arXiv subjects

Nikolay I. Zheludev

Publications and source records attributed to Nikolay I. Zheludev.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Prior-information based super-resolution optical metrology of 2D nanoscale objects

Previous work has shown that optical metrology of one-dimensional objects, such as slit width, can achieve improved accuracy by using prior information from similar objects to train the metrology estimator. Here, we demonstrate single-shot optical metrology of nanoscale elliptical particles by analysing their diffraction patterns to retrieve length, width and in-plane orientation using a neural-network estimator trained on prior information from nano-ellipses with varied dimensions and orientations. Fisher-information flow analysis was used to optimise the physical parameters of the metrology apparatus and maximise measurement accuracy. Using a 633 nm laser, we measure the dimensions of elliptical particles with accuracy down to $λ$/128, corresponding to 4.9 nm, and recover their orientation with 5$°$ accuracy. Our results demonstrate the practicality of optical, deep-super-resolution, single-shot, multiparameter measurements of two-dimensional subwavelength objects, with potential relevance to microbiology and nanotechnology applications.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Improving Optical Metrology by Engineering the Target Environment

Measurements of positional coordinates and dimensions - whether by human vision or optical instrumentation - are fundamental to safety, industrial productivity, manufacturing quality/accuracy, and scientific discovery. The ultimate precision of such measurements is governed by the Fisher information conveyed from an object to a detector through the optical field, and strategies for enhancing measurement performance often focus on reducing detector noise and/or refining estimation algorithms. Building on the emerging understanding of Fisher information as a physical quantity that propagates through space in a wave-like fashion, we demonstrate that substantial gains in precision can also be made by engineering the electromagnetic environment of a measurement target to optimise the generation and transmission of Fisher information. Using nanowire position metrology based on light scattering at a wavelength λ = 640 nm as an architype system, we achieve a multifold enhancement in localisation precision, reaching beyond λ/10,000. Our results establish target environment engineering as a powerful and broadly applicable strategy for advancing measurement and sensing performance across platforms ranging from optical characterisation of micro- and nano-objects to microwave radars and optical LiDAR navigation systems.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Scalar axion field of toroidal electromagnetic pulses

Axion electrodynamics extends Maxwell's theory by postulating a hypothetical pseudoscalar axion field sourced by a scalar product of electric and magnetic fields. In this work, we demonstrate that a superposition of toroidal electromagnetic pulses propagating in free space naturally exhibits localized regions, where $\bm{E}\cdot\bm{B}\ne0$. As a consequence of axion electrodynamics, these structured light pulses generate a space-time localized pseudoscalar field co-propagating with the pulses. This result should not be interpreted as a mechanism for generating axion particles by light, but rather as a consequence of adopting the axion electrodynamics extension to Maxwell's equations.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

Controlling the Flow of Information in Optical Metrology

Optical metrology has progressed beyond the Abbe-Rayleigh limit, unlocking (sub)atomic precision by leveraging nonlinear phenomena, statistical accumulation, and AI estimators trained on measurand variations. Here, we show that Fisher information, which defines the fundamental precision limit, can be viewed as a physical entity that propagates through space, and we derive a wave equation for sensitivity fields describing its flow, which can resonate, diffract, and interfere. We reveal how material composition, geometry, and environmental design dictate where information is generated and how it travels, analogous to antennas and metasurfaces sculpting electromagnetic energy. Plasmonic and dielectric resonances enhance information flow, while gratings and near-field structures reshape radiation patterns. This perspective reframes metrology as a discipline in which resolution can be engineered by tailoring information sources and flow for applications in atomic-scale diagnostics and beyond, including optimisation of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), remote sensing, and radar technologies.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Super-resolution Imaging of Limited-size Objects

