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Joel Merker

Publications and source records attributed to Joel Merker.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Degrees $d \geqslant \big( \sqrt{n}\, \log\, n\big)^n$ and $d \geqslant \big( n\, \log\, n\big)^n$ in the Conjectures of Green-Griffiths and of Kobayashi

Once first answers in any dimension to the Green-Griffiths and Kobayashi conjectures for generic algebraic hypersurfaces $\mathbb{X}^{n-1} \subset \mathbb{P}^n(\mathbb{C})$ have been reached, the principal goal is to decrease (to improve) the degree bounds, knowing that the `celestial' horizon lies near $d \geqslant 2n$. For Green-Griffiths algebraic degeneracy of entire holomorphic curves, we obtain: \[ d \,\geqslant\, \big(\sqrt{n}\,{\sf log}\,n\big)^n, \] and for Kobayashi-hyperbolicity (constancy of entire curves), we obtain: \[ d \,\geqslant\, \big(n\,{\sf log}\,n\big)^n. \] The latter improves $d \geqslant n^{2n}$ obtained by Merker in arxiv.org/1807/11309/. Admitting a certain technical conjecture $I_0 \geqslant \widetilde{I}_0$, the method employed (Diverio-Merker-Rousseau, Bérczi, Darondeau) conducts to constant power $n$, namely to: \[ d\ ,\geqslant\, 2^{5n} \qquad \text{and, respectively, to:} \qquad d \,\geqslant\, 4^{5n}. \] In Spring 2019, a forthcoming prepublication based on intensive computer explorations will present several subconjectures supporting the belief that $I_0 \geqslant \widetilde{I}_0$, a conjecture which will be established up to dimension $n = 50$.

math.AG↗

Differential $\{e\}$-structures for equivalences of $2$-nondegenerate Levi rank $1$ hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$

The class ${\sf IV}_2$ of $2$-nondegenerate constant Levi rank $1$ hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$ is governed by Pocchiola's two primary invariants $W_0$ and $J_0$. Their vanishing characterizes equivalence of such a hypersurface $M^5$ to the tube $M_{\sf LC}^5$ over the real light cone in $\mathbb{R}^3$. When either $W_0 \not\equiv 0$ or $J_0 \not\equiv 0$, by normalization of certain two group parameters ${\sf c}$ and ${\sf e}$, an invariant coframe can be built on $M^5$, showing that the dimension of the CR automorphism group drops from $10$ to $5$. This paper constructs an explicit $\{e\}$-structure in case $W_0$ and $J_0$ do not necessarily vanish. Furthermore, Pocchiola's calculations hidden on a computer now appear in details, especially the determination of a secondary invariant $R$, expressed in terms of the first jet of $W_0$. All other secondary invariants of the $\{e\}$-structure are also expressed explicitly in terms of $W_0$ and $J_0$.

math.DG↗

Parametric CR-umbilical Locus of Ellipsoids in $\mathbb{C}^2$

For every real numbers $a \geqslant 1$, $b \geqslant 1$ with $(a,b) \neq (1,1)$, the curve parametrized by $θ\in \mathbb{R}$ valued in $\mathbb{C}^2 \cong \mathbb{R}^4$ \[ γ\, \colon \ \ \ θ\,\,\,\longmapsto\,\,\, \big( x(θ)+{\scriptstyle{\sqrt{-1}}}\,y(θ),\,\, u(θ)+{\scriptstyle{\sqrt{-1}}}\,v(θ) \big) \] with components: \[ x(θ) \,:=\, {\textstyle{\sqrt{\frac{a-1}{a\,(ab-1)}}}}\, \cos\,θ, \ \ \ \ \ y(θ) \,:=\, {\textstyle{\sqrt{\frac{b\,(a-1)}{ab-1}}}}\, \sin\,θ, \ \ \ \ \ u(θ) \,:=\, {\textstyle{\sqrt{\frac{b-1}{b\,(ab-1)}}}}\, \sin\,θ, \ \ \ \ \ v(θ) \,:=\, -\, {\textstyle{\sqrt{\frac{a\,(b-1)}{ab-1}}}}\, \cos\,θ, \] has image contained in the CR-umbilical locus: \[ γ(\mathbb{R}) \,\subset\, {\sf UmbCR} \big({\sf E}_{a,b}\big) \,\subset\, {\sf E}_{a,b} \] of the ellipsoid ${\sf E}_{a,b} \subset \mathbb{C}^2$ of equation $a\,x^2+y^2+b\,u^2+y^2 = 1$.

math.CV↗

Complex projective hypersurfaces of general type: toward a conjecture of Green and Griffiths

Let X be a geometrically smooth n-dimensional projective algebraic complex hypersurface in P^{n+1}(C). Using Green-Griffiths jets, we establish the existence of nonzero global algebraic differential equations that must be satisfied by every nonconstant entire holomorphic curve C -> X if X is of general type, namely if its degree d satisfies the optimal possible lower bound: d >= n + 3. The case n = 2 dates back to Green-Griffiths 1979, while according to very recent advances (Invent. Math. 180, pp. 161-223, February 2010), the best (and only) lower degree bound known previously in arbitrary dimension n was, using instead Demailly-Semple jets, something like d >= 2^{n^4} . n^{5n^3}, which, visibly, was far from the conjectured n + 3.

