review comes with "deficiency" labels and corresponding explanations for individual segments, annotated by experts. Using ReviewCritique, this study explores two threads of research questions: (i) "LLMs as Reviewers", how do reviews generated by LLMs compare with those written by humans in terms of quality and distinguishability? (ii) "LLMs as Metareviewers", how effectively can LLMs identify potential issues, such as Deficient or unprofessional review segments, within individual paper reviews? To our knowledge, this is the first work to provide such a comprehensive analysis.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

Muffin or Chihuahua? Challenging Multimodal Large Language Models with Multipanel VQA

Multipanel images, commonly seen as web screenshots, posters, etc., pervade our daily lives. These images, characterized by their composition of multiple subfigures in distinct layouts, effectively convey information to people. Toward building advanced multimodal AI applications, such as agents that understand complex scenes and navigate through webpages, the skill of multipanel visual reasoning is essential, and a comprehensive evaluation of models in this regard is important. Therefore, we introduce Multipanel Visual Question Answering (MultipanelVQA), a novel benchmark comprising 6,600 triplets of questions, answers, and multipanel images that specifically challenge models in comprehending multipanel images. Our evaluation shows that questions in the MultipanelVQA benchmark pose significant challenges to the state-of-the-art Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) tested, even though humans can attain approximately 99% accuracy on these questions. Distinctively, the MultipanelVQA benchmark features synthetically generated multipanel images specifically crafted to isolate and assess the impact of various factors, such as the layout, on MLLMs' multipanel image comprehension abilities. As a result, in addition to benchmarking the capabilities of MLLMs in understanding multipanel images, we analyze various factors of the multipanel image that affect MLLMs' performance with synthetic data and offer insights for enhancement. Code and data are released at https://sites.google.com/view/multipanelvqa/home.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2024

The AI Collaborator: Bridging Human-AI Interaction in Educational and Professional Settings

AI Collaborator, powered by OpenAI's GPT-4, is a groundbreaking tool designed for human-AI collaboration research. Its standout feature is the ability for researchers to create customized AI personas for diverse experimental setups using a user-friendly interface. This functionality is essential for simulating various interpersonal dynamics in team settings. AI Collaborator excels in mimicking different team behaviors, enabled by its advanced memory system and a sophisticated personality framework. Researchers can tailor AI personas along a spectrum from dominant to cooperative, enhancing the study of their impact on team processes. The tool's modular design facilitates integration with digital platforms like Slack, making it versatile for various research scenarios. AI Collaborator is thus a crucial resource for exploring human-AI team dynamics more profoundly.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2024

Three Revisits to Node-Level Graph Anomaly Detection: Outliers, Message Passing and Hyperbolic Neural Networks

Graph anomaly detection plays a vital role for identifying abnormal instances in complex networks. Despite advancements of methodology based on deep learning in recent years, existing benchmarking approaches exhibit limitations that hinder a comprehensive comparison. In this paper, we revisit datasets and approaches for unsupervised node-level graph anomaly detection tasks from three aspects. Firstly, we introduce outlier injection methods that create more diverse and graph-based anomalies in graph datasets. Secondly, we compare methods employing message passing against those without, uncovering the unexpected decline in performance associated with message passing. Thirdly, we explore the use of hyperbolic neural networks, specifying crucial architecture and loss design that contribute to enhanced performance. Through rigorous experiments and evaluations, our study sheds light on general strategies for improving node-level graph anomaly detection methods.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2023

R2H: Building Multimodal Navigation Helpers that Respond to Help Requests

Intelligent navigation-helper agents are critical as they can navigate users in unknown areas through environmental awareness and conversational ability, serving as potential accessibility tools for individuals with disabilities. In this work, we first introduce a novel benchmark, Respond to Help Requests (R2H), to promote the development of multi-modal navigation helpers capable of responding to requests for help, utilizing existing dialog-based embodied datasets. R2H mainly includes two tasks: (1) Respond to Dialog History (RDH), which assesses the helper agent's ability to generate informative responses based on a given dialog history, and (2) Respond during Interaction (RdI), which evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of the response during consistent cooperation with a task performer. Furthermore, we explore two approaches to construct the navigation-helper agent, including fine-tuning a novel task-oriented multi-modal response generation model that can see and respond, named SeeRee, and employing a multi-modal large language model in a zero-shot manner. Analysis of the task and method was conducted based on both automatic benchmarking and human evaluations. Project website: https://sites.google.com/view/response2helprequests/home.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2023

