arXiv subjects

M. S. Oey

Publications and source records attributed to M. S. Oey.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

The Collective Voice of Ly$α$ Emitters: Insights from JWST Stacked Spectroscopy

We present a spatially resolved stacked analysis of 287 LAEs at $z>4$ observed with JWST/NIRSpec prism spectroscopy. By constructing a two-dimensional stack from public surveys (CAPERS, CEERS, JADES, and RUBIES), we probe the average internal structure of typical LAEs on sub-kiloparsec scales. We find a clear radial decoupling between resonant and non-resonant emission: while EW(H$β$) and other optical lines decline with radius, EW(Ly$α$) increases toward the outskirts, and the Ly$α$ escape fraction rises from $\sim16\%$ in the center to $\gtrsim24\%$ at larger radii. This behavior suggests that resonant scattering redistributes Ly$α$ photons into lower-density outer regions, where escape becomes more efficient. Optical diagnostics and $T_e$ measurements reveal low metallicities ($12+\log(\rm O/H)\simeq7.7\pm0.2$), high ionization parameters, negligible dust attenuation, and systematically elevated N/O ratios ($\log({\rm N/O})\sim-0.4$). The latter place typical LAEs among the growing population of nitrogen-enhanced high-redshift galaxies, pointing to rapid and possibly feedback-driven chemical enrichment. The inferred ionizing photon production efficiency, $\log(ξ_{\rm ion}/{\rm Hz\,erg^{-1}})\simeq25.1-25.2$, together with the high Ly$α$ escape fractions, suggests that these systems are efficient, though not extreme, contributors to the ionizing photon budget. Comparison with SPICE radiation-hydrodynamic simulations shows that bursty supernova feedback models naturally reproduce the observed radial trends in Ly$α$ escape, UV slope, and emission-line equivalent widths, linking the spatial redistribution of Ly$α$ to stochastic star formation and feedback-driven gas flows. Our results demonstrate that Ly$α$ emission, chemical enrichment, and feedback are tightly connected in typical $z>4$ LAEs. (Shortened version for arXiv)

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arXiv2026

Supernovae Driven Winds Impede Lyman Continuum Escape from Dwarf Galaxies in First 10 Myr

Observations suggest that UV-bright, compact star-forming galaxies produce enough ionizing (Lyman continuum; LyC) photons to reionize the Universe. Yet, the efficiency of LyC escape and the roles of radiation, stellar winds, and supernovae remain uncertain. Using medium-resolution spectra of six nearly identical local star-forming galaxies, we directly trace, for the first time, the evolution of a multiphase wind through individual spectral lines alongside measurements of the LyC escape fraction. We find that LyC escape peaks early, during a period dominated by intense radiation and stellar winds but lacking a fast galactic wind. As the starbursts age, supernovae drive and accelerate the wind, progressively suppressing LyC escape. These results highlight the need for cosmological simulations to incorporate early feedback as a key driver of reionization.

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arXiv2026

Constraints on Binarity for the Extreme Oe Variable Star AzV 493

The extreme Oe star AzV 493 is known to show unusual photometric and spectroscopic variability that suggest the presence of an unseen companion in a highly eccentric and long-period (7.3 or 14.6-year) orbit. We obtained a Chandra/ACIS observation near the putative periastron for the 7.3-year orbit to test for transient X-ray emission that would confirm its binary nature. Our data only place an upper limit to the X-ray luminosity of L_X < 2.5 x 10^33 erg/s based on the 0.5 - 8 keV flux limit. Additionally, we obtained 4 new spectroscopic observations with the M2FS spectrograph at Magellan and 20 archive FLAMES/GIRAFFE and X-Shooter spectra from ESO/VLT to further constrain the possibility of radial velocity (RV) variation. Statistical analysis of the RV measurements yields inconclusive results regarding the existence of variations. We discuss possible mass limits for a potential companion, which may be a black hole, in the event that the variations are real. The violet-to-red (V/R) Balmer ratio has also recently inverted, which may be a further indication of a companion.

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arXiv2026

Building a Roadmap for Hubble science into the 2030s: Crucial UV spectroscopy of Oe stars in nearby galaxies

Hubble's unique COS G130M+G160M and STIS E140M UV spectral capabilities are essential for characterizing and understanding fundamental properties of main-sequence O-type emission-line (Oe) stars. These are fast rotators, and some are believed to be spun up in binaries. UV medium resolution observations of these stars are crucial for understanding massive binaries and their role in galaxy evolution. Oe stars are more prevalent at low metallicity, where they are highly under-studied, but UV spectra of these stars at all metallicities are needed. Observations of these stars in the 2030's with Hubble are particularly important in the era of ultra wide-field IFU optical and transient astronomy surveys. Ultimately, these observations will inform future UV observations with the Habitable Worlds Observatory.

