arXiv subjects

L. Yan

Publications and source records attributed to L. Yan.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2022

The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: the population of [CII]-undetected galaxies and their role in the $\mathrm{L_{[CII]}}$-SFR relation

The [CII] 158$~μ$m emission line represents so far one of the most profitable tools for the investigation of the high-redshift galaxies in the early Universe. Being one of the brightest cooling lines in the rest-frame far-infrared regime of star-forming galaxies, it has been successfully exploited as a tracer of star-formation rate (SFR) in local sources. The picture is more complex at higher redshifts, where its usability in this context is still under investigation. Recent results from the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE) survey suggest that there is no (or weak) evolution of the L$\mathrm{_{[CII]}}$-SFR relation up to $z\sim6$ but their reliability is hampered by the presence of a large population of [CII] non-detected galaxies. In this work, we characterize the population of [CII] non-detections in ALPINE. By stacking their ALMA spectra, we obtain a signal detected at $\sim5.1σ$, resulting in a [CII] luminosity of $\mathrm{log(L_\mathrm{[CII]}}/\mathrm{L_{\odot}})$ $\sim7.8$. When combining this value with those from the [CII] detections, we find a $\mathrm{L_{[CII]}}$-SFR relation with a slope $b=1.14\pm0.11$, in agreement within the uncertainties both with the linear relation found in the local Universe, and with the previous findings from ALPINE at $z\sim5$. This suggests that the [CII] line can be considered a good tracer of star formation up to the distant Universe. Finally, we show that the galaxies of our sample that most deviate from the observed L$_\mathrm{[CII]}$-SFR relation could suffer from a less precise redshift estimation, perhaps artificially reducing their [CII] luminosity. In this respect, we claim that there is no evidence in favour of a deficit of [CII] content in high-z galaxies, in contrast with earlier studies.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2022

The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Investigation of 10 Galaxies at $z\sim4.5$ with [OII] and [CII] Line Emission $-$ ISM Properties and [OII]$-$SFR Relation

We present $10$ main-sequence ALPINE galaxies (log($M/M_{\odot}$) = 9.2-11.1 and ${\rm SFR}=23-190\,{\rm M_{\odot}\,yr^{-1}}$) at $z\sim4.5$ with optical [OII] measurements from Keck/MOSFIRE spectroscopy and Subaru/MOIRCS narrow-band imaging. This is the largest such multi-wavelength sample at these redshifts, combining various measurements in the ultra-violet, optical, and far-infrared including [CII]$_{158{\rm μm}}$ line emission and dust continuum from ALMA and H$α$ emission from Spitzer photometry. For the first time, this unique sample allows us to analyze the relation between [OII] and total star-formation rate (SFR) and the interstellar medium (ISM) properties via [OII]/[CII] and [OII]/\halpha luminosity ratios at $z\sim4.5$. The [OII]$-$SFR relation at $z\sim4.5$ cannot be described using standard local descriptions, but is consistent with a metal-dependent relation assuming metallicities around $50\%$ solar. To explain the measured dust-corrected luminosity ratios of $L[OII]/L[CII] \sim 0.98^{+0.21}_{-0.22}$ and $L[OII]/LHa \sim -0.22^{+0.13}_{-0.15}$ for our sample, ionization parameters $\log(U)< -2$ and electron densities $\log(\rm n_e / {\rm [cm^{-3}]}) \sim 2.5-3$ are required. The former is consistent with galaxies at $z\sim2-3$, however lower than at $z>6$. The latter may be slightly higher than expected given the galaxies' specific SFR. The analysis of this pilot sample suggests that typical log($ M/M_{\odot})$ > 9 galaxies at $z\sim4.5$ to have broadly similar ISM properties as their descendants at $z\sim2$ and suggest a strong evolution of ISM properties since the Epoch of Reionization at $z>6$.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2022