Improvement of label-free far-field resolution of optical imaging is possible with prior knowledge of the object such as its sparsity or accumulated by a posteriori examination of a similar class of object1-4. We show that the sole knowledge of the object's limited size is another fundamental resource to achieve resolution beyond the Abbe-Rayleigh diffraction limit: a higher resolution can be achieved with smaller objects. To prove this, we developed an imaging method that involves the representation of light scattered from the object with orthonormal field-of-view-limited Slepian-Pollak functions and experimentally demonstrated λ/8 resolution of sub-wavelength objects. Our method requires no assumption of the shape and complexity of the object and its labelling allowing a wide range of applications in the studies of nanoparticles and isolated microorganisms.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

Anti-Hong-Ou-Mandel interference by coherent perfect absorption of entangled photons

Two-photon interference, known as the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect, has colossal implications for quantum technology. It was observed in 1987 with two photodetectors monitoring outputs of the beamsplitter illuminated by photon pairs: the coincidence rate of the detectors drops to zero when detected photons overlap in time. More broadly, bosons (e.g., photons) coalesce while fermions (e.g., electrons) anti-coalesce when interfering on a lossless beamsplitter. Quantum interference of bosons and fermions can be tested in a single - photonics platform, where bosonic and fermionic states are artificially created as pairs of entangled photons with symmetric and anti-symmetric spatial wavefunctions. We observed that interference on a lossy beamsplitter, or a subwavelength coherent absorber reverses quantum interference in such a way that bosonic states anti-coalesce while fermionic states exhibit coalescent-like behavior. The ability to generate states of light with different statistics and manipulate their interference offers important opportunities for quantum information and metrology.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2025

Resolving Complex Subwavelength Grating Structures Using Topologically Structured Light

It has been seen recently that when probing a nanoscale object to determine, for example, size or position via light scattering, significant advantage in measurement precision can be gained from exploiting phase singularities in a topologically structured incident light field. Here, we demonstrate that this advantage, derived from the dependence of scattered intensity profiles on strong local (subwavelength-scale) intensity and phase variations in the incident field, can be extended towards imaging applications: Analysis of scattering patterns from arbitrary binary gratings under superoscillatory illumination successfully resolves feature sizes down to ~λ/7 in single-shot measurements (a factor of 1.4x smaller than is achieved with plane wave illumination), and ~λ/10.5 in positionally-displaced multi-shot measurements (which yields no improvement in the plane wave case). Interestingly, there are circumstances in which more complex objects are better resolved than simple structures, because interference effects increase the information content of their scattering patterns.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

Simultaneous Superoscillations in Space and Time in Nonseparable Light Pulses

A remarkable phenomenon of superoscillations implies that electromagnetic waves can locally oscillate in space or time faster than the fastest spatial and temporal Fourier component of the entire function. This phenomenon allows to focus light into an arbitrary small hotspot enabling superresolution imaging and optical metrology with accuracy far beyond the Abbey-Reileigh diffraction limit. Here we show that, in band-limited supertoroidal light pulses, the temporal and spatial superoscillations can be observed simultaneously at a specific region in space and at a specific interval in time.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Localization of nanoscale objects with light singularities

Unprecedented atomic-scale measurement resolution has recently been demonstrated in single-shot optical localization metrology based on deep-learning analyses of diffraction patterns of topologically structured light scattered from objects. Here we show that variations in the diffraction patterns caused by positional changes of an object depend upon the spatial derivatives of the magnitude and phase of the incident field, with the latter strongly enhanced at phase singularities. Despite lower intensity near the singularity, an orders-of-magnitude increase in Fisher information contained in the diffraction patterns can be achieved when a nano-object is illuminated by light containing phase singularities, rather than a plane wave. Our work provides a fundamental explanation and motivation for singularity-based metrology with deeply subwavelength precision.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Breaking of Time Translation Symmetry and Ergodicity, and Entropy decrease in a Continuous Time Crystal Driven by Nonreciprocal Optical Forces

