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Joel Merker

Publications and source records attributed to Joel Merker.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Global sections of the positively twisted Green-Griffiths bundles

With various jet orders $k$ and weights $n$, let $E_{k,n}^{\rm GG}$ be the Green-Griffiths bundles over the projective space $\mathbb{P}^N (\mathbb{C})$. Denote by $\mathcal{O} (d)$ the tautological line bundle over $\mathbb{P}^N (\mathbb{C})$. Although only negative twists are of interest for applications to complex hyperbolicity (above general type projective submanifolds $Y \subset \mathbb{P}^N (\mathbb{C})$), it is known that the positive twists $E_{k,n}^{\rm GG} \otimes \mathcal{O} (d)$ enjoy nontrivial global sections. In this article, we establish that for every $d \geqslant 1$ and for every jet order $k \geqslant d-1$: \[ \dim\, H^0 \bigg( \mathbb{P}^N,\,\, \bigoplus_{n=1}^{\infty} E_{k, n}^{\text{GG}} \otimes \mathcal{O}(d) \bigg) = (N+1)^d. \] This theorem is actually a corollary of a recent work of Etesse, devoted to a proof, from the point of view of differentially homogeneous polynomials, of the so-called Schmidt-Kolchin-Reinhart conjecture, by means of (advanced) Representation Theory. As Etesse discovered a (simple) tight link with the Green-Griffiths bundles, both statements are in fact equivalent. Our objective is to set up an alternative proof of the above precise dimension estimate, from the Green-Griffiths point of view (only). More precisely, we find an explicit description of all concerned global sections. Our arguments are elementary, and use only determinants, linear algebra, monomial orderings. One old hope is to discover some explicit formulas for global sections of negatively twisted Green-Griffiths bundles over projective general type submanifolds $Y \subset \mathbb{P}^N (\mathbb{C})$, a problem still open.

math.AG

Classification of Affinely Homogeneous Hessian Rank 2 Hypersurfaces S^3 in R^4

We determine all affinely homogeneous hypersurfaces S^3 in R^4 whose Hessian is (invariantly) of constant rank 2, including the simply transitive ones. We find 34 inequivalent terminal branches yielding each to a nonempty moduli space of homogeneous models of hypersurfaces S^3 in R^4, sometimes parametrized by a certain complicated algebraic variety, especially for the 15 (over 34) families of models which are simply transitive. We employ the power series method of equivalence, which captures invariants at the origin, creates branches, and infinitesimalizes calculations. In Lie's original classification spirit, we describe the found homogeneous models by listing explicit Lie algebras of infinitesimal transformations, sometimes parametrized by absolute invariants satisfying certain algebraic equations.

math.DG

On Affinely Homogeneous Submanifolds: The Power Series Method of Equivalence

We determine all affinely homogeneous models for surfaces $S^2 \subset \mathbb{R}^4$, including the simply transitive models. We employ an improved power series method of equivalence, which captures invariants at the origin, creates branches, and infinitesimalizes calculations. We find several inequivalent terminal branches yielding each to some nonempty moduli space of homogeneous models, sometimes parametrized by a certain invariant algebraic variety. Three main features may be emphasized: 1) Iterated single-pointed jet bundles; 2) Cartan-enhanced power series method of equivalence; 3) Constant ping-pong between normal forms (nf) and vector fields (vf).

math.DG

Classification of Hessian Rank 1 Affinely Homogeneous Hypersurfaces H^n in R^{n+1} in Dimensions n = 2, 3, 4