AT2019azh: an unusually long-lived, radio-bright thermal tidal disruption event

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) occur when a star is destroyed by a supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy, temporarily increasing the accretion rate onto the black hole and producing a bright flare across the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio observations of TDEs trace outflows and jets that may be produced. Radio detections of the outflows from TDEs are uncommon, with only about one third of TDEs discovered to date having published radio detections. Here we present over two years of comprehensive, multi-radio frequency monitoring observations of the tidal disruption event AT2019azh taken with the Very Large Array (VLA) and MeerKAT radio telescopes from approximately 10 days pre-optical peak to 810 days post-optical peak. AT2019azh shows unusual radio emission for a thermal TDE, as it brightened very slowly over two years, and showed fluctuations in the synchrotron energy index of the optically thin synchrotron emission from 450 days post-disruption. Based on the radio properties, we deduce that the outflow in this event is likely non-relativistic and could be explained by a spherical outflow arising from self-stream intersections, or a mildly collimated outflow from accretion onto the supermassive black hole. This data-set provides a significant contribution to the observational database of outflows from TDEs, including the earliest radio detection of a non-relativistic TDE to date, relative to the optical discovery.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2021

A WC/WO star exploding within an expanding carbon-oxygen-neon nebula

The final explosive fate of massive stars, and the nature of the compact remnants they leave behind (black holes and neutron stars), are major open questions in astrophysics. Many massive stars are stripped of their outer hydrogen envelopes as they evolve. Such Wolf-Rayet (W-R) stars emit strong and rapidly expanding (v_wind>1000 km/s) winds indicating a high escape velocity from the stellar surface. A fraction of this population is also helium depleted, with spectra dominated by highly-ionized emission lines of carbon and oxygen (Types WC/WO). Evidence indicates that the most commonly-observed supernova (SN) explosions that lack hydrogen and helium (Types Ib/Ic) cannot result from massive WC/WO stars, leading some to suggest that most such stars collapse directly into black holes without a visible supernova explosions. Here, we present observations of supernova SN 2019hgp, discovered about a day after explosion. The short rise time and rapid decline place it among an emerging population of rapidly-evolving transients (RETs). Spectroscopy reveals a rich set of emission lines indicating that the explosion occurred within a nebula composed of carbon, oxygen, and neon. Narrow absorption features show that this material is expanding at relatively high velocities (>1500 km/s) requiring a compact progenitor. Our observations are consistent with an explosion of a massive WC/WO star, and suggest that massive W-R stars may be the progenitors of some rapidly evolving transients.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

Three Core-Collapse Supernovae with Nebular Hydrogen Emission

We present SN 2020jfo, a Type IIP supernova in the nearby galaxy M61. Optical light curves from the Zwicky Transient Facility, complemented with data from Swift and near-IR photometry are presented. The 350-day duration bolometric light curve exhibits a relatively short (~ 65 days) plateau. This implies a moderate ejecta mass (~ 5 Msun). A series of spectroscopy is presented, including spectropolarimetric observations. The nebular spectra are dominated by Halpha but also reveal emission lines from oxygen and calcium. Comparisons to synthetic nebular spectra indicate an initial progenitor mass of about 12 Msun. Stable nickel is present in the nebular spectrum, with a super-solar Ni/Fe ratio. Several years of pre-discovery data are examined, but no signs of pre-cursor activity is found. Pre-explosion Hubble Space Telescope imaging reveals a probable progenitor star, detected only in the reddest band and is fainter than expected for stars in the 10 - 15 Msun range, in tension with the analysis of the LC and the nebular spectral modeling. We present two additional core-collapse SNe monitored by the ZTF, which also have nebular Halpha-dominated spectra. This illustrates how the absence or presence of interaction with circumstellar material affect both the LCs and in particular the nebular spectra. Type II SN 2020amv has a LC powered by CSM interaction, in particular after about 40 days when the LC is bumpy and slowly evolving. The late-time spectra show strong Halpha emission with a structure suggesting emission from a thin, dense shell. The evolution of the complex three-horn line profile is reminiscent of that observed for SN 1998S. SN 2020jfv has a poorly constrained early-time LC, but shows a transition from a hydrogen-poor Type IIb to a Type IIn, where the nebular spectrum after the light-curve rebrightening is dominated by Halpha, although with an intermediate line width.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2021

The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: The contribution of major mergers to the galaxy mass assembly at z~5

