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Kenji Watanabe

Publications and source records attributed to Kenji Watanabe.

At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
arXiv2023

Fractional Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in a Graphene Moire Superlattice

The fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect (FQAHE), the analog of the fractional quantum Hall effect1 at zero magnetic field, is predicted to exist in topological flat bands under spontaneous time-reversal-symmetry breaking. The demonstration of FQAHE could lead to non-Abelian anyons which form the basis of topological quantum computation. So far, FQAHE has been observed only in twisted MoTe2 (t-MoTe2) at moire filling factor v > 1/2. Graphene-based moire superlattices are believed to host FQAHE with the potential advantage of superior material quality and higher electron mobility. Here we report the observation of integer and fractional QAH effects in a rhombohedral pentalayer graphene/hBN moire superlattice. At zero magnetic field, we observed plateaus of quantized Hall resistance Rxy = h/(ve^2) at filling factors v = 1, 2/3, 3/5, 4/7, 4/9, 3/7 and 2/5 of the moire superlattice respectively. These features are accompanied by clear dips in the longitudinal resistance Rxx. In addition, at zero magnetic field, Rxy equals 2h/e^2 at v = 1/2 and varies linearly with the filling factor-similar to the composite Fermi liquid (CFL) in the half-filled lowest Landau level at high magnetic fields. By tuning the gate displacement field D and v, we observed phase transitions from CFL and FQAH states to other correlated electron states. Our graphene system provides an ideal platform for exploring charge fractionalization and (non-Abelian) anyonic braiding at zero magnetic field, especially considering a lateral junction between FQAHE and superconducting regions in the same device.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗
arXiv2023

Towards a comprehensive understanding of the low energy luminescence peak in 2D materials

An intense low-energy broad luminescence peak (L-peak) is usually observed in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) at low temperatures. L-peak has earlier been attributed to bound excitons, but its origins are widely debated with direct consequences on optoelectronic properties. To decouple the contributions of physisorbed and chemisorbed oxygen, organic adsorbates, and strain on L-peak, we measured a series of monolayer (ML) MoS2 samples (mechanically exfoliated (ME), synthesized by oxygen-assisted chemical vapour deposition (O-CVD), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) covered and hBN encapsulated). Emergence of L-peak below 150 K and saturation of photoluminescence (PL) intensity with laser power confirm bound nature of L-peak. Anomalously at room temperature, O-CVD samples show high A-exciton PL (c.f. ME), but reduced PL at low temperatures, which is attributed to strain-induced direct-to-indirect bandgap change in low defect O-CVD MoS2. Further, L-peak redshifts dramatically ~ 130 meV for O-CVD samples (c.f. ME). These observations are fully consistent with our predictions from density functional theory (DFT) calculations, considering effects of both strain and defects, and supported by Raman spectroscopy. In ME samples, charged oxygen adatoms are identified as thermodynamically favourable defects which can create in-gap states, and contribute to the L-peak. The useful effect of hBN is found to originate from reduction of charged oxygen adatoms and hydrocarbon complexes. This combined experimental-theoretical study allows an enriched understanding of L-peak and beneficial impact of hBN, and motivates collective studies of strain and defects with direct impact on optoelectronics and quantum technologies.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗
arXiv2023

Observation of an electronic microemulsion phase emerging from a quantum crystal-to-liquid transition

Strongly interacting electronic systems possess rich phase diagrams resulting from the competition between different quantum ground states. A general mechanism that relieves this frustration is the emergence of microemulsion phases, where regions of different phase self-organize across multiple length scales. The experimental characterization of these phases often poses significant challenges, as the long-range Coulomb interaction microscopically mingles the competing states. Here, we use cryogenic reflectance and magneto-optical spectroscopy to observe the signatures of the mixed state between an electronic Wigner crystal and an electron liquid in a MoSe2 monolayer. We find that the transit into this 'microemulsion' state is marked by anomalies in exciton reflectance, spin susceptibility, and Umklapp scattering, establishing it as a distinct phase of electronic matter. Our study of the two-dimensional electronic microemulsion phase elucidates the physics of novel correlated electron states with strong Coulomb interactions.

