arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Moshe Carmeli.
The anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft of (8.74 \pm 1.33) \times 10^{-8} cm. s^{-2} fits with a theoretical prediction of a minimal acceleration in nature of about 7.61 \times 10^{-8} cm. s^{-2}
In cosmology one labels the time t since the Big Bang in terms of the redshift of light emitted at t, as we see it now. In this Note we derive a formula that relates t to z which is valid for all redshifts. One can go back in time as far as one wishes, but not to the Big Bang at which the redshift tends to infinity.
In the standard cosmological theory one uses the Einstein concepts of space and time as were originally introduced for the special theory of relativity and the general relativity theory. According to this approach all physical quantities are described in terms of the continuum spatial coordinates and time. Using general relativity theory a great progress has been made in understanding the evolution of the Universe. Cosmologists usually measure spatial distances and redshifts of faraway galaxies as expressed by the Hubble expansion. In recent years this fact was undertaken to develop new theories in terms of distances and velocities (redshift). While in Einstein's relativity the propagation of light plays the major role, in the new theory it is the expansion of the Universe that takes that role and appears at the outset. The cosmic time becomes crucial in these recent theories, which in the standard theory is considered to be absolute but here it is relative. In this lecture this new approach to cosmology is presented.
Astronomers measure distances to faraway galaxies and their velocities. They do that in order to determine the expansion rate of the Universe. In Part I of these lectures the foundations of the theory of the expansion of the Universe was given. In this part we present the theory. A formula for the distance of the galaxy in terms of its velocity is given. It is very simple: $r(v)=cτ/β\sinhβv/c$, where $τ$ is the Big Bang time, $β=\sqrt{1-Ω_m}$, and $Ω_m$ is the mass density of the Universe. For $Ω_m<1$ this formula clearly indicates that the Universe is expanding with acceleration, as experiments clearly show.
In this lecture I present the line elements that express the Hubble expansion. The coordinates here are the spatial coordinates $x$, $y$, $z$, and the velocity coordinate $v$, which are actually what astronomers use in their measurements. Two such line elements are presented: the first is the empty space (no matter exists), and the second with matter filling up the Universe. These line elements are the comparable to the standard ones, the Minkowski and the FRW line elements in ordinary general relativity theory.
We present gravitation as a theory in which the coordinates are distances and velocities between galaxies. We show that there are three possibilities for the Universe to expand: decelerating, constant and accelerating, and it is shown that the Universe is now in the latter phase. Assuming "Omega"_m=0.245, the time at which the Universe goes over from a decelerating to an accelerating expansion, occurs at 8.5 Gyr ago, at which time the cosmic radiation temperature was 146K. The theory predicts also that now there is a positive pressure, p=0.034g/cm^2, in the Universe. Although the theory has no cosmological constant, we extract from it its equivalence and show that "Lambda"=1.934x10^{-35}s^{-2}, which is in excellent agreement with measurements. It is also shown that the three-dimensional space of the Universe is Euclidean. Comparison with general relativity theory is finally made and it is shown that the classical experiments as well as the gravitational radiation prediction follow from the present theory, too.
The issue of the cosmological constant is discussed in details and a solution to the problem is suggested.
A five-dimensional cosmological theory of gravitation that unifies space, time and velocity is presented
We present a five-dimensional gravitational theory in a space-time-velocity Riemannian manifold. The equations of motion of a star moving around a galaxy are shown to be the Tully-Fisher law. The problem of the cosmological constant is discussed, and a new formula for the cosmological redshift is derived.
Most of the calculations done to obtain the value of the cosmological constant use methods of quantum gravity, a theory that has not been established as yet, and a variety of results are usually obtained. The numerical value of the cosmological constant is then supposed to be inserted in the Einstein field equations, hence the evolution of the Universe will depend on the calculated value. Here we present a fundamental approach to the problem. The theory presented here uses a Riemannian four-dimensional presentation of gravitation in which the coordinates are those of Hubble, i.e. distances and velocity rather than space and time. We solve these field equations and show that there are three possibilities for the Universe to expand but only the accelerating Universe is possible. From there we calculate the cosmological constant and find that its value is given by 1.934x10^(-35)s^-2. This value is in excellent agreement with the measurements obtained by the High-Z Supernova Team and the Supernova Cosmology Project. Finally it is shown that the three-dimensional space of the Universe is Euclidean, as the Boomerang experiment shows.
We present a space-velocity theory of gravitation in a 4-dimensional curved space. The solutions of the field equations yield 3 possibilities for the universe expansion but only the accelerating one is possible. Although the theory has no cosmological constant, we exract from it its equivalent value which is shown to be in agreement with measurements. No pressure is used in the theory.
In this paper we present the fundamentals of the cosmological special relativity (CSR) by discussing the dynamical concepts of velocity, acceleration and cosmic distances in spacevelocity. These concepts occur in CSR just as those of mass, linear momentum and energy appear in Einstein's special relativity (ESR) in spacetime.
At the early stage of the Universe-evolution there were no stars and no galaxies, but only a uniform hot plasma consisting of free electrons and free nuclei. The Universe temperature was determined by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of thermodynamics and the general relativistic cosmological theory. At the present time one has the background cosmic radiation with the temperature of 2.73K. We calculate how much of the early Universe energy has gone to matter and other forms of energy, so as to leave us with a background radiation of only 2.73K.
Using cosmological relativity theory, we derive the formula for the cosmological redshift written explicitly in terms of 1 - "Omega", where "Omega" = "rho"/"rho"_c is the ratio of the average mass density to the critical "closure" density. Based on the present-day data of observed redshifts, we conclude that "Omega" is less than one.
It is shown that the cosmological relativity theory prdicts the value Lambda = 1.934 x 10^-35 s^-2 for the cosmological constant. This value of Lambda is in exellent agreement with the measurements recently obtained by the High-Z Supernova Team and the Supernova Cosmology Project.
The early stage of the Universe is discussed and the time lengths of its first days are given. If we denote the Hubble time in the zero-gravity limit by T (approximately 12.16 billion years), and T(n) denotes the length of the n-th day, then we have the very simple relation T(n)=T/(2n-1). Hence we obtain for the first days the following lenghts of time: T(1)=T, T(2)=T/3, T(3)=T/5, etc.
The numerical value of the cosmological constant is calculated using a recently suggested cosmological model and found to be 2.036 x 10^(-35) s^(-2). This value of the cosmological constant is in excellent agreement with the measurements recently obtained by the High-Z Supernova Team and the Supernova Cosmology Project.
The early stage of the Universe is discussed and the time lengths of its first six days, as well as its age, are given. There seems to be no contradiction with the Bible's ascertain that the Universe was created in six days.