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arXiv2026

Extending Hubble into the 2030s to Resolve the Physics of LyC Escape

Current observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) suggest that star-forming galaxies produce enough ionizing (LyC; $λ< 91.2$ nm) photons to drive cosmic reionization, but the efficiency with which these photons escape their host galaxies remains uncertain. Absorption by the neutral intergalactic medium progressively suppresses direct LyC detections above redshift $z\sim3$, forcing astronomers to rely on indirect diagnostics of LyC escape calibrated at low redshift. Low-resolution ultraviolet observations of high-redshift analogs obtained with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) have been critical for developing these diagnostics. These studies suggest that stellar feedback plays a central role in regulating LyC escape, although the role of galactic winds and the underlying physical mechanisms remain poorly constrained. High-resolution spectroscopy blueward of 160.0 nm (rest-frame) is required to resolve the kinematic structure of the winds and reveal the physics governing LyC escape. Such observations are currently only possible with HST and represent a major science driver for the future Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO). Extending the lifetime of HST and prioritizing ultraviolet observations are essential for interpreting current JWST studies of the early Universe and important preparatory science for HWO.

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arXiv2026

Kinematics of Wolf-Rayet Stars in the LMC: Clues to Subtype Origins

We measure transverse proper motion velocities of LMC Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars using Gaia DR3 astrometry. The combined velocity distribution of WNh, O If*/WN, and WNL very massive stars ($>100\ M_\odot$; VMS) shows both slow, unejected objects ($v_\perp < 10$ $\rm km\ s^{-1}$) and stars dominated by fast, runaway velocities ($v_\perp > 24$ $\rm km\ s^{-1}$). This supports expectations that VMS ages are comparable to the dynamical ejection timescale ($\sim1.5$ Myr). These kinematics share similarities with those of lower-luminosity, classical WNh, O If*/WN, and WNL stars, as well as the SMC field OB stars, suggesting that dynamical ejections may also dominate these populations. In contrast, both single and binary WNE stars are ejected populations that show single-peaked velocity distributions, suggesting a different ejection mechanism(s). We speculate that single WNE stars might result from explosive mergers onto the shell-burning layer, thereby stripping the H envelope. Binary WC stars appear to be faster (median $v_\perp = 54$ $\rm km\ s^{-1}$) and have higher luminosities than singles (median $v_\perp = 38$ $\rm km\ s^{-1}$), suggesting that single WC stars are not descendants of the binaries. Thus, the binaries are probably stripped by mass transfer, while the WC singles likely originate from another process. The high velocities of binary WC stars are consistent with some predictions that lower mass clusters generate fast dynamical ejections. Single WC and WN3/O3 stars have ambiguous kinematics, but both show high $v_\perp$ (median $\sim 38$ $\rm km\ s^{-1}$), possibly linked to their lower masses.

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arXiv2026

Cold molecular gas distribution and kinematics in the low-metallicity dusty starburst of Mrk 996 resolved with ALMA

Detecting cold molecular gas in metal-poor starbursts remains a major challenge. Low carbon and oxygen abundances hinder CO formation, while low dust content reduces shielding against UV photodissociation. Consequently, CO, the main tracer of molecular gas, becomes faint or undetectable. We study the spatial distribution and kinematics of cold molecular gas in Mrk 996, a nearby low-mass Wolf-Rayet galaxy hosting a dense, low-metallicity (about 1/5 solar) and nitrogen-enriched nuclear starburst with complex ionized gas kinematics. Using ALMA observations of CO(1-0) and CO(2-1), we map the morphology and kinematics of the molecular gas and compare them with optical and UV data, tracing the ionized gas and young stellar populations. We detect compact CO clouds within 800 pc of the starburst, spatially offset from the nuclear super star cluster (SSC) and the most highly ionized regions. The CO lines are narrow and supersonic, exhibiting velocity gradients with a mild global blueshift, indicating dynamically perturbed gas without evidence for fast outflows, in contrast with the highly ionized phase. The global CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) ratio is low (R21 ~ 0.3), consistent with subthermal excitation. The millimeter continuum peaks at the SSC, while CO emission is displaced toward obscured regions, suggesting it traces dense shielded clumps. ALMA recovers about half of the single-dish flux, indicating the presence of extended, low-surface-brightness molecular gas. Using a metallicity-dependent CO-to-H2 conversion factor, we infer a molecular gas mass of a few 10^7 solar masses. The molecular gas is only weakly coupled to the stellar feedback that dominates the ionized phase. Our results support a multiphase scenario in which dense molecular clumps survive in shielded regions, while CO is photodissociated in their envelopes, leaving a significant CO-dark H2 component (Abridged).

