Organization of Valence and Arousal in Vision-Language Representations of Built Environments: Insights from the EMOIS Dataset
Visual perception of built environments contributes to the affective impressions that people form in everyday life. However, how these impressions are represented within vision foundation models remains largely unexplored. To support the systematic investigation of this subject, we introduce the Emotional Impression of Spaces (EMOIS) dataset, comprising 1,544 real-world built-environment images. Each image is annotated with image-evoked valence and arousal ratings collected from Japanese adults by conducting a large-scale web-based survey, with approximately 120 ratings per image. Using Contrastive Language--Image Pre-training (CLIP) representations, we perform predictive and geometric analyses to systematically investigate how valence and arousal are encoded and organized within the representation space. These analyses reveal that valence exhibited stronger and more coherent organization than arousal. Cross-dataset analyses with the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS), a benchmark dataset of general affective photographs, reveal differences in affective organization between the two datasets. Regression analyses demonstrate high predictive performance for valence and arousal within EMOIS, with mean coefficients of determination of 0.865 and 0.807, respectively, across repeated internal hold-out evaluations. Finally, we present an example-based interface illustrating how learned representations can support qualitative interpretation of predicted affective values. These findings can help elucidate affective representations of built environments and establish EMOIS as a densely annotated resource for future affective computing research in this domain.