Photoswap: Personalized Subject Swapping in Images

In an era where images and visual content dominate our digital landscape, the ability to manipulate and personalize these images has become a necessity. Envision seamlessly substituting a tabby cat lounging on a sunlit window sill in a photograph with your own playful puppy, all while preserving the original charm and composition of the image. We present Photoswap, a novel approach that enables this immersive image editing experience through personalized subject swapping in existing images. Photoswap first learns the visual concept of the subject from reference images and then swaps it into the target image using pre-trained diffusion models in a training-free manner. We establish that a well-conceptualized visual subject can be seamlessly transferred to any image with appropriate self-attention and cross-attention manipulation, maintaining the pose of the swapped subject and the overall coherence of the image. Comprehensive experiments underscore the efficacy and controllability of Photoswap in personalized subject swapping. Furthermore, Photoswap significantly outperforms baseline methods in human ratings across subject swapping, background preservation, and overall quality, revealing its vast application potential, from entertainment to professional editing.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2023

AHPA: Adaptive Horizontal Pod Autoscaling Systems on Alibaba Cloud Container Service for Kubernetes

The existing resource allocation policy for application instances in Kubernetes cannot dynamically adjust according to the requirement of business, which would cause an enormous waste of resources during fluctuations. Moreover, the emergence of new cloud services puts higher resource management requirements. This paper discusses horizontal POD resources management in Alibaba Cloud Container Services with a newly deployed AI algorithm framework named AHPA -- the adaptive horizontal pod auto-scaling system. Based on a robust decomposition forecasting algorithm and performance training model, AHPA offers an optimal pod number adjustment plan that could reduce POD resources and maintain business stability. Since being deployed in April 2021, this system has expanded to multiple customer scenarios, including logistics, social networks, AI audio and video, e-commerce, etc. Compared with the previous algorithms, AHPA solves the elastic lag problem, increasing CPU usage by 10% and reducing resource cost by more than 20%. In addition, AHPA can automatically perform flexible planning according to the predicted business volume without manual intervention, significantly saving operation and maintenance costs.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2022

Two $q$-operational equations and Hahn polynomials

Motivated by Liu's recent work in \cite{Liu2022}. We shall reveal the essential feature of Hahn polynomials by presenting two new $q$-exponential operators. These lead us to use a systematic method to study identities involving Hahn polynomials. As applications, we use the method of $q$-exponential operator to prove the bilinear generating function of Hahn polynomials and Heine's second transformation formula. Moreover, a generalization of $q$-Gaussian summation is given, too.

math.CA↗

arXiv2022

Thermodynamics of the Ising model encoded in restricted Boltzmann machines

The restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) is a two-layer energy-based model that uses its hidden-visible connections to learn the underlying distribution of visible units, whose interactions are often complicated by high-order correlations. Previous studies on the Ising model of small system sizes have shown that RBMs are able to accurately learn the Boltzmann distribution and reconstruct thermal quantities at temperatures away from the critical point $T_c$. How the RBM encodes the Boltzmann distribution and captures the phase transition are, however, not well explained. In this work, we perform RBM learning of the $2d$ and $3d$ Ising model and carefully examine how the RBM extracts useful probabilistic and physical information from Ising configurations. We find several indicators derived from the weight matrix that could characterize the Ising phase transition. We verify that the hidden encoding of a visible state tends to have an equal number of positive and negative units, whose sequence is randomly assigned during training and can be inferred by analyzing the weight matrix. We also explore the physical meaning of visible energy and loss function (pseudo-likelihood) of the RBM and show that they could be harnessed to predict the critical point or estimate physical quantities such as entropy.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

arXiv2022

Vision-and-Language Navigation: A Survey of Tasks, Methods, and Future Directions

A long-term goal of AI research is to build intelligent agents that can communicate with humans in natural language, perceive the environment, and perform real-world tasks. Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) is a fundamental and interdisciplinary research topic towards this goal, and receives increasing attention from natural language processing, computer vision, robotics, and machine learning communities. In this paper, we review contemporary studies in the emerging field of VLN, covering tasks, evaluation metrics, methods, etc. Through structured analysis of current progress and challenges, we highlight the limitations of current VLN and opportunities for future work. This paper serves as a thorough reference for the VLN research community.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2022