In a previous memoir 2202.03030, we showed that in every dimension $n \geq 5$, there exists (unexpectedly) no affinely homogeneous hypersurface $H^n \subset \mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ having Hessian of constant rank 1 (and not being affinely equivalent to a product with $\mathbb{R}^{m \geqslant 1}$). The present work is devoted to determine all non-product constant Hessian rank 1 affinely homogeneous hypersurfaces $H^n \subset \mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ in dimensions $n = 2, 3, 4$, the cases $n = 1, 2$ being known. With complete details in the case $n = 2$, we illustrate the main features of what can be termed the "Power Series Method of Equivalence". The gist is to capture invariants at the origin only, to create branches, and to infinitesimalize calculations. In dimension $n = 3$, we find a single homogeneous model: \[ u \,=\, \frac{1}{3\,z^2} \Big\{ \big( 1-2\,y+y^2-2\,xz \big)^{3/2} - (1-y)\, \big( 1-2\,y+y^2-3\,xz \big) \Big\}, \] the singularity $\frac{1}{3z^2}$ being illusory. In dimension $n = 4$, without reaching closed forms, we find two simply homogeneous models, differing by some $\pm$ sign.

math.DG

Inexistence of Non-Product Hessian Rank 1 Affinely Homogeneous Hypersurfaces $H^n$ in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ in Dimension $n \geqslant 5$

Equivalences under the affine group ${\rm Aff} (\mathbb{R}^3)$ of constant Hessian rank $1$ surfaces $S^2 \subset \mathbb{R}^3$, sometimes called parabolic, were, among other objects, studied by Doubrov, Komrakov, Rabinovich, Eastwood, Ezhov, Olver, Chen, Merker, Arnaldsson, Valiquette. Especially, homogeneous models and algebras of differential invariants in various branches have been fully understood. Then what about higher dimensions? We consider hypersurfaces $H^n \subset \mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ graphed as $\{ u = F(x_1, \dots, x_n) \}$ whose Hessian matrix $(F_{x_i x_j})$, a relative affine invariant, is, similarly, of constant rank $1$. Are there homogeneous models? Complete explorations were done by the author on a computer in dimensions $n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7$. The first, expected outcome, was to obtain a complete classification of homogeneous models in dimensions $n = 2, 3, 4$ (forthcoming article, case $n = 2$ already known). The second, unexpected outcome, was that in dimensions $n = 5, 6, 7$, there are no affinely homogenous models! (Except those that are affinely equivalent to a product of $\mathbb{R}^m$ with a homogeneous model in dimensions $2, 3, 4$.) The present article establishes such a non-existence result in every dimension $n \geqslant 5$, based on the production of a normal form for $\{ u = F(x_1, \dots, x_n) \}$ under ${\rm Aff} (\mathbb{R}^{n+1})$, up to order $\leqslant n+5$, valid in any dimension $n \geqslant 2$.

math.DG

Homogeneous C21 Models

Fels-Kaup (Acta Mathematica 2008) classified homogeneous $\mathfrak{C}_{2,1}$ hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$ and discovered that they are all biholomorphic to tubes $S^2 \times i \mathbb{R}^3$ over some affinely homogeneous surface $S^2 \subset \mathbb{R}^3$. The second and third authors in 2003.08166, by performing highly non-straightforward calculations, conducted the Cartan method of equivalence to classify homogeneous models of PDE systems related to such $\mathfrak{C}^{2,1}$ hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$. Kolar-Kossovskiy 1905.05629 and the authors 2003.01952 constructed a formal and a convergent Poincar\'e-Moser normal form for $\mathfrak{C}_{2,1}$ hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$. But this was only a first, preliminary step. Indeed, the invariant branching tree underlying Fels-Kaup's classification was still missing in the literature, due to computational obstacles. The present work applies the power series method of equivalence, confirms Fels-Kaup 2008, and finds a differential-invariant tree. To terminate the middle (thickest) branch, it is necessary to compute up to order $10$ with $5$ variables. Again, calculations, done by hand, are non-straightforward.

math.CV

Equivalences of PDE systems associated to degenerate para-CR Structures: foundational aspects