math.AG↗

Canonical Cartan Connections on Maximally Minimal Generic Submanifolds M^5 in C^4

On a real analytic 5-dimensional CR-generic submanifold M^5 in C^4 of codimension 3, hence of CR dimension 1, which enjoys the generically satisfied nondegeneracy condition that Lie brackets up to length 3 of T^{1,0}M generate CTM, a canonical Cartan connection is constructed after reduction to a certain partially explicit e-structure of the concerned local biholomorphic equivalence problem. More advanced explorations of the incoming differential invariants due to the first and to the third authors already appeared in January 2014, hence the purpose is to show, while studying this specific Class III-1 of 5-dimensional CR structures, why and how the construction of Cartan geometries usually provides less information than a complete ramified discussion of potentially normalizable essential torsion coefficients.

math.CV↗

Curvature of surfaces in euclidean 3-space: philosophical analysis of Gauss' Theorema Egregium

This essay, an excerpt of the author's Ph.D. in Philosophy of mathematics (2012) thought of as being a companion to recent discoveries of new explicit Cartan geometry curvatures, analyzes how Gauss, after having devised the isometrically invariant character of curvature, struggled with elimination computations in order to transform the available extrinsic expression of curvature into a new beautifully general differential expression which depends only on second order derivatives of the coefficients E, F, G of the intrinsic metric. Systematic speculations about the essence of impersonal mathematical necessitation are steadily inserted.

math.HO↗

Extrinsic projective curves X^1 in P^2(C): harmony with intrinsic cohomology

On a geometrically smooth complex algebraic curve X^1 in P^2(C), represented in complex affine coordinates (x,y) as the zero-locus R(x,y) = 0 of some polynomial R of degree d >= k+3, an explicit family of generating independent holomorphic jet differentials J_R^1, ..., J_R^k expressed in terms of R and its partial derivatives is exhibited with its new precious nonlinearity features as a complete explicitation of all holomorphic sections of the Green-Griffiths bundle of m-homogeneous polynomialized order k jets of local holomorphic maps from a complex disc into X^1.

math.AG↗

Lie algebras of infinitesimal CR-automorphisms of finite type, holomorphically nondegenerate, weighted homogeneous CR-generic submanifolds of C^N

We consider the significant class of holomorphically nondegenerate CR manifolds of finite type that are represented by some weighted homogeneous polynomials and we derive some useful features which enable us to set up a fast effective algorithm to compute their Lie algebras of infinitesimal CR-automorphisms. This algorithm mainly relies upon a natural gradation of the sought Lie algebras, and it also consists in treating separately the related graded components. While some other methods are based on constructing and solving an associated pde systems which become time consuming as soon as the number of variables increases, the new method presented here is based on plain techniques of linear algebra. Furthermore, it benefits from a divide-and-conquer strategy to break down the computations into some simpler sub-computations. Moreover, we consider the new and effective concept of comprehensive Gröbner systems which provides us some powerful tools to treat the computations in the parametric cases. The designed algorithm is also implemented in the Maple software.

math.DG↗

Cartan equivalences for 5-dimensional CR-manifolds in C^4 belonging to General Class III_1

We reduce to various absolute parallelisms, namely to certain {e}-structures on manifolds of dimensions 7, 6, 5, the biholomorphic equivalence problem or the intrinsic CR equivalence problem for generic submanifolds M^5 in C^4 of CR dimension 1 and of codimension 3 that are maximally minimal and are geometry-preserving deformations of one natural cubic model of Beloshapka, somewhere else called the General Class III-1 of 5-dimensional CR manifolds. Some inspiration links exist with the treatment of the General Class II previously done in 2007 by Beloshapka, Ezhov, Schmalz, and also with the classification of nilpotent Lie algebras due to Goze, Khakimdjanov, Remm.

math.CV↗

Cartan equivalences for Levi-nondegenerate hypersurfaces M^3 in C^2 belonging to General Class I

We develope in great computational details the classical Cartan equivalence problem for Levi-nondegenerate C^6-smooth real hypersurfaces M^3 in C^2, performing all calculations effectively in terms of a (local) graphing function φ. In particular, we present explicitly the unique (complex) essential invariant J of the problem. Its expansion in terms of the 3-variables function φincorporates millions of differential monomials, while, when φis assumed to depend only on 2 variables (rigid case), J writes out in two lines (7 monomials).

math.DG↗

Siu-Yeung jet differentials on complete intersection surfaces X^2 in P^4(C)

On a generic complete intersection surface X^2 in P^4(C) having polynomial equations z^d = R(x,y) and t^e = S(x,y) with 752 <= d <= e <= d^2/648, there exist extrinsic meromorphic jet differentials of the form J(x,y,x',y') / [y^d z^{m(d-1)} t^{m(e-1)}] where J(x,y,x',y') = sum_{j+k+p+q=m} A_{j,k,p,q}(x,y) (x')^j (y')^k (R')^p (S')^q (R)^{m-p} (S)^{m-q} with the complex coefficients of the polynomials A_{j,k,p,q}(x,y) satisfying a certain system of linear equations depending explicitly on R, S, the restriction to X^2 of which provides nonzero intrinsic global holomorphic sections of the bundle of symmetric m-differentials Sym^m T_X^*.

