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M. N. Najafi

Publications and source records attributed to M. N. Najafi.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Self-similar but not conformally invariant traces obtained by modified Loewner forces

The two-dimensional Loewner exploration process is generalized to the case where the random force is self-similar with positively correlated increments. We model this random force by a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst exponent $H\geq \frac{1}{2}\equiv H_{\text{BM}}$, where $H_{\text{BM}}$ stands for the one-dimensional Brownian motion. By manipulating the deterministic force, we design a scale-invariant equation describing self-similar traces which lack conformal invariance. The model is investigated in terms of the "input diffusivity parameter" $κ$, which coincides with the one of the ordinary Schramm-Loewner evolution (SLE) at $H=H_{\text{BM}}$. In our numerical investigation, we focus on the scaling properties of the traces generated for $κ=2,3$, $κ=4$ and $κ=6,8$ as the representatives, respectively, of the dilute phase, the transition point and the dense phase of the ordinary SLE. The resulting traces are shown to be scale-invariant. Using two equivalent schemes, we extract the fractal dimension, $D_f(H)$, of the traces which decrease monotonically with increasing $H$, reaching $D_f=1$ at $H=1$ for all $κ$ values. The left passage probability (LPP) test demonstrates that, for $H$ values not far from the uncorrelated case (small $ε_H\equiv \frac{H-H_{\text{BM}}}{H_{\text{BM}}}$) the prediction of the ordinary SLE is applicable with an effective diffusivity parameter $κ_{\text{eff}}$. Not surprisingly, the $κ_{\text{eff}}$'s do not fulfill the prediction of SLE for the relation between $D_f(H)$ and the diffusivity parameter.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Flicker Noise in Two-Dimensional Electron Gas

Using the method developed in a recent paper (Euro. Phys. J. B 92.8 (2019): 1-28) we consider $1/f$ noise in two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). The electron coherence length of the system is considered as a basic parameter for discretizing the space, inside which the dynamics of electrons is described by quantum mechanics, while for length scales much larger than it the dynamics is semi-classical. For our model, which is based on the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac approximation, there are two control parameters: temperature $T$ and the disorder strength ($Δ$). Our Monte Carlo studies show that the system exhibits $1/f$ noise related to the electronic avalanche size, which can serve as a model for describing the experimentally observed flicker noise in 2DEG. The power spectrum of our model scales with frequency with an exponent in the interval $0.3<α_{PS}<0.6$. We numerically show that the electronic avalanches are scale-invariant with power-law behaviors in and out of the metal-insulator transition line.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

On the role of anaxonic local neurons in the crossover to continuously varying exponents for avalanche activity

Local anaxonic neurons with graded potential release are important ingredients of nervous systems, present in the olfactory bulb system of mammalians, in the human visual system, as well as in arthropods and nematodes. We develop a neuronal network model including both axonic and anaxonic neurons and monitor the activity tuned by the following parameters: The decay length of the graded potential in local neurons, the fraction of local neurons, the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix and the range of connections of the local neurons. Tuning the fraction of local neurons, we derive the phase diagram including two transition lines: A critical line separating subcritical and supercritical regions, characterized by power law distributions of avalanche sizes and durations, and a bifurcation line. We find that the overall behavior of the system is controlled by a parameter tuning the relevance of local neuron transmission with respect to the axonal one. The statistical properties of spontaneous activity are affected by local neurons at large fractions and in the condition that the graded potential transmission dominates the axonal one. In this case the scaling properties of spontaneous activity exhibit continuously varying exponents, rather than the mean field branching model universality class.

q-bio.NC↗

Self-organized criticality in cumulus clouds

The shape of clouds has proven to be essential for classifying them. Our analysis of images from fair weather cumulus clouds reveals that, besides by turbulence they are driven by self-organized criticality (SOC). Our observations yield exponents that support the fact the clouds, when projected to two dimensions (2D), exhibit conformal symmetry compatible with $c=-2$ conformal field theory (CFT), in contrast to 2D turbulence which has $c=0$ CFT. By using a combination of the Navier-Stokes equation, diffusion equations and a coupled map lattice (CML) we successfully simulated cloud formation, and obtained the same exponents.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

The intermediate fermionic species created by $SO(3)$ rotation in the representation of the Dirac equation