Galaxy mergers are thought to be one of the main mechanisms of the mass assembly of galaxies. Recently, many works have suggested a possible increase in the fraction of major mergers in the early Universe, reviving the debate on which processes (e.g., cold accretion, star formation, mergers) most contribute to the mass build-up of galaxies through cosmic time. To estimate the importance of major mergers in this context, we make use of the new data collected by the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE), which observed the [CII] 158 $μ$m emission line from a sample of 75 main-sequence star-forming galaxies at 4.4 < z < 5.9. We used, for the first time, the morpho-kinematic information provided by the [CII] emission to obtain the fraction of major mergers ($f_{MM}$) at z~5. By adopting different prescriptions for the merger timescales ($T_{MM}$), we converted this fraction into the merger rate per galaxy ($R_{MM}$) and per volume ($Γ_{MM}$). We then combined our results with those at lower redshifts from the literature, computing the cosmic evolution of the merger fraction. This is described by a rapid increase from z~0 to higher redshifts, a peak at z~3, and a slow decrease towards earlier epochs. Depending on the timescale prescription used, this fraction translates into a merger rate ranging between ~0.1 and ~4.0 Gyr$^{-1}$ at z~5. Finally, we compare the specific star formation and star-formation rate density with the analogous quantities from major mergers. Our new ALPINE data reveal the presence of a significant merging activity in the early Universe. However, whether this population of mergers can provide a relevant contribution to the galaxy mass assembly at these redshifts and through the cosmic epochs is strongly dependent on the assumption of the merger timescale.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2021

The Notre-Dame Cube: An active-target time-projection chamber for radioactive beam experiments and detector development

Active-target detectors have the potential to address the difficulties associated with the low intensities of radioactive beams. We have developed an active-target detector, the Notre Dame Cube (ND-Cube), to perform experiments with radioactive beams produced at $\mathit{TwinSol}$ and to aid in the development of active-target techniques. Various aspects of the ND-Cube and its design were characterized. The ND-Cube was commissioned with a $^{7}$Li beam for measuring $^{40}$Ar + $^{7}$Li fusion reaction cross sections and investigating $^{7}$Li($α$,$α$)$^{7}$Li scattering events. The ND-Cube will be used to study a range of reactions using light radioactive ions produced at low energy.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2021

The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Dust mass budget in the early Universe

The dust content of normal galaxies and the dust mass density (DMD) at high-z (z>4) are unconstrained given the source confusion and the sensitivity limitations of previous observations. The ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early Times (ALPINE), which targeted 118 UV-selected star-forming galaxies at 4.4<z<5.9, provides a new opportunity to tackle this issue for the first time with a statistically robust dataset. We have exploited the rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) fluxes of the 23 continuum individually detected galaxies and stacks of continuum images to measure the dust content of the 118 UV-selected ALPINE galaxies. We have focused on the dust scaling relations and, by comparing them with predictions from chemical evolution models, we have probed the evolutionary stage of UV-selected galaxies at high-z. By using the observed correlation between the UV-luminosity and the dust mass, we have estimated the DMD of UV-selected galaxies at z~5, weighting the galaxies by means of the UV-luminosity function (UVLF). The derived DMD has been compared with the value we have estimated from the 10 ALPINE far-IR continuum blindly detected galaxies at the redshift of the ALPINE targets. The comparison of the observed dust scaling relations with chemical evolution models suggests that ALPINE galaxies are not likely progenitors of disc galaxies, but of intermediate and low mass proto-spheroids, resulting in present-day bulges of spiral or elliptical galaxies. Interestingly, this conclusion is in line with the independent morphological analysis, that shows that the majority (~70\%) of the dust-continuum detected galaxies have a disturbed morphology. The DMD obtained at z~5 from UV-selected sources is ~30% of the value obtained from blind far-IR selected sources, showing that the UV-selection misses the most dust-rich, UV-obscured galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2021

Near-IR Type Ia SN distances: host galaxy extinction and mass-step corrections revisited

