arXiv subjects

Katsura Matsumoto

Publications and source records attributed to Katsura Matsumoto.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

The October 2022 flare in OJ 287 and the mass of its primary black hole

The bright blazar OJ~287 has demonstrated a sequence of flares, which are well explained by a quasi-Keplerian orbit model. The flares are associated with the impact of the secondary on the accretion disk of the primary. The orbit must precess in order to produce the correct sequence of flares, and from the precession rate we calculate the mass of the primary. This precession rate gives the mass of the primary $M_{BH} = (18.35\pm0.05) \times 10^9 M_{\odot}$. Two kinds of flares have been identified: direct flares from the impacts, and tidal flares arising from an increased accretion flow into the jet. The precession rate and the primary black hole mass may be independently determined from both sets of flares; the tidal flare of October 2022 was recommended for an intense campaign for this reason. This paper describes these observations over a wide spectral range. We show that the October 2022 flare fits the expectations for a tidal flare and thus supports the earlier determination of the mass of the binary black hole system in OJ 287. The mass of the primary may also be deduced from secondary indicators such as the correlation with the hydrogen line strength and the black hole mass. These studies require that the mass is above $M_{BH} \sim 10^{10} M_{\odot}$, but do not specify the value more exactly.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Multi-band optical photometric variability of the blazar OJ 287 from 2015 to 2025

We present the most densely sampled multi-band optical photometric observations of the peculiar BL Lacertae object OJ 287 from 2015 to 2025 with a focus on its optical activity on diverse timescales. We present a total of 2296, 10927, 11484, and 2982 data points in B, V, R, and I bands, respectively. The densely sampled observations allow us to keep track of the source evolution that it has exhibited since the start of the predicted major optical flaring activity at the end of 2015. The study reveals clear and persistent bluer when brighter trends in both the long-term and short-term variations. Different bands were cross-correlated with discrete correlation functions, which peak at zero lag, implying co-spatial emission. Using eight optical spectra in the low flux states of OJ 287 taken from 2017 October 21 to 2017 November 22, from Steward Observatory, we estimate the central black hole mass to be at least 3.89 $\times \ \rm{10}^{9} \ \rm{M}_{\odot}$ from the [O III] line width. The emission mechanism of the binary black hole blazar, and its possible implication in various aspects of multi-messenger astronomy are briefly discussed.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Identifying the secondary jet in the RadioAstron image of OJ~287

The 136 year long optical light curve of OJ~287 is explained by a binary black hole model where the secondary is in a 12 year orbit around the primary. Impacts of the secondary on the accretion disk of the primary generate a series of optical flares which follow a quasi-Keplerian relativistic mathematical model. The orientation of the binary in space is determined from the behavior of the primary jet. Here we ask how the jet of the secondary black hole projects onto the sky plane. Assuming that the jet is initially perpendicular to the disk, and that it is ballistic, we follow its evolution after the Lorentz transformation to the observer's frame. Since the orbital speed of the secondary is of the order of one-tenth of the speed of light, the result is a change in the jet direction by more than a radian during an orbital cycle. We match the theoretical jet line with the recent 12 $μ$as-resolution RadioAstron map of OJ~287, and determine the only free parameter of the problem, the apparent speed of the jet relative to speed of light. It turns out that the Doppler factor of the jet, $δ\sim5$, is much lower than in the primary jet. Besides following a unique shape of the jet path, the secondary jet is also distinguished by a different spectral shape than in the primary jet. The present result on the spectral shape agrees with the huge optical flare of 2021 November 12, also arising from the secondary jet.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