The question of how does the Dirac equation depend on the choice of the $γ$ matrices has partially been addressed and explored in the literature. In this paper we focus on this question by considering a general form of $γ$ matrices, and call the resulting spin $\frac{1}{2}$ fermions as \textit{intermediate fermion species} (IFS). By inspecting the properties of IFS, we find that all species transform to each other by a $SO(3)$ similarity transformation in the space of parameters, that are the entities of the $γ$ matrices. Many properties, like eigenvalue problem and boost are tested for IFS. We find also sub-representations that generate Majorana fermions, which is isomorphism to $U(1)$ group.

physics.gen-ph↗

Some Properties of Sandpile Models as Prototype of Self-Organized Critical Systems

This paper is devoted to the recent advances in self-organized criticality (SOC), and the concepts. The paper contains three parts; in the first part we present some examples of SOC systems, in the second part we add some comments concerning its relation to logarithmic conformal field theory, and in the third part we report on the application of SOC concepts to various systems ranging from cumulus clouds to 2D electron gases.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Two temperature Ising Model

We introduce a two-temperature Ising model as a prototype of superstatistic critical phenomena. The model is described by two temperatures ($T_1,T_2$) in zero magnetic field. To predict the phase diagram and numerically estimate the exponents, we develop Metropolis and Swendsen-Wang Monte Carlo method. We observe that there is a non-trivial critical line, separating ordered and disordered phases. We propose an analytic equation for the critical line in the phase diagram. Our numerical estimation of the critical exponents illustrates that all points on the critical line belong to the ordinary Ising universality class.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Formation probabilities and statistics of observables as defect problems in the free fermions and the quantum spin chains

We show that the computation of formation probabilities (FP) in the configuration basis and the full counting statistics (FCS) of observables in the quadratic fermionic Hamiltonians are equivalent to the calculation of emptiness formation probability (EFP) in the Hamiltonian with a defect. In particular, we first show that the FP of finding a particular configuration in the ground state is equivalent to the EFP of the ground state of the quadratic Hamiltonian with a defect. Then, we show that the probability of finding a particular value for any quadratic observable is equivalent to a FP problem and ultimately leads to the calculation of EFP in the ground state of a Hamiltonian with a defect. We provide new exact determinant formulas for the FP in the generic quadratic fermionic Hamiltonians. As applications of our formalism we study the statistics of the number of particles and kinks. Our conclusions can be extended also to the quantum spin chains that can be mapped to the free fermions via Jordan-Wigner (J-W) transformation. In particular, we provide an exact solution to the problem of the transverse field XY chain with a staggered line defect. We also study the distribution of magnetization and kinks in the transverse field XY chain and show how the dual nature of these quantities manifest itself in the distributions.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

The elastic backbone phase transition in the Ising model

The two-dimensional (zero magnetic field) Ising model is known to undergo a second order para-ferromagnetic phase transition, which is accompanied by a correlated percolation transition for the Fortuin-Kasteleyn (FK) clusters. In this paper we uncover that there exists also a second temperature $T_{\text{eb}}<T_c$ at which the elastic backbone of FK clusters undergoes a second order phase transition to a dense phase. The corresponding universality class, which is characterized by determining various percolation exponents, is shown to be completely different from directed percolation, proposing a new anisotropic universality class with $β=0.54\pm 0.02$, $ν_{||}=1.86\pm 0.01$, $ν_{\perp}=1.21\pm 0.04$ and $d_f=1.53\pm 0.03$. All tested hyper-scaling relations are shown to be valid.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Invasion Sandpile Model

Motivated by multiphase flow in reservoirs, we propose and study a two-species sandpile model in two dimensions. A pile of particles becomes unstable and topples if, at least one of the following two conditions is fulfilled: 1) the number of particles of one species in the pile exceeds a given threshold or 2) the total number of particles in the pile exceeds a second threshold. The latter mechanism leads to the invasion of one species through regions dominated by the other species. We studied numerically the statistics of the avalanches and identified two different regimes. For large avalanches the statistics is consistent with ordinary Bak-Tang-Weisenfeld model. Whereas, for small avalanches, we find a regime with different exponents. In particular, the fractal dimension of the external perimeter of avalanches is $D_f=1.47\pm 0.02$ and the exponent of their size distribution exponent is $τ_s=0.95\pm 0.03$, which are significantly different from $D_f=1.25\pm 0.01$ and $τ_s=1.26\pm 0.04$, observed for large avalanches.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Geometry-induced non-equilibrium phase transition in sandpiles