cond-mat.str-el↗
arXiv2023

Nano-Imaging of Landau-Phonon Polaritons in Dirac Heterostructures

Polaritons are light-matter quasiparticles that govern the optical response of quantum materials and enable their nanophotonic applications. We have studied a new type of polaritons arising in magnetized graphene encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). These polaritons stem from hybridization of Dirac magnetoexciton modes of graphene with waveguide phonon modes of hBN crystals. We refer to these quasiparticles as the Landau-phonon polaritons (LPPs). Using infrared magneto nanoscopy, we imaged LPPs and controlled their real-space propagation by varying the magnetic field. These LLPs have large in-plane momenta and are not bound by the conventional optical selection rules, granting us access to the "forbidden" inter-Landau level transitions (ILTs). We observed avoided crossings in the LPP dispersion - a hallmark of the strong coupling regime - occurring when the magnetoexciton and hBN phonon frequencies matched. Our LPP-based nanoscopy also enabled us to resolve two fundamental many-body effects: the graphene Fermi velocity renormalization and ILT-dependent magnetoexciton binding energies. These results indicate that magnetic-field-tuned Dirac heterostructures are promising platforms for precise nanoscale control and sensing of light-matter interaction.

physics.optics↗
arXiv2023

Torsional Force Microscopy of Van der Waals Moirés and Atomic Lattices

In a stack of atomically-thin Van der Waals layers, introducing interlayer twist creates a moiré superlattice whose period is a function of twist angle. Changes in that twist angle of even hundredths of a degree can dramatically transform the system's electronic properties. Setting a precise and uniform twist angle for a stack remains difficult, hence determining that twist angle and mapping its spatial variation is very important. Techniques have emerged to do this by imaging the moiré, but most of these require sophisticated infrastructure, time-consuming sample preparation beyond stack synthesis, or both. In this work, we show that Torsional Force Microscopy (TFM), a scanning probe technique sensitive to dynamic friction, can reveal surface and shallow subsurface structure of Van der Waals stacks on multiple length scales: the moirés formed between bi-layers of graphene and between graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and also the atomic crystal lattices of graphene and hBN. In TFM, torsional motion of an AFM cantilever is monitored as it is actively driven at a torsional resonance while a feedback loop maintains contact at a set force with the sample surface. TFM works at room temperature in air, with no need for an electrical bias between the tip and the sample, making it applicable to a wide array of samples. It should enable determination of precise structural information including twist angles and strain in moiré superlattices and crystallographic orientation of VdW flakes to support predictable moiré heterostructure fabrication.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗
arXiv2023

Resonant Raman Scattering of Few Layers CrBr$_3$

We investigate the vibrational and magnetic properties of thin layers of chromium tribromide (CrBr$_3$) with a thickness ranging from three to twenty layers (3~L to 20~L) revealed by the Raman scattering (RS) technique. Systematic dependence of the RS process efficiency on the energy of the laser excitation is explored for four different excitation energies: 1.96 eV, 2.21 eV, 2.41 eV, and 3.06 eV. Our characterization demonstrates that for 12 L CrBr$_3$, 3.06~eV excitation could be considered resonant with interband electronic transitions due to the enhanced intensity of the Raman-active scattering resonances and the qualitative change in the Raman spectra. Polarization-resolved RS measurements for 12 L CrBr$_3$ and first-principles calculations allow us to identify five observable phonon modes characterized by distinct symmetries, classified as the A$_\textrm{g}$ and E$_\textrm{g}$ modes. The evolution of phonon modes with temperature for a 20 L CrBr$_3$ encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride flakes demonstrates alterations of phonon energies and/or linewidths of resonances indicative of a transition between the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic state at Curie temperature ($T_\textrm{C} \approx 50$ K). The exploration of the effects of thickness on the phonon energies demonstrated small variations pronounces exclusively for the thinnest layers in the vicinity of 3 - 5 L. This observation is attributed to strong localization in the real space of interband electronic excitations, limiting the effects of confinement for resonantly excited Raman modes to atomically thin layers.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗
arXiv2023