MASTER OT J030227.28+191754.5: an unprecedentedly energetic dwarf nova outburst

We present a detailed study of the MASTER OT J030227.28+191754.5 outburst in 2021-2022, reaching an amplitude of 10.2 mag and a duration of 60 d. The detections of (1) the double-peaked optical emission lines, and (2) the early and ordinary superhumps, established that MASTER OT J030227.28+191754.5 is an extremely energetic WZ Sge-type dwarf nova (DN). Based on the superhump observations, we obtained its orbital period and mass ratio as 0.05986(1) d and 0.063(1), respectively. These are within a typical range of low-mass-ratio DNe. According to the binary parameters derived based on the thermal-tidal instability model, our analyses showed that (1) the standard disk model requires an accretion rate $\simeq$ 10$^{20}$ g s$^{-1}$ to explain its peak optical luminosity and (2) large mass was stored in the disk at the outburst onset. These cannot be explained solely by the impact of its massive ($\gtrsim$ 1.15 M$_\odot$) primary white dwarf implied by Kimura et al. (2023). Instead, we propose that the probable origin of this enormously energetic DN outburst is the even lower quiescence viscosity than other WZ Sge-type DNe. This discussion is qualitatively valid for most possible binary parameter spaces unless the inclination is low ($\lesssim 40^\circ$) enough for the disk to be bright explaining the outburst amplitude. Such low inclinations, however, would not allow detectable amplitude of early superhumps in the current thermal-tidal instability model. The optical spectra at outburst maximum showed the strong emission lines of Balmer, He I, and He II series whose core is narrower than $\sim 800$ km s$^{-1}$. Considering its binary parameters, a Keplerian disk cannot explain this narrow component, but the presumable origin is disk winds.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2024

Evidence of jet activity from the secondary black hole in the OJ287 binary system

We report the study of a huge optical intraday flare on November 12, 2021, at 2 am UT, in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact, based on a prediction made eight years earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by \cite{2024ApJ...960...11K}. Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R-I spectral index by $1.0\pm0.1$ between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary black hole. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability, using the Krakow-dataset of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In the Appendix, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

A multiwavelength light curve model of the classical nova V339 Del: A mechanism for the coexistence of dust dip and supersoft X-rays

The classical nova V339 Del 2013 is characterized by a 1.5 mag dip of the $V$ light curve owing to a dust shell formation, during which soft X-ray emissions coexist. We present Strömgren $y$ band light curve, which represents continuum emission, not influenced by strong [O III] emission lines. The $y$ light curve monotonically decreases in marked contrast to the $V$ light curve that shows a 1.5 mag dip. We propose a multiwavelength light curve model that reproduces the $y$ and $V$ light curves as well as the gamma-ray and X-ray light curves. In our model, a strong shock arises far outside the photosphere after optical maximum, because later ejected matter collides with earlier ejected gas. Our shocked shell model explains optical emission lines, H$α$, hard X-ray, and gamma-ray fluxes. A dust shell forms behind the shock that suppresses [O III]. This low flux of [O III] shapes a 1.5 mag drop in the $V$ light curve. Then, the $V$ flux recovers by increasing contribution from [O III] lines, while the $y$ flux does not. However, the optical depth of the dust shell is too small to absorb the photospheric (X-ray) emission of the white dwarf. This is the reason that a dust shell and a soft X-ray radiation coexist. We determined the white dwarf mass to be $M_{\rm WD}=1.25\pm 0.05~M_\odot$ and the distance modulus in the $V$ band to be $(m-M)_V=12.2 \pm 0.2$; the distance is $d= 2.1\pm 0.2$ kpc for the reddening of $E(B-V)=0.18$.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2023

Profound optical flares from the relativistic jets of active galactic nuclei

Intense outbursts in blazars are among the most extreme phenomena seen in extragalactic objects. Studying these events can offer important information about the energetic physical processes taking place within the innermost regions of blazars, which are beyond the resolution of current instruments. This work presents some of the largest and most rapid flares detected in the optical band from the sources 3C 279, OJ 49, S4 0954+658, Ton 599, and PG 1553+113, which are mostly TeV blazars. The source flux increased by nearly ten times within a few weeks, indicating the violent nature of these events. Such energetic events might originate from magnetohydrodynamical instabilities near the base of the jets, triggered by processes modulated by the magnetic field of the accretion disc. We explain the emergence of flares owing to the injection of high-energy particles by the shock wave passing along the relativistic jets. Alternatively, the flares may have also arisen due to geometrical effects related to the jets. We discuss both source-intrinsic and source-extrinsic scenarios as possible explanations for the observed large amplitude flux changes.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2023

On the need of an ultramassive black hole in OJ 287

The highly variable blazar OJ~287 is commonly discussed as an example of a binary black hole system. The 130 year long optical light curve is well explained by a model where the central body is a massive black hole of 18.35$\times$10$^9$ solar mass that supports a thin accretion disc. The secondary black hole of 0.15$\times$10$^9$ solar mass impacts the disc twice during its 12 year orbit, and causes observable flares. Recently, it has been argued that an accretion disc with a typical AGN accretion rate and above mentioned central body mass should be at least six magnitudes brighter than OJ~287's host galaxy and would therefore be observationally excluded. Based on the observations of OJ~287's radio jet, detailed in Marscher and Jorstad (2011), and up-to-date accretion disc models of Azadi et al. (2022), we show that the V-band magnitude of the accretion disc is unlikely to exceed the host galaxy brightness by more than one magnitude, and could well be fainter than the host. This is because accretion power is necessary to launch the jet as well as to create electromagnetic radiation, distributed across many wavelengths, and not concentrated especially on the optical V-band. Further, we note that the claimed V-band concentration of accretion power leads to serious problems while interpreting observations of other Active Galactic Nuclei. Therefore, we infer that the mass of the primary black hole and its accretion rate do not need to be smaller than what is determined in the standard model for OJ~287.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2023