We study the sandpile model on three-dimensional spanning Ising clusters with the temperature $T$ treated as the control parameter. By analyzing the three dimensional avalanches and their two-dimensional projections (which show scale-invariant behavior for all temperatures), we uncover two universality classes with different exponents (an ordinary BTW class, and SOC$_{T=\infty}$), along with a tricritical point (at $T_c$, the critical temperature of the host) between them. The transition between these two criticalities is induced by the transition in the support. The SOC$_{T=\infty}$ universality class is characterized by the exponent of the avalanche size distribution $τ^{T=\infty}=1.27\pm 0.03$, consistent with the exponent of the size distribution of the Barkhausen avalanches in amorphous ferromagnets (Phys. Rev. L 84, 4705 (2000)). The tricritical point is characterized by its own critical exponents. In addition to the avalanche exponents, some other quantities like the average height, the spanning avalanche probability (SAP) and the average coordination number of the Ising clusters change significantly the behavior at this point, and also exhibit power-law behavior in terms of $ε\equiv \frac{T-T_c}{T_c}$, defining further critical exponents. Importantly the finite size analysis for the activity (number of topplings) per site shows the scaling behavior with exponents $β=0.19\pm 0.02$ and $ν=0.75\pm 0.05$. A similar behavior is also seen for the SAP and the average avalanche height. The fractal dimension of the external perimeter of the two-dimensional projections of avalanches is shown to be robust against $T$ with the numerical value $D_f=1.25\pm 0.01$.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Dynamical Crossover in Invasion Percolation

The dynamical properties of the invasion percolation on the square lattice are investigated with emphasis on the geometrical properties on the growing cluster of infected sites. The exterior frontier of this cluster forms a critical loop ensemble (CLE), whose length $(l)$, the radius $(r)$ and also roughness $(w)$ fulfill the finite size scaling hypothesis. The dynamical fractal dimension of the CLE defined as the exponent of the scaling relation between $l$ and $r$ is estimated to be $D_f=1.81\pm0.02$. By studying the autocorrelation functions of these quantities we show importantly that there is a crossover between two time regimes, in which these functions change behavior from power-law at the small times, to exponential decay at long times. In the vicinity of this crossover time, these functions are estimated by log-normal functions. We also show that the increments of the considered statistical quantities, which are related to the random forces governing the dynamics of the observables undergo an anticorrelation/correlation transition at the time that the crossover takes place.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Avalanches on the Complex Network of Rigan Earthquake, Virtual Seismometer Technique, Criticality and Seismic Cycle

We base our study on the statistical analysis of the Rigan earthquake 2010 December 20, which consists of estimating the earthquake network by means of virtual seismometer technique, and also considering the avalanche-type dynamics on top of this complex network.The virtual seismometer complex network shows power-law degree distribution with the exponent $γ=2.3\pm 0.2$. Our findings show that the seismic activity is strongly intermittent, and have a \textit{cyclic shape} as is seen in the natural situations, which is main finding of this study. The branching ratio inside and between avalanches reveal that the system is at (or more precisely close to) the critical point with power-law behavior for the distribution function of the size and the mass and the duration of the avalanches, and with some scaling relations between these quantities. The critical exponent of the size of avalanches is $τ_S=1.45\pm 0.02$. We find a considerable correlation between the dynamical Green function and the nodes centralities.

physics.geo-ph↗

The effect of retardation in the random networks of excitable nodes embeddable in the Euclidean space

Some features of random networks with excitable nodes that are embeddable in the Euclidean space are not describable in terms of the conventional integrate and fire model (IFM) alone, and some further details should be involved. In the present paper we consider the effect of the retardation, i.e. the time that is needed for a signal to traverse between two agents. This effect becomes important to discover the differences between e.g. the neural networks with low and fast axon conduct times. We show that the inclusion of the retardation effects makes some important changes in the statistical properties of the system. It considerably suppresses/restricts the amplitude of the possible oscillations in the random network. Additionally, it causes the critical exponents in the critical regime to considerably change.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Schramm-Loewner evolution in the random scatterer Henon-percolation landscapes