We present optical and near-infrared (NIR, $YJH$-band) observations of 42 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) discovered by the untargeted intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) survey. This new data-set covers a broad range of redshifts and host galaxy stellar masses, compared to previous SN Ia efforts in the NIR. We construct a sample, using also literature data at optical and NIR wavelengths, to examine claimed correlations between the host stellar masses and the Hubble diagram residuals. The SN magnitudes are corrected for host galaxy extinction using either a global total-to-selective extinction ratio, $R_V$=2.0 for all SNe, or a best-fit $R_V$ for each SN individually. Unlike previous studies which were based on a narrower range in host stellar mass, we do not find evidence for a "mass-step", between the color- and stretch-corrected peak $J$ and $H$ magnitudes for galaxies below and above $\log(M_{*}/M_{\odot}) = 10$. However, the mass-step remains significant ($3σ$) at optical wavelengths ($g,r,i$) when using a global $R_V$, but vanishes when each SN is corrected using their individual best-fit $R_V$. Our study confirms the benefits of the NIR SN Ia distance estimates, as these are largely exempted from the empirical corrections dominating the systematic uncertainties in the optical.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2021

SN 2020bqj: a Type Ibn supernova with a long lasting peak plateau

Context: Type Ibn supernovae are a rare class of stripped envelope supernovae interacting with a helium-rich CSM. The majority of the SNe Ibn reported display a surprising homogeneity in their fast lightcurves and starforming hosts. Aims: We present the discovery and study of SN 2020bqj (ZTF20aalrqbu), a SN Ibn with a long-duration peak plateau lasting 40 days and hosted by a faint low-mass galaxy. We aim to explain its peculiar properties using an extensive data set. Methods: We compare the evolution of SN 2020bqj with SNe Ibn from the literature. We fit the bolometric and multi-band lightcurves with different powering mechanism models. Results: The risetime, peak magnitude and spectral features of SN 2020bqj are consistent with those of most SNe Ibn, but the SN is a clear outlier based on its bright, long-lasting peak plateau and low host mass. We show through modeling that the lightcurve can be powered predominantly by shock heating from the interaction of the SN ejecta and a dense CSM. The peculiar Type Ibn SN 2011hw is a close analog to SN 2020bqj, suggesting a similar progenitor and CSM scenario. In this scenario a very massive progenitor star in the transitional phase between a luminous blue variable and a compact Wolf-Rayet star undergoes core-collapse, embedded in a dense helium-rich CSM with an elevated opacity compared to normal SNe Ibn, due to the presence of residual hydrogen. This scenario is consistent with the observed properties of SN 2020bqj and the modeling results. Conclusions: SN 2020bqj is a compelling example of a transitional SN Ibn/IIn based on not only its spectral features, but also its lightcurve, host galaxy properties and the inferred progenitor properties. The strong similarity with SN 2011hw suggests this subclass may be the result of a progenitor in a stellar evolution phase that is distinct from those of progenitors of regular SNe Ibn.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2020

The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Dust attenuation properties and obscured star formation at z~4.4-5.8

We present dust attenuation properties of spectroscopically confirmed star forming galaxies on the main sequence at a redshift of ~4.4-5.8. Our analyses are based on the far infrared continuum observations of 118 galaxies at rest-frame 158μm obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE). We study the connection between the ultraviolet (UV) spectral slope ($β$), stellar mass (M_*), and infrared excess (IRX=L_IR/L_UV). Twenty-three galaxies are individually detected in the continuum at >3.5 sigma significance. We perform a stacking analysis using both detections and nondetections to study the average dust attenuation properties at z~4.4-5.8. The individual detections and stacks show that the IRX-$β$ relation at z~5 is consistent with a steeper dust attenuation curve than typically found at lower redshifts (z<4). The attenuation curve is similar to or even steeper than that of the extinction curve of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). This systematic change of the IRX-$β$ relation as a function of redshift suggests an evolution of dust attenuation properties at z>4. Similarly, we find that our galaxies have lower IRX values, up to 1dex on average, at a fixed mass compared to previously studied IRX-M_* relations at z<4, albeit with significant scatter. This implies a lower obscured fraction of star formation than at lower redshifts. Our results suggest that dust properties of UV-selected star forming galaxies at z>4 are characterised by (i) a steeper attenuation curve than at z<4, and (ii) a rapidly decreasing dust obscured fraction of star formation as a function of redshift. Nevertheless, even among this UV-selected sample, massive galaxies (log M_*/$M_\odot$>10) at z~5-6 already exhibit an obscured fraction of star formation of ~45%, indicating a rapid build-up of dust during the epoch of reionization.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2020