A degenerate trion liquid in atomic double layers

Trions are a three-particle bound state of electrons and holes. Experimental realization of a trion liquid in the degenerate quantum limit would open a wide range of phenomena in quantum many-body physics. However, trions have been observed only as optically excited states in doped semiconductors to date. Here we report the emergence of a degenerate trion liquid in a Bose-Fermi mixture of holes and excitons in Coulomb-coupled MoSe2/WSe2 monolayers. By electrically tuning the hole density in WSe2 to be two times the electron density in MoSe2, we generate equilibrium interlayer trions with binding energy about 1 meV at temperatures two orders of magnitude below the Fermi temperature. We further demonstrate a density-tuned phase transition to an electron-hole plasma, spin-singlet correlations for the constituent holes and Zeeman-field-induced dissociation of trions. The results pave the way for exploration of the correlated phases of composite particles in solids.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗
arXiv2023

Harnessing excitons at the nanoscale -- photoelectrical platform for quantitative sensing and imaging

Excitons -- quasiparticles formed by the binding of an electron and a hole through electrostatic attraction -- hold promise in the fields of quantum light confinement and optoelectronic sensing. Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) provide a versatile platform for hosting and manipulating excitons, given their robust Coulomb interactions and exceptional sensitivity to dielectric environments. In this study, we introduce a cryogenic scanning probe photoelectrical sensing platform, termed exciton-resonant microwave impedance microscopy (ER-MIM). ER-MIM enables ultra-sensitive probing of exciton polarons and their Rydberg states at the nanoscale. Utilizing this technique, we explore the interplay between excitons and material properties, including carrier density, in-plane electric field, and dielectric screening. Furthermore, we employ deep learning for automated data analysis and quantitative extraction of electrical information, unveiling the potential of exciton-assisted nano-electrometry. Our findings establish an invaluable sensing platform and readout mechanism, advancing our understanding of exciton excitations and their applications in the quantum realm.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗
arXiv2023

Direct observation of a magnetic field-induced Wigner crystal

Eugene Wigner predicted long ago that when the Coulomb interactions between electrons become much stronger than their kinetic energy, electrons crystallize into a closely packed lattice. A variety of two-dimensional systems have shown evidence for Wigner crystals; however, a spontaneously formed classical or quantum Wigner crystal (WC) has never been directly visualized. Neither the identification of the WC symmetry nor direct investigation of its melting has been accomplished. Here we use high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements to directly image a magnetic field-induced electron WC in Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene (BLG), and examine its structural properties as a function of electron density, magnetic field, and temperature. At high fields and the lowest temperature, we observe a triangular lattice electron WC in the lowest Landau Level (LLL) of BLG. The WC possesses the expected lattice constant and is robust in a range of filling factors between $ν\sim$ 0.13 and $ν\sim$ 0.38 except near fillings where it competes with fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states. Increasing the density or temperature results in the melting of the WC into a liquid phase that is isotropic but has a modulated structure characterized by the WC's Bragg wavevector. At low magnetic fields, the WC unexpectedly transitions into an anisotropic stripe phase, which has been commonly anticipated to form in higher LLs. Analysis of individual lattice sites reveals signatures that may be related to the quantum zero-point motion of electrons in the WC lattice.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗
arXiv2023

Gate-defined superconducting channel in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene

Magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG) combines in one single material different phases like insulating, metallic and superconducting. These phases and their in-situ tunability make MATBG an important platform for the fabrication of superconducting devices. We realize a split gate-defined geometry which enables us to tune the width of a superconducting channel formed in MATBG. We observe a smooth transition from superconductivity to highly resistive transport by progressively reducing the channel width using the split gates or by reducing the density in the channel. Using the gate-defined constriction, we control the flow of the supercurrent, either guiding it through the constriction or throughout the whole device or even blocking its passage completely. This serves as a foundation for developing quantum constriction devices like superconducting quantum point contacts, quantum dots, and Cooper-pair boxes in MATBG.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗
arXiv2023

Interaction induced AC-Stark shift of exciton-polaron resonances

Laser induced shift of atomic states due to the AC-Stark effect has played a central role in cold-atom physics and facilitated their emergence as analog quantum simulators. Here, we explore this phenomena in an atomically thin layer of semiconductor MoSe$_2$, which we embedded in a heterostructure enabling charge tunability. Shining an intense pump laser with a small detuning from the material resonances, we generate a large population of virtual collective excitations, and achieve a regime where interactions with this background population is the leading contribution to the AC-Stark shift. Using this technique we study how itinerant charges modify -- and dramatically enhance -- the interactions between optical excitations. In particular, our experiments show that the interaction between attractive polarons could be more than an order of magnitude stronger than those between bare excitons.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗
arXiv2023

