Exotic topological defects and director fields in free-floating spherical ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal shells
Ferroelectric nematic (NF) liquid crystals exhibit polar symmetry and large polarization, giving rise to phenomena absent in conventional apolar nematics. We investigate NF liquid crystals confined to free-floating spherical shells with tangential boundary conditions, enforcing a total topological defect charge of +2. We conjecture that ferroelectric nematics avoid splayed configurations with half-integer defects, common in apolar nematic shells, instead concentrating the topological charge into escaped azimuthal +1 defects requiring only bend and twist. Indeed, at room temperature in the NF phase, our thin RM734+DIO shells with inner and outer aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions develop an azimuthal director field around two antipodal +1 bend-twist defects. The non-centrosymmetric nature and the azimuthal director configuration of the shells in the NF phase are confirmed also through second-harmonic generation microscopy. At intermediate temperature the antiferroelectric Nx phase generates a new exotic texture rife in zigzag lines in the shells. In the regular N phase at high temperature, the shells develop the usual four +1/2 disclinations located near the thinnest point. Our study highlights the rich platform offered by spherical shells to study the behavior of exotic liquid crystals subject to topological constraints, possibly opening new paths to apply the highly responsive ferroelectric nematic phase