The Shcramm-Loewner evolution (SLE) is a correlated exploration process, in which for the chordal set up, the tip of the trace evolves in a self-avoiding manner towards the infinity. The resulting curves are named SLE$_κ$, emphasizing that the process is controlled by one parameter $κ$ which classifies the conformal invariant random curves. This process when experiences some environmental imperfections, or equivalently some scattering random points (which can be absorbing or repelling) results to some other effective scale-invariant curves, which are described by the other effective fractal dimensions and equivalently the other effective diffusivity parameters $κ_{\text{effective}}$. In this paper we use the classical Henon map to generate scattering (absorbing/repelling) points over the lattice in a random way, that realizes the percolation lattice with which the SLE trace interact. We find some meaningful power-law changes of the fractal dimension (and also the effective diffusivity parameter) in terms of the strength of the Henon coupling, namely the $z$ parameter. For this, we have tested the fractal dimension of the curves as well as the left passage probability. Our observations are in support of the fact that this deviation (or equivalently non-zero $z$s) breaks the conformal symmetry of the curves. Also the effective fractal dimension of the curves vary with the second power of $z$, i.e. $D_F(z)-D_F(z=0)\sim z^2$.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Correlation effects in the diluteness pattern in non-integral dimensional systems on $ν=\frac{4}{5}$ superdiffusion process

The effect of the correlations in the diluteness pattern in the systems with non-integral dimensionality, on $ν=\frac{4}{5}$ superdiffusion process is considered in this paper. These spatial correlations have proved to be very effective in the critical phenomena. To simulate the particles motion in this process, we employ the loop erased random walk (LERW). The spatial correlations between imperfections (site-diluteness) also have been modeled by the Ising model on a square lattice. It models the forbidden regions into which the particles are not allowed to enter. The correlations are controlled by an artificial temperature $T$. The trace of the walkers is shown to be self-similar, whose fingerprint is the power-law behaviors. The detailed analysis of the random walker's traces reveal that the (Ising-type) correlations affect their geometrical properties. At the critical artificial temperature $T_c$ we observe that the exponent of end-to-end distance $ν$ becomes $0.807\pm 0.002$. The fractal dimension of the walker's trace is the other geometrical quantity which scales inversely with the square root of the correlation length of the Ising model, i.e. $D_f(T)-D_f(T_c)\sim ζ^{-α}$ in which $α=0.43\pm 0.05$. The winding angle test also reveals that the traces are compatible with the Schramm-Loewner evolution theory, and the diffusivity parameter for $T=T_c$ is $κ=1.89\pm 0.05$.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Fillips in Sandpiles; Spanning Avalanches, Bifurcation and Temporal oscillations

The manipulation of the self-organized critical systems by repeatedly deliberate local relaxations (fillips) affect considerably the dynamics of avalanches and change their evolution. During a fillip, the energy diffuses to the neighboring regions, causing a smoothening of the height filed over the system. The fillips are controlled by a parameter $ζ$ which is related to the number of local smoothening events in an avalanche. The system shows a new (mass and time) scales, leading to some oscillatory behaviors. A bifurcation occurs at some $ζ$ value, above which some oscillations occur in the mean energy, and also in the autocorrelation functions. These oscillations are associated with \textit{spanning avalanches} which are due to the accumulation of energy in the smoothed system. The analysis of the rare event waiting time (REWT) confirms also the appearance of this new time scale. A mean field analysis is presented to explain some results.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Gaussian Free Field in the iso-height random islands tuned by percolation model

The Gaussian free field (GFF) is considered in the background of random iso-height islands which is modeled by the site percolation with the occupation probability $p$. To realize GFF, we consider the Poisson equation in the presence of normal distributed white-noise charges, as the stationary state of the Edwards-Wilkinson (EW) model. The iso-potential (metallic in the terminology of the electrostatic problem) sites are chosen over the lattice according to the percolation problem, giving rise to some metallic islands and some active (not metallic, nor surrounded by a metallic island) area. We see that the dilution of the system by incorporating metallic particles (or equivalently considering the iso-height islands) annihilates the spatial correlations and also the potential fluctuations. Some local and global critical exponents of the problem are reported in this work. The GFF, when simulated on the active area show a cross over between two regimes: small (UV) and large (IR) scales. Importantly, by analyzing the change of exponents (in and out of the critical occupation $p_c$) under changing the system size and the change of the cross-over points, we find two fixed points and propose that GFF$_{p=p_c}$ is unstable towards GFF$_{p=1}$.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