Ultra-broadband bright light emission from a one-dimensional inorganic van der Waals material

One-dimensional (1D) van der Waals materials have emerged as an intriguing playground to explore novel electronic and optical effects. We report on inorganic one-dimensional SbPS4 nanotubes bundles obtained via mechanical exfoliation from bulk crystals. The ability to mechanically exfoliate SbPS4 nanobundles offers the possibility of applying modern 2D material fabrication techniques to create mixed-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures. We find that SbPS4 can readily be exfoliated to yield long (> 10 μm) nanobundles with thicknesses that range from of 1.3 - 200 nm. We investigated the optical response of semiconducting SbPS4 nanobundles and discovered that upon excitation with blue light, they emit bright and ultra-broadband red light with a quantum yield similar to that of hBN-encapsulated MoSe2. We discovered that the ultra-broadband red light emission is a result of a large ~1 eV exciton binding energy and a ~200 meV exciton self-trapping energy, unprecedented in previous material studies. Due to the bright and ultra-broadband light emission, we believe that this class of inorganic 1D van der Waals semiconductors has numerous potential applications including on-chip tunable nanolasers, and applications that require ultra-violet to visible light conversion such as lighting and sensing. Overall, our findings open avenues for harnessing the unique characteristics of these nanomaterials, advancing both fundamental research and practical optoelectronic applications.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗
arXiv2023

Wigner Molecular Crystals from Multi-electron Moiré Artificial Atoms

Semiconductor moiré superlattices provide a versatile platform to engineer new quantum solids composed of artificial atoms on moiré sites. Previous studies have mostly focused on the simplest correlated quantum solid - the Fermi-Hubbard model - where intra-atom interactions are simplified to a single onsite repulsion energy U. These studies have revealed novel quantum phases ranging from Mott insulators to quantum anomalous Hall insulators at a filling of one electron per moiré unit cell. New types of quantum solids should arise at even higher filling factors where the multi-electron configuration of moiré artificial atoms provides new degrees of freedom. Here we report the experimental observation of Wigner molecular crystals emerging from multi-electron artificial atoms in twisted bilayer WS2 moiré superlattices. Moiré artificial atoms, unlike natural atoms, can host qualitatively different electron states due to the interplay between quantized energy levels and Coulomb interactions. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we demonstrate that Wigner molecules appear in multi-electron artificial atoms when Coulomb interactions dominate. Three-electron Wigner molecules, for example, are seen to exhibit a characteristic trimer pattern. The array of Wigner molecules observed in a moiré superlattice comprises a new crystalline phase of electrons: the Wigner molecular crystal. We show that these Wigner molecular crystals are highly tunable through mechanical strain, moiré period, and carrier charge type. Our study presents new opportunities for exploring quantum phenomena in moiré quantum solids composed of multi-electron artificial atoms.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗
arXiv2023

Low Resistance Ohmic Contact to P-type Monolayer WSe2

Advanced microelectronics in the future may require semiconducting channel materials beyond silicon. Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, characterized by their atomically thin thickness, hold immense promise for high-performance electronic devices at the nanometer scale with lower heat dissipation. One challenge for achieving high-performance 2D semiconductor field effect transistors (FET), especially for p-type materials, is the high electrical contact resistance present at the metal-semiconductor interface. In conventional bulk semiconductors, low resistance ohmic contact is realized through heavy substitutional doping with acceptor or donor impurities at the contact region. The strategy of substitutional doping, however, does not work for p-type 2D semiconductors such as monolayer tungsten diselenide (WSe$_2$).In this study, we developed highly efficient charge-transfer doping with WSe$_2$/$α$-RuCl$_3$ heterostructures to achieve low-resistance ohmic contact for p-type WSe$_2$ transistors. We show that a hole doping as high as 3$\times$10$^{13}$ cm$^{-2}$ can be achieved in the WSe$_2/α$-RuCl$_3$ heterostructure due to its type-III band alignment. It results in an Ohmic contact with resistance lower than 4 k Ohm $μ$m at the p-type monolayer WSe$_2$/metal junction. at room temperature. Using this low-resistance contact, we demonstrate high-performance p-type WSe$_2$ transistors with a saturation current of 35 $μ$A$\cdot$ $μ$m$^{-1}$ and an I$_{ON}$/I$_{OFF}$ ratio exceeding 10$^9$ It could enable future microelectronic devices based on 2D semiconductors and contribute to the extension of Moore's law.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗
arXiv2023