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arXiv2026

The Lyman-alpha and Continuum Origins Survey II: the connection between the escape of ionizing radiation and Lyman-alpha halos in star-forming galaxies

One of the current challenges in galaxy evolution studies is to establish the mechanisms that govern the escape of ionizing radiation from galaxies. Here, we investigate the connection between Lyman Continuum (LyC) escape and the conditions of the Circumgalactic Medium (CGM), as probed by Ly$α$ halos (LAHs) in emission. We use Ly$α$ and UV continuum imaging data from the Lyman alpha and Continuum Origins Survey (LaCOS), targeting 42 nearby ($z \simeq 0.3$), star-forming galaxies with LyC observations (escape fractions of $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC} \simeq 0.01-0.49$). LaCOS galaxies show extended Ly$α$ emission ubiquitously, with LyC emitters (LCEs) having more compact Ly$α$ morphologies than non-LCEs, and Ly$α$ spatial offsets that do not exceed the extent of the UV continuum. We model the diffuse LAHs using a combined Sérsic plus exponential 2D profile, and find that the characteristic scale length of the Ly$α$ halo is ten times larger than the UV, on average. We unveil a significant anti-correlation between $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$ and the Ly$α$ Halo Fraction (HF, or contribution of the halo to the total Ly$α$ luminosity), that we propose as a new LyC indicator. Our observations show that halo scale lengths and HFs both scale positively with the optical depth of the neutral gas in the ISM, revealing a picture in which Ly$α$ and LyC photons in LCEs either emerge directly from the central starbursts or escape isotropically and, in the case of Ly$α$, minimize the number of scattering interactions in a less-extended CGM.

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arXiv2026

The Ly$α$ and Continuum Origins Survey. III. Investigating the Link between Galaxy Morphology, Merger Properties and LyC Escape

Characterizing the mechanisms and galaxy properties conducive to the emission and escape of ionizing (LyC) emission is necessary to accurately model the Epoch of Reionization, and identify the sources that powered it. The Ly$α$ and Continuum Origins Survey (LaCOS) is the first program to obtain uniform, multi-wavelength subkiloparsec imaging for a large sample (42) of galaxies observed in LyC and enable statistically robust studies between LyC and resolved galaxy properties. Here, we characterize the morphology and galaxy merger properties of LaCOS galaxies and investigate their connection with the escape fraction of LyC emission $f_{esc}^{LyC}$. We find strong anticorrelations between $f_{esc}^{LyC}$ and size ($r_{20}$, $r_{50}$, and $r_{80}$) measured in filters containing emission from star-forming regions, and with the asymmetry and clumpiness in F150LP, the bluest filter in our dataset, tracing UV continuum and Ly$α$. We find that $\geq48\%$ of LaCOS galaxies, and $\geq41\%$ of LaCOS LyC-emitters are visually classified as galaxy mergers. Galaxies robustly identified as mergers in LaCOS are at advanced stages of interaction, close to coalescence. The $f_{esc}^{LyC}$ properties of robust mergers and low-probability mergers cannot be differentiated statistically, and we only find significant difference between the two populations in terms of their of their sizes and LyC luminosity: robust mergers having larger values. We conclude that (i) $f_{esc}^{LyC}$ tends to be larger in galaxies with a small number of compact, centrally-located, UV-emitting star-forming regions, (ii) at advanced stages of interaction represent a sizable fraction of LyC-emitting samples at $z\sim0.3$, $z\sim0$, and (iii) mergers can facilitate the escape of LyC photons from galaxies.