Observational Implications of OJ 287's Predicted 2022 Disk Impact in the Black Hole Binary Model

We present a summary of the results of the OJ 287 observational campaign, which was carried out during the 2021/2022 observational season. This season is special in the binary model because the major axis of the precessing binary happens to lie almost exactly in the plane of the accretion disc of the primary. This leads to pairs of almost identical impacts between the secondary black hole and the accretion disk in 2005 and 2022. In 2005, a special flare called "blue flash" was observed 35 days after the disk impact, which should have also been verifiable in 2022. We did observe a similar flash and were able to obtain more details of its properties. We describe this in the framework of expanding cloud models. In addition, we were able to identify the flare arising exactly at the time of the disc crossing from its photo-polarimetric and gamma-ray properties. This is an important identification, as it directly confirms the orbit model. Moreover, we saw a huge flare that lasted only one day. We may understand this as the lighting up of the jet of the secondary black hole when its Roche lobe is suddenly flooded by the gas from the primary disk. Therefore, this may be the first time we directly observed the secondary black hole in the OJ 287 binary system.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2023

Refining the 2022 OJ 287 impact flare arrival epoch

The bright blazar OJ~287 routinely parades high brightness bremsstrahlung flares, which are explained as being a result of a secondary supermassive black hole (SMBH) impacting the accretion disc of a more massive primary SMBH in a binary system. The accretion disc is not rigid but rather bends in a calculable way due to the tidal influence of the secondary. Below we refer to this phenomenon as a variable disc level. We begin by showing that these flares occur at times predicted by a simple analytical formula, based on general relativity inspired modified Kepler equation, which explains impact flares since 1888. The 2022 impact flare, namely flare number 26, is rather peculiar as it breaks the typical pattern of two impact flares per 12-year cycle. This is the third bremsstrahlung flare of the current cycle that follows the already observed 2015 and 2019 impact flares from OJ~287. It turns out that the arrival epoch of flare number 26 is sensitive to the level of primary SMBH's accretion disc relative to its mean level in our model. We incorporate these tidally induced changes in the level of the accretion disc to infer that the thermal flare should have occurred during July-August 2022, when it was not possible to observe it from the Earth. Thereafter, we explore possible observational evidence for certain pre-flare activity by employing spectral and polarimetric data from our campaigns in 2004/05 and 2021/22. We point out theoretical and observational implications of two observed mini-flares during January-February 2022.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2023

2021 superoutburst of WZ Sge-type dwarf nova V627 Pegasi lacks an early superhump phase

Superoutbursts in WZ Sge-type dwarf novae (DNe) are characterized by both early superhumps and ordinary superhumps originating from the 2:1 and 3:1 resonances, respectively. However, some WZ Sge-type DNe show a superoutburst lacking early superhumps; it is not well established how these differ from superoutbursts with an early superhump phase. We report time-resolved photometric observations of the WZ Sge-type DN V627 Peg during its 2021 superoutburst. The detection of ordinary superhumps before the superoutburst peak highlights that this 2021 superoutburst of V627 Peg, like that {in} 2014, did not feature an early superhump phase. The duration of stage B superhumps was slightly longer in the 2010 superoutburst accompanying early superhumps than that in the 2014 and 2021 superoutbursts which lacked early superhumps. This result suggests that an accretion disk experiencing the 2:1 resonance may have a larger mass at the inner part of the disk and hence take more time for the inner disk to become eccentric. The presence of a precursor outburst in the 2021 superoutburst suggests that the maximum disk radius should be smaller than that of the 2014 superoutburst, even though the duration of quiescence was longer than that before the 2021 superoutburst. This could be accomplished if the 2021 superoutburst was triggered as an inside-out outburst or if the mass transfer rate in quiescence changes by a factor of two, suggesting that the outburst mechanism and quiescence state of WZ Sge-type DNe may have more variety than ever thought.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2023

