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Matthias Krüger

Publications and source records attributed to Matthias Krüger.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Geometry-Controlled Relaxation Spectra in Viscoelastic Fluids

Soft materials store, dissipate and release mechanical stresses through relaxation processes that often span many orders of magnitude in time. Such relaxation spectra are widely used to infer internal material dynamics and are usually regarded as fingerprints of microscopic complexity, disorder, or heterogeneity. Here we show that a broad relaxation spectrum can instead be generated by the geometry of mechanical excitation itself. Using rotationally driven colloidal dimers in a wormlike micellar fluid with a dominant bulk relaxation time of order one second, we demonstrate that torsional driving converts distance from the driven object into relaxation time. This produces a geometry-controlled hierarchy of relaxation modes: orientational recoils persist for hundreds of seconds and encode past torque protocols over comparably long times. Particle velocimetry reveals rapid angular-momentum transport away from the probe, in contrast to the slow relaxation of stored torsional stress. A continuum shell model captures the observed recoil dynamics and the selective suppression of long-lived contributions under spatial confinement. Our results show that geometry can transform a material with simple intrinsic relaxation into a system with long-lived, space-dependent memory, suggesting a route to tune material dynamics through mechanical excitation rather than composition, with potential implications for microscopic mechanical memory elements.

cond-mat.soft↗

Heat Transfer and Torque in Enclosing Cylindrical Configurations with Nonreciprocal Materials

Electromagnetic fluctuations can transfer not only energy but also angular momentum, leading to forces, torques, heat currents, and friction in out-of-equilibrium setups. In enclosing configurations, we show that if at least one of two objects is rotationally symmetric, the torque is bounded by heat transfer, since both arise from photon transfers with angular momentum $\hbar n$ and energy $\hbarω$. With only one object assumed to be rotationally symmetric, it may be possible to obtain a nonzero torque with reciprocal media, but nonreciprocal media are required to break the symmetry between $n$ and $-n$ and produce a nonzero torque if both objects are rotationally symmetric. We then specialize to concentric cylinders with a nonreciprocal dielectric response and use Rytov fluctuational electrodynamics to express heat transfer and torque in terms of an angular-momentum-resolved flux density, $Φ_n(ω)$. We also analyze the conditions for stable levitation of the inner cylinder using the proximity force approximation, in the process obtaining a new analytic formula for the normal Casimir force between dilute plates at different temperatures. Finally, to find the extracted work in a contactless engine setup, we compute the fluctuation-induced friction for a slowly rotating inner cylinder, and we find a bound between torque, friction, and heat transfer. Due to this bound, the efficiency of the heat engine remains bounded by the Carnot limit.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Memory with Onsager-Casimir symmetry: Rotating particle in a viscoelastic fluid

We study the stochastic dynamics of a rotating Brownian particle in a non-Markovian fluid. Experimentally, we find that rotation enhances the long-time diffusivity of the particle and generates time-antisymmetric cross-correlations between orthogonal displacement components in the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis. To rationalize these observations, we introduce a minimal linear model in which a tracer is coupled to a slow bath degree of freedom and rotation enters through an advective coupling. Eliminating the bath variable yields a generalized Langevin equation with a non-reciprocal memory kernel. This kernel rotates in time, forming a logarithmic spiral, and it obeys Onsager-Casimir symmetry under reversal of the rotation vector, and the corresponding fluctuation-response relation. From the latter we obtain a geometric construction that links two-time cross-correlations to the transverse response of the particle in bulk. Unlike the ordinary Einstein relation, this relation involves the antisymmetric sector of the response. Our experiments and theory are in qualitative agreement, establishing rotating colloids in viscoelastic fluids as a minimal realization of Onsager-Casimir symmetry in time-nonlocal stochastic dynamics