The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: The nature, luminosity function and star formation history of dusty galaxies up to z~6

We present the detailed characterisation of a sample of 56 sources serendipitously detected in ALMA band 7, as part of the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate CII at Early Times (ALPINE) in COSMOS and ECDFS. These sources have been used to derive the total infrared luminosity function (LF) and to estimate the cosmic star formation rate density (SFRD) up to z=6. We have looked for counterparts in all the available multi-wavelength and photometric redshift catalogues, and in deeper near- and mid-IR source lists and maps, to identify optically dark sources with no matches in the public catalogues. Our ALMA blind survey allows us to push further the study of the nature and evolution of dusty galaxies at high-z, identifying luminous and massive sources to redshifts and faint luminosities never probed before by any far-infrared surveys. The ALPINE data are the first ones to sample the faint-end of the infrared LF, showing little evolution from z=2.5 to z=6, and a flat slope up to the highest redshifts. The SFRD obtained by integrating the luminosity function remains almost constant between z=2 and 6, and significantly higher than the optical/UV derivations, showing an important contribution of dusty galaxies and obscured star formation up to high-z. About 14 per cent of the ALPINE serendipitous continuum sources are optically+near-IR dark (six show a counterpart only in the mid-IR and no HST or near-IR identification, while two are detected as [CII] emitters at z=5). The six HST and near-IR dark galaxies with mid-IR counterpart contribute for about 17 per cent of the total SFRD at z=5 and dominate the high-mass end of the stellar mass function at z>3.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2020

Two stripped envelope supernovae with circumstellar interaction -- but only one really shows it

We present SN 2019tsf (ZTF19ackjszs) and SN 2019oys (ZTF19abucwzt). These two stripped envelope Type Ib supernovae suddenly showed a (re-)brightening in their late light curves. We investigate this in the context of circumstellar material (CSM) interaction with previously ejected material, a phenomenon that is unusual among SE SNe. We analyse observational data, consisting of optical light curves and spectra. For SN 2019oys we also have detections in radio as well as limits from UV and X-rays. Both light curves show spectacular re-brightening after about 100 days. In the case of SN 2019tsf, the re-brightening is followed by a new period of decline, and the spectra never show signs of narrow emission lines that would indicate CSM interaction. On the contrary, SN 2019oys made a spectral makeover from a Type Ib to a spectrum clearly dominated by CSM interaction at the light curve brightening phase. Deep spectra reveal a plethora of narrow high ionization lines, including coronal lines, and the radio observations show strong emission. The rather similar light curve behaviour indicate CSM interaction as the powering source. For SN 2019oys the evidence for a phase where the ejecta hit H-rich material, likely ejected from the progenitor star, is conspicuous. We observe strong narrow lines of H and He, but also a plethora of high ionization lines, including coronal lines, revealing shock interaction. Spectral simulations of SN 2019oys show two distinct density components, one with density > 1e9/cm3, dominated by somewhat broader, low ionization lines of H I, He I, Na I and Ca II, and one with narrow, high ionization lines at a density about 1e6 /cm3. The former is strongly affected by electron scattering. The evidence for CSM interaction in SN 2019oys is corroborated by detections in radio. On the contrary, for SN 2019tsf, we find little evidence in the spectra for any CSM interaction.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2020

SN2020bvc: a Broad-lined Type Ic Supernova with a Double-peaked Optical Light Curve and a Luminous X-ray and Radio Counterpart