Nonreciprocal nonequilibrium process are attracting growing interest in sociology, animal behaviour, chemistry, and nanotechnology, and may have played a role in the origin of life. It is less widely recognized, however, that in open systems light can induce nonreciprocal predator-prey like forces between nanoparticles. Such forces provide access to the continuous time crystal state of matter, which has been demonstrated in a plasmonic metamaterial array of nanowires wherein light triggers a spontaneous mobilization transition to the robust oscillatory state, breaking time translation symmetry. Here, we report on the first experimental study of the transient dynamics of light-induced mobilization and demobilization in a time crystal. By analysing time resolved phase trajectories of the system of nanowires, we show that the mobilization transition is accompanied by breaking of continuous time translation symmetry and ergodicity, and a decrease in the entropy of motion. This insight into the transient dynamics of a nonreciprocity-driven time crystal is relevant to optical timetronics, an information and communications technology paradigm relying on the unique functionalities of time crystals, and applications of the interacting nanowire oscillator platform to modelling a wide range of nonreciprocal processes from many-body dynamics to the early stages of matter-to-life transitions.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2023

Retrieving positions of closely packed sub-wavelength nanoparticles from their diffraction patterns

Distinguishing two objects or point sources located closer than the Rayleigh distance is impossible in conventional microscopy. Understandably, the task becomes increasingly harder with a growing number of particles placed in close proximity. It has been recently demonstrated that subwavelength nanoparticles in closely packed clusters can be counted by AI-enabled analysis of the diffraction patterns of coherent light scattered by the cluster. Here we show that deep learning analysis can determine the actual position of the nanoparticle in the cluster of subwavelength particles from a sing-shot diffraction pattern even if they are separated by distances below the Rayleigh resolution limit of a conventional microscope.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2023

Free-Space Propagation and Skyrmion Topology of Toroidal Electromagnetic Pulses

Toroidal electromagnetic pulses have been recently reported as nontransverse, space-time nonseparable topological excitations of free space [Nat. Photon. 16, 523-528 (2022)]. However, their propagation dynamics and topological configurations have not been comprehensively experimentally characterized. Here, we report that microwave toroidal pulses can be launched by a broadband conical horn antenna. We experimentally map their skyrmionic textures and demonstrate how that during propagation the pulses evolves towards stronger space-time nonseparability and closer proximity to the canonical Hellwarth and Nouchi toroidal pulses.

physics.class-ph↗

arXiv2023

Continuous Space-Time Crystal State Driven by Nonreciprocal Optical Forces

Continuous time crystals (CTCs) - media with broken continuous time translation symmetry - are an eagerly sought state of matter that spontaneously transition from a time-independent state to one of periodic motion in response to a small perturbation. The state has been realized recently in an array of nanowires decorated with plasmonic metamolecules illuminated with light. Here we show that this as-yet-unexplained CTC state can be understood as arising from a nonreciprocal phase transition induced by nonconservative radiation pressure forces among plasmonic metamolecules: above a certain intensity threshold, light drives the inhomogeneously broadened array of thermally-driven noisy nanowire oscillators to a synchronized coherent space-time crystal state and ergodicity of the system is broken. At the onset of synchronization, this mechanism does not require nonlinearity in the oscillators but depends instead on nonreciprocal forces. As such it is fundamentally different from the regimes of synchronization that depend on nonlinearity.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2023

Single atom in a superoscillatory optical trap

Optical tweezers have become essential tools to manipulate atoms or molecules at a single particle level. However, using standard diffracted-limited optical systems, the transverse size of the trap is lower bounded by the optical wavelength, limiting the application range of optical tweezers. Here we report trapping of single ultracold atom in an optical trap that can be continuously tuned from a standard Airy focus to a subwavelength hotspot smaller than the usual Abbe's diffraction limit. The hotspot was generated using the effect of superoscillations, by the precise interference of multiple free-space coherent waves. We argue that superoscillatory trapping and continuous potential tuning offer not only a way to generate compact and tenable ensembles of trapped atoms for quantum simulators but will also be useful in single molecule quantum chemistry and the study of cooperative atom-photon interaction within subwavelength arrays of quantum emitters.