Let $K = R$ or $C$. We study basic invariants of submanifolds of solutions $\mathcal{M} = \{ y = Q(x,a,b)\} = \{b = P(a,x,y)\}$ in coordinates $x \in K^{n\geqslant 1}$, $y \in K$, $a \in K^{m\geqslant 1}$, $b \in K$ under split-diffeomorphisms $(x,y,a,b) \,\longmapsto\, \big( f(x,y),\,g(x,y),\,\varphi(a,b),\,\psi(a,b) \big)$. Two Levi forms exist, and have the same rank $r \leqslant \min (n,m)$. If $\mathcal{M}$ is $k$-nondegenerate with respect to parameters and $l$-nondegenerate with respect to variables, $\mbox{Aut}(\mathcal{M})$ is a local Lie group of dimension: \[ \dim\, \mbox{Aut} (\mathcal{M}) \,\,\leqslant\,\, {\textstyle{\binom{n+1+2k+2l}{2k+2l}}}\,\, \min\, \big\{ (n+1),\, (m+1) \big\}. \] Mainly, our goal is to set up foundational material addressed to CR geometers. We focus on $n = m = 2$, assuming $r = 1$. In coordinates $(x,y,z, a,b,c)$, a local equation is: \[ z \,=\, c + xa + \beta\,xxb + \underline{\beta}\,yaa + c\,{\rm O}_{x,y,a,b}(2) + {\rm O}_{x,y,a,b,c}(4), \] with $\beta$ and $\underline{\beta}$ representing the two $2$-nondegeneracy invariants at $0$. The associated para-CR PDE system: \[ z_y \,=\, \big(x,y,z,z_x,z_{xx}\big) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \& \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ z_{xxx} \,=\, H\big(x,y,z,z_x,z_{xx}\big), \] satisfies $F_{z_{xx}} \equiv 0$ from Levi degeneracy. We show in details that the hypothesis of $2$-nondegeneracy with respect to variables is equivalent to $F_{z_x z_x} \neq 0$. This gives CR-geometric meaning to the first two para-CR relative differential invariants encountered independently in arXiv:2003.08166 .

math.DG

A Lie-theoretic Construction of Cartan-Moser Chains

Let $M^3 \subset \mathbb{C}^2$ be a $\mathcal{C}^ω$ Levi nondegenerate hypersurface. In the literature, Cartan-Moser chains are detected from rather advanced considerations: either from the construction of a Cartan connection associated with the CR equivalence problem; or from the construction of a formal or converging Poincaré-Moser normal form. This note provides an alternative direct elementary construction, based on the inspection of the Lie prolongations of $5$ infinitesimal holomorphic automorphisms to the space of second order jets of CR-transversal curves. Within the $4$-dimensional jet fiber, the orbits of these $5$ prolonged fields happen to have a simple cubic $2$-dimensional degenerate exceptional orbit, the chain locus: \[ Σ_0 \,:=\, \big\{ (x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2) \in \mathbb{R}^4 \colon\,\, x_2 = -2x_1^2y_1-2y_1^3,\,\,\, y_2 = 2x_1y_1^2 + 2x_1^3 \big\}. \] By plain translations, we may capture all points by working only at one point, the origin, and computations, although conceptually enlightening, become disappointingly simple.

math.CV

Five-dimensional para-CR manifolds and contact projective geometry in dimension three

We study invariant properties of $5$-dimensional para-CR structures whose Levi form is degenerate in precisely one direction and which are $2$-nondegenerate. We realize that two, out of three, primary (basic) para-CR invariants of such structures are the classical differential invariants known to Monge (1810) and to Wuenschmann (1905) \[ M(G) := 40G_{ppp}^3-45G_{pp}G_{ppp}G_{pppp}+9G_{pp}^2G_{ppppp}, \quad W(H) := 9D^2H_r-27DH_p-18H_rDH_r+18H_pH_r+4H_r^3+54H_z. \] The vanishing $M(G) \equiv 0$ provides a local necessary and sufficient condition for the graph of a function in the $(p,G)$-plane to be contained in a conic, while the vanishing $W(H) \equiv 0$ gives an if-and-only-if condition for a 3rd order ODE to define a natural Lorentzian geometry on the space of its solutions. Mainly, we give a geometric interpretation of the third basic invariant of our class of para-CR structures, the simplest one, of lowest order, and of mixed nature $N(G,H):=2G_{ppp}+G_{pp}H_{rr}$. We establish that the vanishing $N(G,H) \equiv 0$ gives an if-and-only-if condition for the two $3$-dimensional quotients of the para-CR manifold by its two canonical integrable rank-$2$ distributions, to be equipped with contact projective geometries. A curious transformation between the Wuenschmann invariant and the Monge invariant, first noted by us in arXiv:2003.08166, is also discussed, and its mysteries are further revealed.