We present optical, radio, and X-ray observations of SN2020bvc (=ASASSN20bs; ZTF20aalxlis), a nearby ($z=0.0252$; $d$=114 Mpc) broad-lined (BL) Type Ic supernova (SN). Our observations show that SN2020bvc shares several properties in common with the Ic-BL SN2006aj, which was associated with the low-luminosity gamma-ray burst (LLGRB) 060218. First, the 10 GHz radio light curve is on the faint end of LLGRB-SNe ($L_\mathrm{radio} \approx 10^{37}$erg/s): we model our VLA observations (spanning 13-43 d) as synchrotron emission from a mildly relativistic ($v \gtrsim 0.3c$) forward shock. Second, with Swift and Chandra we detect X-ray emission ($L_X \approx 10^{41}$erg/s) that is not naturally explained as inverse Compton emission or as part of the same synchrotron spectrum as the radio emission. Third, high-cadence ($6\times$/night) data from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) shows a double-peaked optical light curve, the first peak from shock-cooling emission from extended low-mass material (mass $M<10^{-2} M_\odot$ at radius $R>10^{12}$cm) and the second peak from the radioactive decay of Ni-56. SN2020bvc is the first confirmed double-peaked Ic-BL SN discovered without a GRB trigger, and shows X-ray and radio emission similar to LLGRB-SNe: this is consistent with models in which the same mechanism produces both the LLGRB and the shock-cooling emission. For four of the five other nearby ($z\lesssim0.05$) Ic-BL SNe with ZTF high-cadence data, we rule out a first peak like that seen in SN2006aj and SN2020bvc, i.e. that lasts $\approx 1$d and reaches a peak luminosity $M \approx -18$. X-ray and radio follow-up observations of future such events will establish whether double-peaked optical light curves are indeed predictive of LLGRB-like X-ray and radio emission.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2020

The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: data processing, catalogs, and statistical source properties

The ALPINE-ALMA large program targets the [CII] 158 $μ$m line and the far-infrared continuum in 118 spectroscopically confirmed star-forming galaxies between z=4.4 and z=5.9. It represents the first large [CII] statistical sample built in this redshift range. We present details of the data processing and the construction of the catalogs. We detected 23 of our targets in the continuum. To derive accurate infrared luminosities and obscured star formation rates, we measured the conversion factor from the ALMA 158 $μ$m rest-frame dust continuum luminosity to the total infrared luminosity (L$_{\rm IR}$) after constraining the dust spectral energy distribution by stacking a photometric sample similar to ALPINE in ancillary single-dish far-infrared data. We found that our continuum detections have a median L$_{\rm IR}$ of 4.4$\times 10^{11}$ L$_\odot$. We also detected 57 additional continuum sources in our ALMA pointings. They are at lower redshift than the ALPINE targets, with a mean photometric redshift of 2.5$\pm$0.2. We measured the 850 $μ$m number counts between 0.35 and 3.5 mJy, improving the current interferometric constraints in this flux density range. We found a slope break in the number counts around 3 mJy with a shallower slope below this value. More than 40 % of the cosmic infrared background is emitted by sources brighter than 0.35 mJy. Finally, we detected the [CII] line in 75 of our targets. Their median [CII] luminosity is 4.8$\times$10$^8$ L$_\odot$ and their median full width at half maximum is 252 km/s. After measuring the mean obscured SFR in various [CII] luminosity bins by stacking ALPINE continuum data, we find a good agreement between our data and the local and predicted SFR-L$_{\rm [CII]}$ relations of De Looze et al. (2014) and Lagache et al. (2018).

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2020

The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Obscured Star Formation Rate Density and Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies at z>4

Star formation rate (SFR) measurements at z>4 have relied mostly on rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) observations. The corrections for dust attenuation based on IRX-$β$ relation are highly uncertain and are still debated in the literature. Hence, rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) observations are necessary to constrain the dust-obscured component of the SFR. In this paper, we exploit the rest-frame FIR continuum observations collected by the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE) to directly constrain the obscured SFR in galaxies at 4.4<z<5.9. We use stacks of continuum images to measure average infrared (IR) luminosities taking into account both detected and undetected sources. Based on these measurements, we measure the position of the main sequence of star-forming galaxies and the specific SFR (sSFR) at $z\sim4.5$ and $z\sim5.5$. We find that the main sequence and sSFR do not evolve significantly between $z\sim4.5$ and $z\sim5.5$, as opposed to lower redshifts. We develop a method to derive the obscured SFR density (SFRD) using the stellar masses or FUV-magnitudes as a proxy of FIR fluxes measured on the stacks and combining them with the galaxy stellar mass functions and FUV luminosity functions from the literature. We obtain consistent results independent of the chosen proxy. We find that the obscured fraction of SFRD is decreasing with increasing redshift but even at $z\sim5.5$ it constitutes around 61\% of the total SFRD.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2020