Catching profound optical flares in blazars

Flaring episodes in blazars represent one of the most violent processes observed in extra-galactic objects. Studies of such events shed light on the energetics of the physical processes occurring in the innermost regions of blazars, which cannot otherwise be resolved by any current instruments. In this work, we present some of the largest and most rapid flares captured in the optical band in the blazars 3C 279, OJ 49, S4 0954+658, TXS 1156+295 and PG 1553+113. The source flux was observed to increase by nearly ten times within a timescale of a few weeks. We applied several methods of time series analysis and symmetry analysis. Moreover, we also performed searches for periodicity in the light curves of 3C 279, OJ 49 and PG 1553+113 using the Lomb-Scargle method and found plausible indications of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). In particular, the 33- and 22-day periods found in 3C 279, i.e. a 3:2 ratio, are intriguing. These violent events might originate from magnetohydrodynamical instabilities near the base of the jets, triggered by processes modulated by the magnetic field of the accretion disc. We present a qualitative treatment as the possible explanation for the observed large amplitude flux changes in both the source-intrinsic and source-extrinsic scenarios.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2022

Refining the prediction for OJ 287 next impact flare arrival epoch

The bright blazar OJ~287 routinely parades high brightness bremsstrahlung flares which are explained as being a result of a secondary supermassive black hole (SMBH) impacting the accretion disk of a primary SMBH in a binary system. We begin by showing that these flares occur at times predicted by a simple analytical formula, based on the Kepler equation, which explains flares since 1888. The next impact flare, namely the flare number 26, is rather peculiar as it breaks the typical pattern of two impact flares per 12 year cycle. This will be the third bremsstrahlung flare of the current cycle that follows the already observed 2015 and 2019 impact flares from OJ~287. Unfortunately, astrophysical considerations make it difficult to predict the exact arrival epoch of the flare number 26. In the second part of the paper, we describe our recent OJ~287 observations. They show that the pre-flare light curve of flare number 22, observed in 2005, exhibits similar activity as the pre-flare light curve in 2022, preceding the expected flare number 26 in our model. We argue that the pre-flare activity most likely arises in the primary jet whose activity is modulated by the transit of the secondary SMBH through the accretion disk of the primary. Observing the next impact flare of OJ~287 in October 2022 will substantiate the theory of disk impacts in binary black hole systems.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2022

Rapid X-ray Variability in Mkn 421 during a Multiwavelength Campaign

The study of short-term variability properties in AGN jets has the potential to shed light on their particle acceleration and emission mechanisms. We report results from a four-day coordinated multi-wavelength campaign on the highly-peaked blazar (HBL) Mkn 421 in 2019 January. We obtained X-ray data from AstroSAT, BVRI photometry with the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT), and TeV data from FACT to explore short-term multi-wavelength variability in this HBL. The X-ray continuum is rapidly variable on time-scales of tens of ks. Fractional variability amplitude increases with energy across the synchrotron hump, consistent with previous studies; we interpret this observation in the context of a model with multiple cells whose emission spectra contain cutoffs that follow a power-law distribution. We also performed time-averaged and time-resolved (time-scales of 6 ks) spectral fits; a broken power-law model fits all spectra well; time-resolved spectral fitting reveals the usual hardening when brightening behaviour. Intra-X-ray cross correlations yield evidence for the 0.6-0.8 keV band to likely lead the other bands by an average of 4.6 +- 2.6 ks, but only during the first half of the observation. The source displayed minimal night-to-night variability at all wavebands thus precluding significant interband correlations during our campaign. The broadband SED is modeled well with a standard one-zone leptonic model, yielding jet parameters consistent with those obtained from previous SEDs of this source.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2021

Spectroscopic and Photometric Observations of Dwarf Nova Superoutbursts by the 3.8 m Telescope Seimei and the Variable Star Network