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

The peculiar response of Kelvin-Voigt chains with a free end

We exactly solve a model of a heterogeneous chain of overdamped, harmonically coupled particles with momentum-conserving dissipation. Despite being governed by a non-symmetric drift operator, the system admits an analytical diagonalization by use of a forward-difference transformation. In case of one free end, the response matrix shows a peculiar staircase form: the response of particle $i$ to a force acting on particle $j$ is independent of the properties and the length of the chain-part between $i$ and $j$. For rank-deficient interaction matrices, the state space is decomposed into free and constrained subspaces. We demonstrate that this separation has clear physical consequences: the free subspace governs steady state responses, while the constraint subspace governs the relaxation after cessation of forcing. We further show that a Maxwell chain arises as a singular limiting topology of the Kelvin-Voigt chain. These results establish a framework for analyzing heterogeneous overdamped dynamics with momentum conservation.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Bath-modes quantitatively capture the nonlinear microrheology of micellar solutions

Active microrheology experiments, in which a probe is driven through a complex fluid, often exhibit nonlinear responses that cannot be captured by generalized Langevin equations. Models that couple the probe to a Gaussian field reproduce such nonlinear effects qualitatively, but their large number of parameters hinders direct comparison with experiments. Here, we restrict these models to a small number of field modes and demonstrate that this reduced description quantitatively reproduces a broad range of active microrheology experiments in a micellar solution using a single set of parameters. We further show that the same framework extends naturally to multi-probe systems, such as colloidal dumbbells.

cond-mat.soft↗

A Contactless Heat Engine Driven by Nonreciprocal Fluctuation-Induced Torques

We describe a contactless heat engine in which quantum and thermal electromagnetic fluctuations act as the working medium. The setup consists of two concentric cylinders held at different temperatures. The inner cylinder stably levitates within the outer one due to repulsive nonequilibrium Casimir forces. The chirality of the setup is broken by using nonreciprocal dielectric materials, akin to application of a magnetic field along the common cylinder axis. Using Rytov fluctuational electrodynamics, we show that heat transfer and torque can be expressed in terms of an angular-momentum-resolved heat flux density, $Φ_n(ω)$: each exchanged photon carries energy $\hbar ω$ and angular momentum $\hbar n$. In reciprocal media contributions from modes $n$ and $-n$ cancel and there is no net torque; nonreciprocity breaks this symmetry and powers rotation of the inner cylinder. Even in the absence of contact, electromagnetic fluctuations produce a frictional torque opposing rotation that we compute. This enables computation of characteristic steady state rotations, and estimation of the engine efficiency (which remains bounded by the Carnot limit). The cylindrical setup provides a natural realization of fluctuation-induced angular-momentum transfer and a possible route toward nanoscale contactless engines.

quant-ph↗

Time reversal breaking of colloidal particles in cells

We investigate signatures of broken time reversal symmetry in stochastic trajectory data, employing the previously introduced three point correlation called mean back relaxation. We specifically investigate data from a simple driven model, as well as from colloidal particles within living or passivated biological cells. Both in the model as well as in cell data, MBR detects broken time reversal symmetry, and furthermore, allows to determine relevant time and length scales of activity. For the cells, we show, by applying various drugs, that it is predominantly the presence of microtubules which is needed for a time reversal symmetry breaking. We employ a bound for entropy production, finding that it is in striking relation to previously determined active energies that quantify violation of the fluctuation dissipation theorem.

cond-mat.soft↗

Exact Volterra series for mean field dynamics

We derive an exact Volterra series expansion for a mean field of an interacting particle system subject to a potential perturbation, expressing the Volterra expansion kernels in terms of the field's response functions, to any order. Applying this formalism to the mean particle density of a simple fluid, we identify a form reminiscent of dynamical density functional theory, with, however, fundamental differences: A nonlocal mobility kernel appears, and forces derive from a functional of the {\it history} of mean density. The equilibrium density functional is shown to be recovered in the limit of slowly varying perturbation. We identify a freedom in deriving this expansion, which allows different forms of mobility kernels. These developments allow for a systematic improvement of established mean field formalisms.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Equilibrium trajectories quantify second order violation of fluctuation dissipation theorem without need of a model