math.DG

On degenerate para-CR structures: Cartan reduction and homogeneous models

Motivated by recent works in Levi degenerate CR geometry, this article endeavours to study the wider and more flexible para-CR structures for which the constraint of invariancy under complex conjugation is relaxed. We consider $5$-dimensional para-CR structures whose Levi forms are of constant rank $1$ and that are $2$-nondegenerate both with respect to parameters and to variables. Eliminating parameters, such structures may be represented modulo point transformations by pairs of PDEs $z_y=F(x, y, z, z_x)$ $\,\,\&\,\,$ $z_{xxx}=H(x,y,z,z_x,z_{xx})$, with $F$ independent of $z_{xx}$ and $F_{z_xz_x} \neq 0$, that are completely integrable $D_x^3 F=Δ_y H$, Performing at an advanced level Cartan's method of equivalence, we determine all concerned homogeneous models, together with their symmetries: (i) $z_y=\tfrac14 (z_x)^2\quad \&\quad z_{xxx}=0$; (ii) $z_y=\tfrac14 (z_x)^2\quad \& \quad z_{xxx}=(z_{xx})^3$; (iiia) $z_y=\tfrac14 (z_x)^b\,\, \& \,\,z_{xxx} = (2-b)\frac{(z_{xx})^2}{z_x}$ with $z_x>0$ for any real $b\in[1,2)$; (iiib) $z_y = f(z_x)\quad \& \quad z_{xxx}=h(z_x)\big(z_{xx}\big)^2$, where the function $f$ is determined by the implicit equation: \[ (z_x^2+f(z_x)^2)\, \mathrm{exp} \left( 2b\,\mathrm{arctan}\tfrac{bz_x-f(z_x)}{z_x+bf(z_x)} \right) = 1+b^2 \] and where: \[ h(z_x) := \frac{(b^2-3)z_x-4bf(z_x)}{(f(z_x)-bz_x)^2}, \] for any real $b>0$.

math.DG

Philosophical Reflections on Intrinsic Differential Geometry around the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem

The statement of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem brings up an unexpected form of reflexivity (major concept of philosophy of mathematics), so that geometry contemplates itself in it. It is therefore the revolutionary and multifaceted concept of Gaussian curvature that triggers a new conceptuality above Euclidean geometry. Here, the equality between integral of total curvature and Euler characteristic indicates that a concept of topological nature is equal to a number which expresses a concept of geometric nature. This further demonstrates that mathematics develops through the intervention of different disciplines on top of each other, as observation tools, formal structuring, new unifying points of view.

math.HO

On Convergent Poincar\'e-Moser Reduction for Levi Degenerate Embedded $5$-Dimensional CR Manifolds