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arXiv2026

Inflight performance and future improvements for the INtegral Field Ultraviolet Spectrographic Experiment, the first far ultraviolet integral field spectrograph

Integral field spectroscopy allows for spectral mapping of extended sources in a time efficient manner. An integral field unit (IFU) in the ultraviolet on Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) could be used to quickly map extended objects like supernova remnants or galaxies and their surroundings, but there are technical challenges to an ultraviolet IFU. The INtegral Field Ultraviolet Spectrographic Experiment (INFUSE), a sounding rocket project, is the first static configuration far ultraviolet integral field spectrograph. INFUSE features an f/16, 0.49m Cassegrain telescope and a 26-element image slicer feeding 26 replica holographic gratings, with spectra imaged by the largest cross-strip microchannel plate detector flown in space. The first launch of INFUSE occurred from White Sands Missile Range on October 29th, 2023, and demonstrated spectral multiplexing, successfully detecting ionizing gas emission in the XA region of the Cygnus Loop. INFUSE will launch again in fall 2025 to observe NGC 2366, a local analog for Green Pea type galaxies, with several enhancements including a xenon-enhanced lithium fluoride + aluminum coated grating, testing the leading flight coating for HWO for the first time. The INFUSE IFU is designed as a pathfinder for a potential IFU mode on HWO, enabling rapid 3D spectroscopy of extended sources.

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arXiv2025

The Lyman-alpha and Continuum Origins Survey. I. Survey description and Ly$α$ imaging

Understanding the mechanisms driving the escape of ionizing or Lyman continuum (LyC) emission from the interstellar medium of galaxies is necessary to constrain the evolution of reionization, and the sources responsible for it. While progress has been made into identifying the global galaxy properties linked to the escape fraction of ionizing radiation, $f_{esc}^{LyC}$, little is currently known about how spatially resolved galaxy properties impact this parameter. We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging data obtained as part of the Lyman $α$ and Continuum Origins Survey (LaCOS). LaCOS consists of HST imaging in 5 filters covering rest-frame optical and UV bands for a subsample of 42 galaxies in the Low redshift Lyman Continuum Survey, 22 being Lyman continuum emitters ($f_{esc}^{LyC}=0.01-0.49$). Here, we describe the sample, observations and data reduction, and investigate connections between global and sub-kpc Lyman $α$ (Ly$α$) emission, and $f_{esc}^{LyC}$. We confirm the correlation between $f_{esc}^{LyC}$ and EW$_{Lyα}$ , and the anticorrelation with $r_{50}$, when using values obtained via global photometry. We also find correlations previously found with spectroscopy with global photometric $L_{Lyα}$, $f_{esc}^{Lyα}$, $Σ_{SFR}$ , and $f_{esc}^{LyC}$, but with a smaller degree of correlation ($\overline{|Δτ|}\sim0.1$). We find correlations are strongest between $Lyα$ observables ($L_{\rm Lyα}$, EW$_{\rm Lyα}$) and $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$ when measured in a small aperture around the brightest UV source in each galaxy. We interpret these results as evidence that LyC photons escaping on the line-of-sight are contributed by a small number of UV-bright compact regions in most galaxies in LaCOS.

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arXiv2025

The Close Binary Properties of Massive Stars across Different Environments within the LMC

We analyze 4,859 O-stars in the OGLE-III photometric survey of the LMC, including 415 eclipsing binaries (EBs). After accounting for the geometrical probability of eclipses, the period distribution of O-type binaries across $P$ = 2.5-200 days follows a power-law $f_{\rm logP}$ $\propto$ (logP)$^Π$ with $Π$ = $-$0.34$\pm$0.06, which is skewed toward shorter periods compared to Opik's law ($Π$ = 0). We divide our O-stars into seven environments based on their clustering with B-stars and other O-stars. The EB fraction of O-stars in young clusters is 10.2%$\pm$0.6%, which matches the 10.8%$\pm$2.1% for O-stars in young Milky Way clusters. O-stars in old clusters exhibit a lower EB fraction of 5.5%$\pm$0.9% due to the effects of binary evolution. O-stars in young dense clusters, young sparse associations, and even low-mass clusters that formed in situ in the field have similar EB fractions. This uniformity suggests that the formation of close massive binaries depends on small-scale gas physics, e.g., fragmentation and migration within protostellar disks, whereas N-body interactions that scale with cluster density do not affect the close binary properties of massive stars that remain in clusters. Conversely, ejected O-stars in the field exhibit a lower close binary fraction. The EB fractions of field walkaways (projected velocities $v_{\rm proj}$ $<$ 24.5 km s$^{-1}$) and field runaways ($v_{\rm proj}$ $>$ 24.5 km s$^{-1}$) are 7.3%$\pm$1.0% and 4.7%$\pm$1.0%, respectively. These values suggest that most field O-stars were dynamically ejected via N-body interactions from their birth clusters, whereas field O-stars that formed in situ or were kicked from supernova explosions in binaries contribute 17% and $<$28%, respectively, to the field population.