RobustScaler: QoS-Aware Autoscaling for Complex Workloads

Autoscaling is a critical component for efficient resource utilization with satisfactory quality of service (QoS) in cloud computing. This paper investigates proactive autoscaling for widely-used scaling-per-query applications where scaling is required for each query, such as container registry and function-as-a-service (FaaS). In these scenarios, the workload often exhibits high uncertainty with complex temporal patterns like periodicity, noises and outliers. Conservative strategies that scale out unnecessarily many instances lead to high resource costs whereas aggressive strategies may result in poor QoS. We present RobustScaler to achieve superior trade-off between cost and QoS. Specifically, we design a novel autoscaling framework based on non-homogeneous Poisson processes (NHPP) modeling and stochastically constrained optimization. Furthermore, we develop a specialized alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to efficiently train the NHPP model, and rigorously prove the QoS guarantees delivered by our optimization-based proactive strategies. Extensive experiments show that RobustScaler outperforms common baseline autoscaling strategies in various real-world traces, with large margins for complex workload patterns.

cs.DC↗

arXiv2022

Memformer: A Memory-Augmented Transformer for Sequence Modeling

Transformers have reached remarkable success in sequence modeling. However, these models have efficiency issues as they need to store all the history token-level representations as memory. We present Memformer, an efficient neural network for sequence modeling, that utilizes an external dynamic memory to encode and retrieve past information. Our model achieves linear time complexity and constant memory space complexity when processing long sequences. We also propose a new optimization scheme, memory replay back-propagation (MRBP), which promotes long-range back-propagation through time with a significantly reduced memory requirement. Experimental results show that Memformer has achieved comparable performance compared to the baselines by using 8.1x less memory space and 3.2x faster on inference. Analysis of the attention pattern shows that our external memory slots can encode and retain important information through timesteps.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2021

Transparently Capturing Request Execution Path for Anomaly Detection

With the increasing scale and complexity of cloud systems and big data analytics platforms, it is becoming more and more challenging to understand and diagnose the processing of a service request in such distributed platforms. One way that helps to deal with this problem is to capture the complete end-to-end execution path of service requests among all involved components accurately. This paper presents REPTrace, a generic methodology for capturing such execution paths in a transparent fashion. We analyze a comprehensive list of execution scenarios, and propose principles and algorithms for generating the end-to-end request execution path for all the scenarios. Moreover, this paper presents an anomaly detection approach exploiting request execution paths to detect anomalies of the execution during request processing. The experiments on four popular distributed platforms with different workloads show that REPTrace can transparently capture the accurate request execution path with reasonable latency and negligible network overhead. Fault injection experiments show that execution anomalies are detected with high recall (96%).

cs.DC↗

arXiv2021

ChainCQG: Flow-Aware Conversational Question Generation

Conversational systems enable numerous valuable applications, and question-answering is an important component underlying many of these. However, conversational question-answering remains challenging due to the lack of realistic, domain-specific training data. Inspired by this bottleneck, we focus on conversational question generation as a means to generate synthetic conversations for training and evaluation purposes. We present a number of novel strategies to improve conversational flow and accommodate varying question types and overall fluidity. Specifically, we design ChainCQG as a two-stage architecture that learns question-answer representations across multiple dialogue turns using a flow propagation training strategy.ChainCQG significantly outperforms both answer-aware and answer-unaware SOTA baselines (e.g., up to 48% BLEU-1 improvement). Additionally, our model is able to generate different types of questions, with improved fluidity and coreference alignment.

cs.AI↗

arXiv2020

Perception Score, A Learned Metric for Open-ended Text Generation Evaluation

Automatic evaluation for open-ended natural language generation tasks remains a challenge. Existing metrics such as BLEU show a low correlation with human judgment. We propose a novel and powerful learning-based evaluation metric: Perception Score. The method measures the overall quality of the generation and scores holistically instead of only focusing on one evaluation criteria, such as word overlapping. Moreover, it also shows the amount of uncertainty about its evaluation result. By connecting the uncertainty, Perception Score gives a more accurate evaluation for the generation system. Perception Score provides state-of-the-art results on two conditional generation tasks and two unconditional generation tasks.

cs.CL↗