Stress Drops Associated with Surface Crack Formation in Photo-aged Polypropylene during Three-Point Bending
Using three-point bending, this study investigates surface-crack formation in photo-aged polypropylene (PP) that has a depth-dependent aging gradient. PP undergoes embrittlement under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and because the photo-oxidation proceeds inward from the irradiated surface, the embrittlement develops non-uniformly across the specimen thickness. PP specimens were mildly photo-aged by UV irradiation and had not yet developed visible surface cracks. Each specimen was bent in two configurations: with the UV-irradiated ("aged") surface on the tensile side, and with the opposite ("reverse") surface on the tensile side. When the aged surface was on the tensile side, the stress-strain curves exhibited several discrete stress drops, and in-situ side-view observation confirmed that the formation of each new surface crack coincided with a stress drop. In contrast, no clear stress drops were observed when the reverse surface was on the tensile side. These results show that the through-thickness gradient of embrittlement is directly reflected in the bending stress-strain response. Uniaxial tensile testing, the standard method for evaluating mechanical properties, formally assumes a nominally uniform deformation across the cross-section and therefore reflects the spatially averaged response. Three-point bending, by contrast, imposes the largest tensile strain at the specimen surface and thus selectively probes the embrittled surface layer, making it an effective method for detecting the surface embrittlement of photo-aged polymers.