We present spectroscopic and photometric observations of 17 dwarf-nova superoutbursts obtained by KOOLS-IFU mounted on the 3.8 m telescope Seimei at Okayama Observatory of Kyoto University and through VSNET collaboration. Our spectroscopic observations for six outbursts were performed within 1 d from their optical peak. 11 objects (TCP J00590972+3438357. ASASSN-19ado, TCP J06073081-0101501, ZTF20aavnpug, ASASSN-19ady, MASTER OT J061642.05+435617.9, TCP J20034647+1335125, ASASSN-20kv, ASASSN-20kw, MASTER OT J213908.79+161240.2, and ASASSN-20mf) were previously unknown systems, and our observations enabled quick classification of their transient type. These results illustrate that Seimei telescope has the capability to conduct quick follow-up observations of unknown transients. Our photometric observations yielded that 11 objects are WZ Sge-type dwarf novae and their candidates, and the other six objects are SU UMa-type dwarf novae and their candidates. The He II 4686Å~ emission line was clearly detected among ASASSN-19ado, TCP J06073081-0101501 and MASTER OT J213908.79+161240.2, whose association with a spiral arm structure in an accretion disk has been suggested in the previous studies. Our result suggests that a higher-inclination system shows a stronger emission line of He II 4686Å, as well as larger-amplitude early superhumps.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2020

Multi-wavelength photometry during the 2018 superoutburst of the WZ Sge-type dwarf nova EG Cancri

We report on the multi-wavelength photometry of the 2018 superoutburst in EG Cnc. We have detected stage A superhumps and long-lasting late-stage superhumps via the optical photometry and have constrained the binary mass ratio and its possible range. The median value of the mass ratio is 0.048 and the upper limit is 0.057, which still implies that EG Cnc is one of the possible candidates for the period bouncer. This object also showed multiple rebrightenings in this superoutburst, which are the same as those in its previous superoutburst in 1996--1997 despite the difference in the main superoutburst. This would represent that the rebrightening type is inherent to each object and is independent of the initial disk mass at the beginning of superoutbursts. We also found that $B-I$ and $J-K_{\rm S}$ colors were unusually red just before the rebrightening phase and became bluer during the quiescence between rebrightenings, which would mean that the low-temperature mass reservoir at the outermost disk accreted with time after the main superoutburst. Also, the ultraviolet flux was sensitive to rebrightenings as well as the optical flux, and the $U-B$ color became redder during the rebrightening phase, which would indicate that the inner disk became cooler when this object repeated rebrightenings. Our results thus basically support the idea that the cool mass reservoir in the outermost disk is responsible for rebrightenings.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2020

Spitzer Observations of the Predicted Eddington Flare from Blazar OJ 287

Binary black hole (BH) central engine description for the unique blazar OJ 287 predicted that the next secondary BH impact-induced bremsstrahlung flare should peak on 2019 July 31. This prediction was based on detailed general relativistic modeling of the secondary BH trajectory around the primary BH and its accretion disk. The expected flare was termed the Eddington flare to commemorate the centennial celebrations of now-famous solar eclipse observations to test general relativity by Sir Arthur Eddington. We analyze the multi-epoch Spitzer observations of the expected flare between 2019 July 31 and 2019 September 6, as well as baseline observations during 2019 February-March. Observed Spitzer flux density variations during the predicted outburst time display a strong similarity with the observed optical pericenter flare from OJ 287 during 2007 September. The predicted flare appears comparable to the 2007 flare after subtracting the expected higher base-level Spitzer flux densities at 3.55 and 4.49 $μ$m compared to the optical R-band. Comparing the 2019 and 2007 outburst lightcurves and the previously calculated predictions, we find that the Eddington flare arrived within 4 hours of the predicted time. Our Spitzer observations are well consistent with the presence of a nano-Hertz gravitational wave emitting spinning massive binary BH that inspirals along a general relativistic eccentric orbit in OJ 287. These multi-epoch Spitzer observations provide a parametric constraint on the celebrated BH no-hair theorem.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2019

IW And-Type State in IM Eridani

IW And stars are a recently recognized group of dwarf novae which are characterized by a repeated sequence of brightening from a standstill-like phase with damping oscillations followed by a deep dip. Kimura et al. (2019) recently proposed a model based on thermal-viscous disk instability in a tilted disk to reproduce the IW And-type characteristics. IM Eri experienced the IW And-type phase in 2018 and we recorded three cycles of the (damping) oscillation phase terminated by brightening. We identified two periods during the IW And-type state: 4-5 d small-amplitude (often damping) oscillations and a 34-43 d long cycle. This behavior is typical for an IW And-type star. The object gradually brightened within the long cycle before the next brightening which terminated the (damping) oscillation phase. This observation agrees with the increasing disk mass during the long cycle predicted by a model of thermal-viscous disk instability in a tilted disk (Kimura et al. 2019). We, however, did not succeed in detecting negative superhumps, which are considered to be the signature of a tilted disk.

astro-ph.SR↗