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arXiv2025

New Field OB and OBe Binaries of the SMC Wing: Observational Properties and Population Modeling

We present a radial velocity (RV) survey of the field OB and OBe stars of the SMC Wing. We use multi-epoch observations of 55 targets obtained with the Magellan IMACS and M2FS multi-object spectrographs to identify single- and double-lined spectroscopic binaries. We also use TESS light curves to identify new eclipsing binary candidates. We find that 10 each of our 34 OB (29\%) and 21 OBe (48\%) stars are confirmed binaries, and at least $\sim$ 6 more are candidates. Using our RV measurements, we set constraints on the companion masses, and in some cases, on periods, eccentricities and inclinations. The RV data suggest that OB binaries favor more circular orbits (mean eccentricity $\langle e\rangle = 0.08\pm 0.02$) while OBe binaries are eccentric ($\langle e\rangle = 0.45\pm 0.04$). We identify 2 candidate black hole binaries, [M2002] 77616, and 81941. We use BPASS to predict the frequencies of ejected OB and OBe stars and binaries, assuming OBe stars are binary mass gainers ejected by the companion supernova. We also predict the frequencies of black-hole, neutron-star, and stripped-star companions, and we model the distributions of primary and secondary masses, periods, eccentricities, and velocity distributions. The models are broadly consistent with the binary origin scenario for OBe stars, and predict an even larger number of post-supernova OB binaries. Comparison with the kinematics supports a significant contribution from dynamical ejections for both OB and OBe stars, although less so for binaries.

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arXiv2025

The UV Legacy Library of Young Stars as Essential Standards (ULLYSES) Large Director's Discretionary Program with Hubble. I. Goals, Design, and Initial Results

Specifically selected to leverage the unique ultraviolet capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope, the Hubble Ultraviolet Legacy Library of Young Stars as Essential Standards (ULLYSES) is a Director's Discretionary program of approximately 1000 orbits - the largest ever executed - that produced a UV spectroscopic library of O and B stars in nearby low metallicity galaxies and accreting low mass stars in the Milky Way. Observations from ULLYSES combined with archival spectra uniformly sample the fundamental astrophysical parameter space for each mass regime, including spectral type, luminosity class, and metallicity for massive stars, and the mass, age, and disk accretion rate for low-mass stars. The ULLYSES spectral library of massive stars will be critical to characterize how massive stars evolve at different metallicities; to advance our understanding of the production of ionizing photons, and thus of galaxy evolution and the re-ionization of the Universe; and to provide the templates necessary for the synthesis of integrated stellar populations. The massive star spectra are also transforming our understanding of the interstellar and circumgalactic media of low metallicity galaxies. On the low-mass end, UV spectra of T Tauri stars contain a plethora of diagnostics of accretion, winds, and the warm disk surface. These diagnostics are crucial for evaluating disk evolution and provide important input to assess atmospheric escape of planets and to interpret powerful probes of disk chemistry, as observed with ALMA and JWST. In this paper we motivate the design of the program, describe the observing strategy and target selection, and present initial results.

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arXiv2024

Kinematic Insights Into Luminous Blue Variables and B[e] Supergiants

Recent work suggests that many luminous blue variables (LBVs) and B[e] supergiants (sgB[e]) are isolated, implying that they may be products of massive binaries, kicked by partner supernovae (SNe). However, the evidence is somewhat complex and controversial. To test this scenario, we measure the proper-motion velocities for these objects in the LMC and SMC, using Gaia Data Release 3. Our LMC results show that the kinematics, luminosities, and IR properties point to LBVs and sgB[e] stars being distinct classes. We find that Class 1 LBVs, which have dusty nebulae, and sgB[e] stars both show velocity distributions comparable to that of SMC field OBe stars, which are known to have experienced SN kicks. The sgB[e] stars are faster, plausibly due to their lower average masses. However, Class 2 LBVs, which are luminous objects without dusty nebulae, show no signs of acceleration, therefore suggesting that they are single stars, pre-SN binaries, or perhaps binary mergers. The candidate LBV Class 3 stars, which are dominated by hot dust, are all confirmed sgB[e] stars; their luminosities and velocities show that they simply represent the most luminous and massive of the sgB[e] class. There are very few SMC objects, but the sgB[e] stars are faster than their LMC counterparts, which may be consistent with expectations that lower-metallicity binaries are tighter, causing faster ejections. We also examine the distinct class of dust-free, weak-lined sgB[e] stars, finding that the SMC objects have the fastest velocities of the entire sample.