The Spectacular Ultraviolet Flash From the Peculiar Type Ia Supernova 2019yvq

Early observations of Type Ia supernovae (SNe$\,$Ia) provide essential clues for understanding the progenitor system that gave rise to the terminal thermonuclear explosion. We present exquisite observations of SN$\,$2019yvq, the second observed SN$\,$Ia, after iPTF$\,$14atg, to display an early flash of emission in the ultraviolet (UV) and optical. Our analysis finds that SN$\,$2019yvq was unusual, even when ignoring the initial flash, in that it was moderately underluminous for an SN$\,$Ia ($M_g \approx -18.5\,$mag at peak) yet featured very high absorption velocities ($v \approx 15,000\,\mathrm{km\,s}^{-1}$ for Si II $λ$6355 at peak). We find that many of the observational features of SN$\,$2019yvq, aside from the flash, can be explained if the explosive yield of radioactive $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ is relatively low (we measure $M_{^{56}\mathrm{Ni}} = 0.31 \pm 0.05\,M_\odot$) and it and other iron-group elements are concentrated in the innermost layers of the ejecta. To explain both the UV/optical flash and peak properties of SN$\,$2019yvq we consider four different models: interaction between the SN ejecta and a nondegenerate companion, extended clumps of $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ in the outer ejecta, a double-detonation explosion, and the violent merger of two white dwarfs. Each of these models has shortcomings when compared to the observations; it is clear additional tuning is required to better match SN$\,$2019yvq. In closing, we predict that the nebular spectra of SN$\,$2019yvq will feature either H or He emission, if the ejecta collided with a companion, strong [Ca II] emission, if it was a double detonation, or narrow [O I] emission, if it was due to a violent merger.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2020

The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Small Lya-[CII] velocity offsets in main-sequence galaxies at 4.4 < z < 6

The Lya line in the UV and the [CII] line in the FIR are widely used tools to identify galaxies and to obtain insights into ISM properties in the early Universe. By combining data obtained with ALMA in band 7 at ~ 320 GHz as part of the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early Times (ALPINE) with spectroscopic data from DEIMOS at Keck, VIMOS and FORS2 at the VLT, we assembled a unique sample of 53 main-sequence star-forming galaxies at 4.4 < z < 6 in which we detect both the Lya line and the [CII]. We used [CII], observed with ALMA, as a tracer of the systemic velocity of the galaxies, and we find that 90% of the selected objects have Lya-[CII] velocity offsets in the range 0 < Dv_Lya-[CII] < 400 km/s, in line with the few measurements available so far in the early Universe, and significantly smaller than those observed at lower z. We observe ISM-[CII] offsets in the range -500 < Dv_ISM-[CII] < 0 km/s, in line with values at all redshifts. We find significant anticorrelations between Dv_Lya-[CII] and the Lya rest-frame equivalent width EW0(Lya) (or equivalently, the Lya escape fraction f_esc(Lya)). According to available models for the radiative transfer of Lya photons, the escape of Lya photons would be favored in galaxies with high outflow velocities, in agreement with our observations. The uniform shell model would also predict that the Lya escape in galaxies with slow outflows (0 < v_out < 300 km/s) is mainly determined by the neutral hydrogen column density (NHI), while the alternative model by Steidel+10 would favor a combination of NHI and covering fraction as driver of the Lya escape. We suggest that the observed increase in Lya escape that is observed between z~2 and z~6 is not due to a higher incidence of fast outflows at high redshift, but rather to a decrease in average NHI along the line of sight, or alternatively, a decrease in HI covering fraction. [abridged]

astro-ph.GA↗