Applying Lie's theory, we show that any $\mathcal{C}^\omega$ hypersurface $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$ in the class $\mathfrak{C}_{2,1}$ carries Cartan-Moser chains of orders $1$ and $2$. Integrating and straightening any order $2$ chain at any point $p \in M$ to be the $v$-axis in coordinates $(z, \zeta, w = u + i\, v)$ centered at $p$, we show that there exists a (unique up to 5 parameters) convergent change of complex coordinates fixing the origin in which $\gamma$ is the $v$-axis so that $M = \{u=F(z,\zeta,\overline{z},\overline{\zeta},v)\}$ has Poincar\'e-Moser reduced equation: \begin{align} u & = z\overline{z} + \tfrac{1}{2}\,\overline{z}^2\zeta + \tfrac{1}{2}\,z^2\overline{\zeta} + z\overline{z}\zeta\overline{\zeta} + \tfrac{1}{2}\,\overline{z}^2\zeta\zeta\overline{\zeta} + \tfrac{1}{2}\,z^2\overline{\zeta}\zeta\overline{\zeta} + z\overline{z}\zeta\overline{\zeta}\zeta\overline{\zeta} \\ & + 2{\rm Re} \{ z^3\overline{\zeta}^2 F_{3,0,0,2}(v) + \zeta\overline{\zeta} ( 3\,{z}^2\overline{z}\overline{\zeta} F_{3,0,0,2}(v) ) \} \\ & + 2{\rm Re} \{ z^5\overline{\zeta} F_{5,0,0,1}(v) + z^4\overline{\zeta}^2 F_{4,0,0,2}(v) + z^3\overline{z}^2\overline{\zeta} F_{3,0,2,1}(v) + z^3\overline{z}\overline{\zeta}^2 F_{3,0,1,2}(v) + z^3{\overline{\zeta}}^3 F_{3,0,0,3}(v) \} \\ & + z^3\overline{z}^3 {\rm O}_{z,\overline{z}}(1) + 2{\rm Re} ( \overline{z}^3\zeta {\rm O}_{z,\zeta,\overline{z}}(3) ) + \zeta\overline{\zeta}\, {\rm O}_{z,\zeta,\overline{z},\overline{\zeta}}(5). \end{align} The values at the origin of Pocchiola's two primary invariants are: \[ W_0 = 4\overline{F_{3,0,0,2}(0)}, \quad\quad J_0 = 20\, F_{5,0,0,1}(0). \] The proofs are detailed, accessible to non-experts. The computer-generated aspects (upcoming) have been reduced to a minimum.

math.CV

Normal Forms for Rigid $\mathfrak{C}_{2,1}$ Hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$

Consider a $2$-nondegenerate constant Levi rank $1$ rigid $\mathcal{C}^ω$ hypersurface $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$ in coordinates $(z, ζ, w = u + iv)$: \[ u = F\big(z,ζ,\bar{z},\barζ\big). \] The Gaussier-Merker model $u=\frac{z\bar{z}+ \frac{1}{2}z^2\barζ+\frac{1}{2} \bar{z}^2 ζ}{1-ζ\barζ}$ was shown by Fels-Kaup 2007 to be locally CR-equivalent to the light cone $\{x_1^2+x_2^2-x_3^2=0\}$. Another representation is the tube $u=\frac{x^2}{1-y}$. Inspired by Alexander Isaev, we study rigid biholomorphisms: \[ (z,ζ,w) \longmapsto \big( f(z,ζ), g(z,ζ), ρ\,w+h(z,ζ) \big) =: (z',ζ',w'). \] The G-M model has 7-dimensional rigid automorphisms group. A Cartan-type reduction to an e-structure was done by Foo-Merker-Ta in 1904.02562. Three relative invariants appeared: $V_0$, $I_0$ (primary) and $Q_0$ (derived). In Pocchiola's formalism, Section 8 provides a finalized expression for $Q_0$. The goal is to establish the Poincaré-Moser complete normal form: \[ u = \frac{z\bar{z}+\frac{1}{2}\,z^2\barζ +\frac{1}{2}\,\bar{z}^2ζ}{ 1-ζ\barζ} + \sum_{a,b,c,d \atop a+c\geqslant 3}\, G_{a,b,c,d}\, z^aζ^b\bar{z}^c\barζ^d, \] with $0 = G_{a,b,0,0} = G_{a,b,1,0} = G_{a,b,2,0}$ and $0 = G_{3,0,0,1} = {\rm Im}\, G_{3,0,1,1}$. We apply the method of Chen-Merker 1908.07867 to catch (relative) invariants at every point, not only at the central point, as the coefficients $G_{0,1,4,0}$, $G_{0, 2, 3, 0}$, ${\rm Re} G_{3,0,1,1}$. With this, a brige Poincaré $\longleftrightarrow$ Cartan is constructed. In terms of $F$, the numerators of $V_0$, $I_0$, $Q_0$ incorporate 11, 52, 824 differential monomials.