physics.atom-ph↗

arXiv2023

Picophotonics -- Subatomic Optical Localization Beyond Thermal Fluctuations

Despite recent tremendous progress in optical imaging and metrology, the resolution gap between atomic scale transmission electron microscopy and optical techniques has not been closed. Is optical imaging and metrology of nanostructures exhibiting Brownian motion possible with resolution beyond thermal fluctuations? Here we report on an experiment in which the average position of a nanowire with a thermal oscillation amplitude of ~150 pm is resolved in single-shot measurements with precision of 92 pm using light at a wavelength of λ = 488 nm, providing the first example of such sub-Brownian metrology with ~λ/5,300 precision. To localize the nanowire, we employ a deep learning analysis of the scattering of topologically structured light, which is highly sensitive to the nanowire's position. As a non-invasive optical metrology with sub-Brownian absolute errors, down to a fraction of the typical size of an atom (Si: 220 pm diameter), it opens the exciting field of picophotonics.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2023

Photonic Metamaterial Analogue of a Continuous Time Crystal

Time crystals are an eagerly sought phase of matter with broken time-translation symmetry. Quantum time crystals with discretely broken time-translation symmetry have been demonstrated in trapped ions, atoms and spins while continuously broken time-translation symmetry has been observed in an atomic condensate inside an optical cavity. Here we report that a classical metamaterial nanostructure, a two-dimensional array of plasmonic metamolecules supported on flexible nanowires, can be driven to a state possessing all of the key features of a continuous time crystal: continuous coherent illumination by light resonant with the metamolecules' plasmonic mode triggers a spontaneous phase transition to a superradiant-like state of transmissivity oscillations, resulting from many-body interactions among the metamolecules, characterized by long-range order in space and time. The phenomenon is of interest to the study of dynamic classical many-body states in the strongly correlated regime and applications in all-optical modulation, frequency conversion and timing.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2022

Roadmap on spatiotemporal light fields

Spatiotemporal sculpturing of light pulse with ultimately sophisticated structures represents the holy grail of the human everlasting pursue of ultrafast information transmission and processing as well as ultra-intense energy concentration and extraction. It also holds the key to unlock new extraordinary fundamental physical effects. Traditionally, spatiotemporal light pulses are always treated as spatiotemporally separable wave packet as solution of the Maxwell's equations. In the past decade, however, more generalized forms of spatiotemporally nonseparable solution started to emerge with growing importance for their striking physical effects. This roadmap intends to highlight the recent advances in the creation and control of increasingly complex spatiotemporally sculptured pulses, from spatiotemporally separable to complex nonseparable states, with diverse geometric and topological structures, presenting a bird's eye viewpoint on the zoology of spatiotemporal light fields and the outlook of future trends and open challenges.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2022

Optical Control of Nanomechanical Eigenfrequencies and Brownian Motion in Metamaterials

Nanomechanical photonic metamaterials provide a wealth of active switching, nonlinear and enhanced light-matter interaction functionalities by coupling optically and mechanically resonant subsystems. Thermal (Brownian) motion of the nanostructural components of such metamaterials leads to fluctuations in optical properties, which may manifest as noise, but which also present opportunity to characterize performance and thereby optimize design at the level of individual nanomechanical elements. We show that Brownian motion in an all-dielectric metamaterial ensemble of silicon-on-silicon-nitride nanowires can be controlled by light at sub-μW/μm2 intensities. Induced changes in nanowire temperature of just a few Kelvin, dependent upon nanowire dimensions, material composition, and the direction of light propagation, yield proportional changes of several percent in the few-MHz Eigenfrequencies and picometric displacement amplitudes of Brownian motion. The tuning mechanism can provide active control of frequency response in photonic metadevices and may serve as a basis for bolometric, mass and micro/nanostructural stress sensing.

physics.optics↗