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arXiv2024

The Low-Redshift Lyman Continuum Survey: The Roles of Stellar Feedback and ISM Geometry in LyC Escape

One of the fundamental questions of cosmology is the origin and mechanism(s) responsible for the reionization of the Universe beyond $z\sim6$. To address this question, many studies over the past decade have focused on local ($z\sim0.3$) galaxies which leak ionizing radiation (Lyman continuum or LyC). However, line-of-sight effects and data quality have prohibited deeper insight into the nature of LyC escape. To circumvent these limitations, we analyze stacks of a consolidated sample of {\it HST}/COS observations of the LyC in 89 galaxies at $z\sim0.3$. From fitting of the continuum, we obtain information about the underlying stellar populations and neutral ISM geometry. We find that most LyC non-detections are not leaking appreciable LyC ($f_{esc}^{\rm LyC}<1$\%) but also that exceptional cases point to spatial variations in the LyC escape fraction $f_{esc}^{\rm LyC}$. Stellar populations younger than 3 Myr lead to an increase in ionizing feedback, which in turn increases the isotropy of LyC escape. Moreover, mechanical feedback from supernovae in 8-10 Myr stellar populations is important for anisotropic gas distributions needed for LyC escape. While mechanical feedback is necessary for any LyC escape, high $f_{esc}^{\rm LyC}$ ($>5$\%) also requires a confluence of young stars and ionizing feedback. A two-stage burst of star formation could facilitate this optimal LyC escape scenario.

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arXiv2024

The Effect of Radiation and Supernovae Feedback on LyC Escape in Local Star-forming Galaxies

Feedback is widely recognized as an essential condition for Lyman continuum (LyC) escape in star-forming galaxies. However, the mechanisms by which galactic outflows clear neutral gas and dust remain unclear. In this paper, we model the Mg II 2796Å, 2804Å absorption + emission lines in 29 galaxies taken from the Low-z LyC Survey (LzLCS) to investigate the impact of (radiation + mechanical) feedback on LyC escape. Using constraints on Mg$^+$ and photoionization models, we map the outflows' neutral hydrogen content and predict $f_{esc}^{LyC}$ with a multiphase wind model. We measure mass, momentum, and energy loading factors for the neutral winds, which carry up to 10% of the momentum and 1% of the energy in SFR-based deposition rates. We use SED template fitting to determine the relative ages of stellar populations, allowing us to identify radiation feedback dominant systems. We then examine feedback related properties (stellar age, loading factors, etc.) under conditions that optimize feedback efficiency, specifically high star formation rate surface density and compact UV half-light radii. Our findings indicate that the strongest leakers are radiation feedback dominant, lack Mg II outflows, but have extended broad components in higher ionization lines like [O III] 5007Å, as observed by Amorín et al. (2024). In contrast, galaxies experiencing supernovae feedback typically exhibit weaker $f_{esc}^{LyC}$ and show evidence of outflows in both Mg II and higher ionization lines. We attribute these findings to rapid or "catastrophic" cooling in the radiation-dominant systems, which, given the low metallicities in our sample, are likely experiencing delayed supernovae.

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arXiv2024

Numerical Modeling of Galactic Superwinds with Time-evolving Stellar Feedback

Mass-loss and radiation feedback from evolving massive stars produce galactic-scale superwinds, sometimes surrounded by pressure-driven bubbles. Using the time-dependent stellar population typically seen in star-forming regions, we conduct hydrodynamic simulations of a starburst-driven superwind model coupled with radiative efficiency rates to investigate the formation of radiative cooling superwinds and bubbles. Our numerical simulations depict the parameter space where radiative cooling superwinds with or without bubbles occur. Moreover, we employ the physical properties and time-dependent ionization states to predict emission line profiles under the assumption of collisional ionization and non-equilibrium ionization caused by wind thermal feedback in addition to photoionization created by the radiation background. We see the dependence of non-equilibrium ionization structures on the time-evolving ionizing source, leading to a deviation from collisional ionization in radiative cooling wind regions over time.

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