math.CV

Rigid equivalences of $5$-dimensional $2$-nondegenerate rigid real hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^ 3$ of constant Levi rank $1$

We study the local equivalence problem for real-analytic ($\mathcal{C}^ω$) hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$ which, in coordinates $(z_1, z_2, w) \in \mathbb{C}^3$ with $w = u+i\, v$, are rigid: \[ u \,=\, F\big(z_1,z_2,\overline{z}_1,\overline{z}_2\big), \] with $F$ independent of $v$. Specifically, we study the group ${\sf Hol}_{\sf rigid}(M)$ of rigid local biholomorphic transformations of the form: \[ \big(z_1,z_2,w\big) \longmapsto \Big( f_1(z_1,z_2), f_2(z_1,z_2), a\,w + g(z_1,z_2) \Big), \] where $a \in \mathbb{R} \backslash \{0\}$ and $\frac{D(f_1,f_2)}{D(z_1,z_2)} \neq 0$, which preserve rigidity of hypersurfaces. After performing a Cartan-type reduction to an appropriate $\{e\}$-structure, we find exactly two primary invariants $I_0$ and $V_0$, which we express explicitly in terms of the $5$-jet of the graphing function $F$ of $M$. The identical vanishing $0 \equiv I_0 \big( J^5F \big) \equiv V_0 \big( J^5F \big)$ then provides a necessary and sufficient condition for $M$ to be locally rigidly-biholomorphic to the known model hypersurface: \[ M_{\sf LC} \colon \ \ \ \ \ u \,=\, \frac{z_1\,\overline{z}_1 +\frac{1}{2}\,z_1^2\overline{z}_2 +\frac{1}{2}\,\overline{z}_1^2z_2}{ 1-z_2\overline{z}_2}. \] We establish that $\dim\, {\sf Hol}_{\sf rigid} (M) \leq 7 = \dim\, {\sf Hol}_{\sf rigid} \big( M_{\sf LC} \big)$ always. If one of these two primary invariants $I_0 \not\equiv 0$ or $V_0 \not\equiv 0$ does not vanish identically, we show that this rigid equivalence problem between rigid hypersurfaces reduces to an equivalence problem for a certain $5$-dimensional $\{e\}$-structure on $M$.

math.DG

Holomorphic immersions of bi-disks into $9$ dimensional real hypersurfaces with Levi signature $(2, 2)$

Inspired by an article of R. Bryant on holomorphic immersions of unit disks into Lorentzian CR manifolds, we discuss the application of Cartan's method to the question of the existence of bi-disk $\mathbb{D}^{2}$ in a smooth $9$-dimensional real analytic real hypersurface $M^{9}\subset\mathbb{C}^{5}$ with Levi signature $(2,2)$ passing through a fixed point. The result is that the lift to $M^{9}\times U(2)$ of the image of the bi-disk in $M^{9}$ must lie in the zero set of two complex-valued functions in $M^{9}\times U(2)$. We then provide an example where one of the functions does not identically vanish, thus obstructing holomorphic immersions.

math.DG

Nonvanishing of Cartan CR curvature on boundaries of Grauert tubes around hyperbolic surfaces

We show that the boundaries of thin strongly pseudoconvex Grauert tubes, with respect to the Guillemin-Stenzel Kähler metric canonically associated with the Poincaré metric on closed hyperbolic real-analytic surfaces, has nowhere vanishing Cartan CR-curvature. This result provides a wealth of examples of compact $3$-dimensional Levi nondegenerate CR manifolds having no CR-umbilical point. We provide two proofs utilizing two recent formulas for determining the Cartan CR-curvature of any local $\mathcal{C}^6$-smooth hypersurfaces in $\mathbb{C}^2$. One was obtained in 2012 by the second named author joint with Sabzevari, and it is an expanded explicit formula, valid for locally graphed hypersurfaces, containing millions of terms. The other formula, which we published in 2018 when studying Webster's ellipsoidal hypersurfaces, is not expanded, but more suitable for calculations with a hypersurface in $\mathbb{C}^2$ that is represented as the zero locus of some implicit (but simple in some sense, e.g. quadratic) defining function. We also discuss Grauert tubes constructed with respect to extrinsic metrics depending on embeddings in complex surfaces, together with a certain combinatorics of product metrics.