math.AG↗

Equivalences of 5-dimensional CR-manifolds V: Six initial frames and coframes; Explicitness obstacles

Local CR-generic submanifolds of C^N are in one-to-one correspondence with their respective graphing functions, but it is well known that (despite their importance) the Cartan-Hachtroudi-Chern-Moser invariants and coframes for Levi nondegenerate hypersurfaces M in C^(n+1) have been fully computed in CR dimension n >= 2 only in special cases which show off a tremendous collapse of computational complexity in comparison to the general case. One of the goals of this Part V is to set up systematic initial data that are essentially explicit in terms of the concerned graphing functions, for the six already studied general classes I, II, III-1, III-2, IV-1, IV-2. Incredibly, for Class III-1 CR-generic submanifolds M^5 in C^4 that are the geometry-preserving deformations of one of the natural models of Beloshapka, even the initial frame and coframe are not absorbable by an individual personal computer, for some of the concerned coefficient-functions incorporate nearly 100 000 000 of monomials in 165 jet variables, not to mention that the exploration of biholomorphic equivalences yet requires to differentiate such functions at least four times. As will appear later on, deep (archaic) mathematical links are extant between the effective Cartan theory and the famous hyperbolicity conjecture of Kobayashi.

math.CV↗

Equivalences of 5-dimensional CR-manifolds IV: Six ambiguity matrix groups (Initial G-structures)

Class I CR manifolds have initial G-structure a certain 4-dimensional subgroup of GL_3(C). Class II CR manifolds have initial G-structure a certain 10-dimensional subgroup of GL_4(C). Class III-1 CR manifolds have initial G-structure a certain 10-dimensional subgroup of GL_5(C). Class III-2 CR manifolds have initial G-structure a certain 18-dimensional subgroup of GL_5(C). Class IV-1 CR manifolds have initial G-structure a certain 13-dimensional subgroup of GL_5(C). Class IV-2 CR manifolds have initial G-structure a certain 10-dimensional subgroup of GL_5(C).

math.CV↗

Equivalences of 5-dimensional CR manifolds (II): General classes I, II, III-1, III-2, IV-1, IV-2

For later use in subsequent upcoming arxiv.org prepublications, basic foundational material on local, smooth or real analytic, CR-generic submanifolds of complex Euclidean spaces is developed from scratch, with strong emphasis on the interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic aspects, a constructive option that commands to perform computational syntheses in coordinates. Mainly, one finds a self-contained proof of the existence of precisely six general classes: I, II, III-1, III-2, IV-1, IV-2 of nondegenerate general CR manifolds up to dimension 5, class III-2 being unobserved untill now.

math.CV↗

On transfer of biholomorphisms across nonminimal loci

A connected real analytic hypersurface M in C^(n+1) whose Levi form is nondegenerate in at least one point - hence at every point of some Zariski-open subset - is locally biholomorphic to the model Heisenberg quadric pseudosphere of signature (k, n-k) in one point if and only if, at every other Levi nondegenerate point, it is also locally biholomorphic to some Heisenberg pseudosphere, possibly having different signature (l, n-l).

math.CV↗

Applications of differential algebra for computing Lie algebras of infinitesimal CR-automorphisms

We perform detailed computations of Lie algebras of infinitesimal CR-automorphisms associated to three specific model real analytic CR-generic submanifolds in C^9 by employing differential algebra computer tools -- mostly within the Maple package DifferentialAlgebra -- in order to automate the handling of the arising highly complex linear systems of pde's. Before treating these new examples which prolong previous works of Beloshapka, of Shananina and of Mamai, we provide general formulas for the explicitation of the concerned pde systems that are valid in arbitrary codimension k >= 1 and in any CR dimension n >= 1. Also, we show how Ritt's reduction algorithm can be adapted to the case under interest, where the concerned pde systems admit so-called complex conjugations.

math.RA↗

Multizeta Calculus (I)

According to Hoffman's (2,3)-conjecture, the so-called double shuffle relations should imply that every multiple zeta value should express effectively in terms of multizetas whose entries are equal to either 2 or 3, with some explicitly computable rational coefficients. In February 2011, the existence of such Q-linear combinations was established by Francis Brown in all weights. Still, a desire exists to have effective access to these coefficients. In 2008, Masanobu Kaneko, Masayuki Noro and Ken'ichi Tsurumaki showed, up to weight 20, that in fact, double shuffle relations with first member equal to zeta(1), to zeta(2), to zeta(3) or to zeta(2,1) suffice. We provide general closed formulas for such four families of double shuffle relations, with second member being an arbitrary multizeta. The longest formulas, for zeta(3) and for zeta(2,1), are 2 pages long each. This prepublication is just a first step in this direction.

math.NT↗