Quantifying and characterizing fluctuations far away from equilibrium is a challenging task. We discuss and experimentally confirm a series expansion for a driven classical system, relating the different non-equilibrium cumulants of the observable conjugate to the driving protocol. This series is valid from micro- to macroscopic length scales, and it encompasses the fluctuation dissipation theorem. We apply it in experiments of a Brownian probe particle confined and driven by an optical potential and suspended in a nonlinear and non-Markovian fluid. The expansion states that the form of FDT remains valid away from equilibrium for Gaussian observables, up to the order presented. We show that this expansion agrees with the expansion of a known fluctuation theorem up to an unresolved difference regarding moments versus cumulants.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Evaluating non-equilibrium trajectories via mean back relaxation: Dependence on length and time scales

The mean back relaxation (MBR) relates the value of a stochastic process at three different time points. It has been shown to detect broken detailed balance under certain conditions. For experiments of probe particles in living and passivated cells, MBR was found to be related to the so called effective energy, which quantifies the violation of the fluctuation dissipation theorem. In this manuscript, we discuss the dependence on the length and time parameters that enter MBR, both for cells as well as for a model system, finding qualitative agreement between the two. For the cell data, we extend the phenomenological relation between MBR and effective energy to a larger range of time parameters compared to previous work, allowing to test it in systems with limited resolution. We analyze the variance of back relaxation (VBR) in dependence of the mentioned parameters, relevant for the statistical error in MBR evaluation. For Gaussian systems, the variance is found analytically in terms of the mean squared displacement, and we determine its absolute minimum as a function of the length and time parameters. Comparing VBR from cell data to a Gaussian prediction demonstrates a non-Gaussian process.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Nanoscale friction of manganite superlattice films controlled by layer thickness and fluorine content

We investigate nanoscale friction in [LaMnO3]m/[SrMnO3]n superlattice films using lateral force microscopy, focusing on the effects of fluorine doping and top-layer thickness. For all samples, friction forces scale linearly with the sum of the applied normal and adhesion forces. While friction forces vary spatially due to local adhesion fluctuations, the friction coefficient remains position independent for each specimen. It is, however, systematically influenced by fluorine concentration and top-layer thickness. Our data indicates that frictional energy dissipation extends up to 5 nm beneath the surface, demonstrating a clear dependence on subsurface structure. We attribute this to viscoelastic dissipation within the stress field and evanescent waves generated by the sliding tip, which can quantitatively account for the observed friction coefficients. These results show that, once adhesion is properly accounted for, the friction coefficient is a reproducible material property that can be tuned via controlled modifications to surface and subsurface layers.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Evaluation of the probability current in the stochastic path integral formalism

The probability current is a vital quantity in the Fokker-Planck description of stochastic processes. It characterizes non-equilibrium stationary states and appears in linear response calculations. We recover and review the probability current in the Onsager-Machlup functional approach to Markov processes by deriving a self-contained expression in general non-equilibrium fluctuation-dissipation relations using field theoretical methods. The derived formulas hold for non-constant drift and diffusion tensors and are explicitly evaluated in an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with non-reciprocal interactions specified as a harmonically bound particle in shear flow. Our work clarifies the concept of the probability current -- familiar from the Fokker-Planck equation -- in the path integral approach.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Identities for nonlinear memory kernels

Perturbing a system far away from equilibrium via a time dependent protocol can formally be described by a nonlinear Volterra series expansion. Here we derive identities for the nonlinear memory kernels arising in such nonlinear expansion, including the possibility of a nonlinear coupling between perturbation and system. These identities rely on local detailed balance, and they include the fluctuation dissipation theorem as the lowest order identity. We test them in simulations for driven over- and underdamped Brownian particles. These identities for memory kernels can be recast in a series relation for the non-equilibrium cumulants of the observable conjugate to the driving and the observable described by the Volterra series.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Propulsion force and heat transfer for nonreciprocal nanoparticles

We analyze heat transfer and Casimir forces involving a nonreciprocal nanoparticle. By dissecting the resulting expressions into reciprocal and nonreciprocal contributions, we find that the particle's self emission contains $++$ and $--$ terms, i.e., the particle's reciprocal ($+$) and nonreciprocal ($-$) parts couple to the respective parts of its surrounding. In contrast, the heat transfer to the nanoparticle from the surrounding contains $-+$ and $+-$ contributions, which we find to persist at equal temperatures. For two nanoparticles, such persistent transfer is found to require one particle to be nonreciprocal and the other to be anisotropic. The propulsion force for the nanoparticle, for which our results agree with previous work, is dominated by $\pm\mp$ terms, making it distinct from forces found for reciprocal particles. The amplitude of the propulsion force can be orders of magnitude larger than gravitational forces. Despite being distinct, we find the $\pm\mp$ terms to be bound by $\pm\pm$ terms, a consequence of passivity of the objects. For the force, this bound limits the efficiency in a heat engine setup, as observed for parallel plates before.