math.CV

Affine Rigidity Without Integration

Real analytic ($\mathcal{C}^\omega$) surfaces $S^2$ in $\mathbb{R}^3 \ni (x,y,u)$ graphed as $\big\{ u = F(x,y) \big\}$ with $F_{xx} \neq 0$ whose Gaussian curvature vanishes identically: \[ 0 \,\equiv\, F_{xx}\,F_{yy} - F_{xy}^2, \] possess, under the action of the affine transformation group ${\sf Aff}_3(\mathbb{R}) = {\sf GL}_3(\mathbb{R}) \ltimes \mathbb{R}^3$, a basic invariant analogous to $2$-nondegeneracy for $\mathcal{C}^\omega$ real hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$: \[ S_{\sf aff} \,:=\, \frac{F_{xx}\,F_{xxy}-F_{xy}\,F_{xxx}}{ F_{xx}^2}. \] It is known (or easily recovered) that $S$ is affinely equivalent to $\big\{ u = x^2 \big\}$ if and only if $S_{\sf aff} \equiv 0$. Assuming that $S_{\sf aff} \neq 0$ everywhere, two deeper affine invariants inspired from Pocchiola's Ph.D. are $W_{\sf aff}$ and $J_{\sf aff}$. Explicit expressions are given in this article. Theorem. $S$ is affinely equivalent to $\big\{ u = \frac{x^2}{1-y} \big\}$ if and only if $W_{\sf aff} \equiv 0 \equiv J_{\sf aff}$. As a direct corollary of the (brief) proof, affine rigidity of CR-flat $2$-nondegenerate $\mathcal{C}^\omega$ Levi rank $1$ hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$ is deduced. The arguments rely on pure affine geometry, avoid any tool from Analysis, and simplify A.V. Isaev, J. Differential Geom. 104 (2016), 111--141. An independent article will show, in a more general context, how $\mathcal{C}^\infty$ (even $\mathcal{C}^7$) $F(x,y)$ can be handled.

math.DG

Degrees $d \geqslant \big( \sqrt{n}\, \log\, n\big)^n$ and $d \geqslant \big( n\, \log\, n\big)^n$ in the Conjectures of Green-Griffiths and of Kobayashi

Once first answers in any dimension to the Green-Griffiths and Kobayashi conjectures for generic algebraic hypersurfaces $\mathbb{X}^{n-1} \subset \mathbb{P}^n(\mathbb{C})$ have been reached, the principal goal is to decrease (to improve) the degree bounds, knowing that the `celestial' horizon lies near $d \geqslant 2n$. For Green-Griffiths algebraic degeneracy of entire holomorphic curves, we obtain: \[ d \,\geqslant\, \big(\sqrt{n}\,{\sf log}\,n\big)^n, \] and for Kobayashi-hyperbolicity (constancy of entire curves), we obtain: \[ d \,\geqslant\, \big(n\,{\sf log}\,n\big)^n. \] The latter improves $d \geqslant n^{2n}$ obtained by Merker in arxiv.org/1807/11309/. Admitting a certain technical conjecture $I_0 \geqslant \widetilde{I}_0$, the method employed (Diverio-Merker-Rousseau, Bérczi, Darondeau) conducts to constant power $n$, namely to: \[ d\ ,\geqslant\, 2^{5n} \qquad \text{and, respectively, to:} \qquad d \,\geqslant\, 4^{5n}. \] In Spring 2019, a forthcoming prepublication based on intensive computer explorations will present several subconjectures supporting the belief that $I_0 \geqslant \widetilde{I}_0$, a conjecture which will be established up to dimension $n = 50$.

math.AG