Electron and hole doping of monolayer WSe2 induced by twisted ferroelectric hexagonal boron nitride

For the past few years, 2D ferroelectric materials have attracted strong interest for their potential in future nanoelectronics devices. The recent discovery of 2D ferroelectricity in twisted layers of insulating hexagonal boron nitride, one of the most used 2D materials, has opened the route to its integration into complex van der Waals heterostructures combining hybrid properties. Here we show that opposite polarizations in ferroelectric domains of a folded hBN layer can imprint local n and p doping in a semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide WSe2 monolayer. We demonstrate that WSe2 can be used as an optical probe of ferroelectricity in hBN and show that the doping density and type can be controlled with the position of the semiconductor with respect to the ferroelectric interface. Our results establish the ferroelectric hBN/WSe2 van der Waals stacking as a promising optoelectronic structure.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗
arXiv2023

Electrically controlled interlayer trion fluid in electron-hole bilayers

The combination of repulsive and attractive Coulomb interactions in a quantum electron(e)-hole(h) fluid can give rise to novel correlated phases of multiparticle charge complexes such as excitons, trions and biexcitons. Here we report the first experimental realization of an electrically controlled interlayer trion fluid in two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures. We demonstrate that in the strong coupling regime of electron-hole bilayers, electrons and holes in separate layers can spontaneously form three-particle trion bound states that resemble positronium ions in high energy physics. The interlayer trions can assume 1e-2h and 2e-1h configurations, where electrons and holes are confined in different transition metal dichalcogenide layers. We show that the two correlated holes in 1e-2h trions form a spin-singlet state with a spin gap of ~1meV. By electrostatic gating, the equilibrium state of our system can be continuously tuned into an exciton fluid, a trion fluid, an exciton-trion mixture, a trion-charge mixture or an electron-hole plasma. Upon optical excitation, the system can host novel high-order multiparticle charge complexes including interlayer four-particle complex (tetrons) and five-particle complex (pentons). Our work demonstrates a unique platform to study novel correlated phases of tunable Bose-Fermi mixtures and opens up new opportunities to realize artificial ions/molecules in electronic devices.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗
arXiv2023

Controllable Andreev Bound States in Bilayer Graphene Josephson Junction from Short to Long Junction Limits

We demonstrate that the mode number of Andreev bound states in bilayer graphene Josephson junctions can be modulated by in situ control of the superconducting coherence length. By exploiting the quadratic band dispersion of bilayer graphene, we control the Fermi velocity and thus the coherence length by the application of the electrostatic gating. Tunneling spectroscopy of Andreev bound states reveals a crossover from short to long Josephson junction regimes as the gate voltage is approached near the charge neutral point of bilayer graphene. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of Andreev spectrums for different mode numbers allows us to quantitatively estimate the phase-dependent Josephson current. Our work paves a new way to study multi-mode Andreev levels and to engineer Fermi velocity with bilayer graphene.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗
arXiv2023

Graphene-based quantum Hall interferometer with self-aligned side gates

The vanishing band gap of graphene has long presented challenges for making high-quality quantum point contacts (QPCs) -- the partially transparent p-n interfaces introduced by conventional split-gates tend to short the QPC. This complication has hindered the fabrication of graphene quantum Hall Fabry-Pérot interferometers, until recent advances have allowed split-gate QPCs to operate utilizing the highly resistive $ν=0$ state. Here, we present a simple recipe to fabricate QPCs by etching a narrow trench in the graphene sheet to separate the conducting channel from self-aligned graphene side gates. We demonstrate operation of the individual QPCs in the quantum Hall regime, and further utilize these QPCs to create and study a quantum Hall interferometer.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