quant-ph↗

Forces from coarse-graining nonequilibrium degrees of freedom: exact results

We explore the relaxation dynamics of a tracer in a harmonic trap coupled to a non-equilibrium bath particle in stationary state, finding qualitative differences compared to the well known equilibrium case. These can be attributed to an additional position and time dependent force acting on the tracer, emerging when averaging the bath degree in the non-equilibrium stationary state conditioned to a certain tracer position. Specifically, we provide analytical results for an overdamped tracer coupled linearly to a bath particle in different nonequilibrium scenarios, namely, subjected to a different temperature than the tracer, or to active noise with Gaussian or non-Gaussian fluctuations. For the case of different temperatures, the conditioned tracer-bath force can be as large in magnitude as the force from the trapping potential. For an active bath particle with memory, even the bath noise takes a finite average under conditioning of the tracer. Further, if the noise of the bath particle is non-Gaussian, the relaxation function of the tracer can be non-monotonic as a function of time. We also compute the \emph{pinned relaxation}, proposing that measurement and comparison of conditioned and pinned relaxation allows determination of the non-equilibrium forces in experiments.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Mean Back Relaxation for Position and Densities

Correlation functions are a standard tool for analyzing statistical particle trajectories. Recently, a so called mean back relaxation (MBR) has been introduced, which correlates positions at three time points. The deviation of its long time value from $\frac{1}{2}$ has been shown to be a marker for breakage of time reversal symmetry for confined particles. Here, we extend the analysis of MBR in several ways, including discussion of a cut off length used when evaluating MBR from trajectory data. Using a path integral approach, we provide a general expression for MBR in terms of multipoint density correlations. For Gaussian systems, this expression yields a relation between MBR and mean squared displacement. We finally demonstrate that MBR can be applied to other stochastic observables besides particle position. Using it for microscopic densities, its deviation from $\frac{1}{2}$ is a marker for broken detailed balance in confinement or in bulk systems.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Reflectors Tune Near-Field Thermal Transport

We explore near-field thermal radiation transport in nanoparticles embedded within a multilayer slab structure, focusing on dynamic modulation of heat flux via cavity interactions. Our findings reveal that by tuning the distance between reflectors and nanoparticles, thermal transport can be significantly suppressed or enhanced, driven by selective excitation of surface modes within the cavity. By precisely adjusting inter-slab gaps, we achieve multi-order control over thermal flux while maintaining stability across a broad range of configurations. Notably, internal slab arrangement plays a pivotal role, with compact designs yielding the most pronounced effects. This work unveils a novel mechanism for manipulating near-field heat transfer, with exciting potential for nanoscale thermal management and thermal sensing technologies.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

Nonlinear Langevin functionals for a driven probe

When a probe particle immersed in a fluid with nonlinear interactions is subject to strong driving, the cumulants of the stochastic force acting on the probe are nonlinear functionals of the driving protocol. We present a Volterra series for these nonlinear functionals, by applying nonlinear response theory in a path integral formalism, where the emerging kernels are shown to be expressed in terms of connected equilibrium correlation functions. The first cumulant is the mean force, the second cumulant characterizes the non-equilibrium force fluctuations (noise), and higher order cumulants quantify non-Gaussian fluctuations. We discuss the interpretation of this formalism in relation to Langevin dynamics. We highlight two example scenarios of this formalism: i) For a particle driven with prescribed trajectory, the formalism yields the non-equilibrium statistics of the interaction force with the fluid. ii) For a particle confined in a moving trapping potential, the formalism yields the non-equilibrium statistics of the trapping force. In simulations of a model of nonlinearly interacting Brownian particles, we find that nonlinear phenomena, such as shear-thinning and oscillating noise covariance, appear in third or second order response, respectively.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