arXiv subjects

Ozgur B. Akan

Publications and source records attributed to Ozgur B. Akan.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

arXiv2025

Multi Ratio Shift Keying (MRSK) for Molecular Communication

Molecular Communication (MC) leverages the power of diffusion to transmit molecules from a transmitter to a receiver. A wide variety of modulation techniques based on molecule concentration, type, and release time have been extensively studied in the literature. In this paper, we propose a novel modulation technique that encodes the information into the relative concentrations of multiple molecules called Multi Ratio Shift Keying (MRSK) designed for diffusion-based MC without drift. We show that leveraging all possible ratios in a set of molecules can help mitigate the effects of intersymbol interference (ISI) and provide a flexible communication channel. To evaluate the performance of the MRSK, we develop a mathematical framework for studying the statistics of the ratio of random variables, focusing on noncentral Gaussian distributions. We then assess MRSK performance both analytically and through particle-based simulations under various channel conditions, identifying potential sources of error in our system model. Additionally, we conduct a comparative analysis of commonly used modulation schemes in the literature based on bit error rate (BER). The results show that MRSK significantly outperforms all traditional modulation schemes considered in this study in terms of BER. MRSK offers a promising, flexible, and more reliable communication method for the future of the MC paradigm.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2025

Sustainable and Precision Agriculture with the Internet of Everything (IoE)

Agriculture faces critical challenges from population growth, resource scarcity, and climate change, driving a shift toward advanced, technology-integrated farming. Mechanization has transformed agriculture, enhancing sustainability and crop productivity. Now, technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, biotechnology, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are advancing precision agriculture. The concept of the Internet of Everything (IoE) has gained traction due to its holistic approach to integrating various IoT specializations, called IoXs with X referring to a specific domain. This paper explores the transformative role of IoE in agriculture, expanding beyond traditional IoT applications to integrate niche subdomains like molecular communication (MC), the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT), designer phages, and the Internet of Fungus (IoF). Our study provides a detailed review of how these IoE subdomains, in conjunction with 6G, blockchain, and machine learning (ML), can enhance precision farming in areas like crop monitoring, resource management, and disease control. Unlike prior IoT centric reviews, this work uniquely focuses on IoEs potential to advance agriculture at molecular and biological scales, achieving more precise resource utilization and resilience. Key contributions include an exploration of these technologies applicability, associated challenges, and recommendations for future research directions within precision agriculture.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2025

Molecular Communication-Inspired Particle Collector-Transmitter (PaCoT) for Heavy Metal Removal from Human Circulatory System

This study proposes a novel molecular communication (MC)-inspired nanomachine, PArticle COllector-Transmitter (PaCoT), to remove toxic heavy metals from the human circulatory system. PaCoT collects these toxic metals and transmits them to release nodes, such as lymph capillaries, before they reach critical organs. The design incorporates key physical parameters and operates through particle reception and release mechanisms. In the reception process, described as ligand-receptor binding reactions, modeled as a continuous-time Markov process (CTMP), PaCoT uses metallothionein proteins as receptors and heavy metals (e.g., Zn, Pb, Cd) as ligands. We assume that the toxicity condition (toxic (bit-1), non-toxic (bit-0)) is encoded into the concentration of heavy metal molecules. Thus, we consider that heavy metal concentration within the MC channel (e.g., human circulatory system) employs binary concentration shift keying (binary CSK). The concentration ratio of specific heavy metals is estimated to infer toxicity, i.e., a high ratio indicates toxicity and a low ratio suggests non-toxicity. Toxicity detection is achieved by monitoring the receptor bound duration in the presence of interferers and various types of heavy metals. After detecting and collecting toxic heavy metals, PaCoT securely retains them in a liquid medium (e.g., water) until release, employing two mechanisms: (1) a single-disc viscous micropump to regulate flow rate, and (2) Brownian motion to facilitate diffusion. PaCoT's performance is evaluated through MATLAB simulations, focusing on bit error probability (BEP) of the toxicity detection method, release time of molecules from PaCoT and energy consumption.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2024

Molecular Communication-Based Quorum Sensing Disruption for Enhanced Immune Defense

Molecular Communication (MC) utilizes chemical molecules to transmit information, introducing innovative strategies for pharmaceutical interventions and enhanced immune system monitoring. This paper explores Molecular communication based approach to disrupt Quorum Sensing (QS) pathways to bolster immune defenses against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Quorum Sensing enables bacteria to coordinate critical behaviors, including virulence and antibiotic resistance, by exchanging chemical signals, known as autoinducers. By interfering with this bacterial communication, we can disrupt the synchronization of activities that promote infection and resistance. The study focuses on RNAIII inhibiting peptide (RIP), which blocks the production of critical transcripts, RNAII and RNAIII, within the Accessory Gene Regulator (AGR) system, thereby weakening bacterial virulence and enhancing host immune responses. The synergistic effects of combining QS inhibitors like RIP with traditional antimicrobial treatments reduce the need for highdose antibiotics, offering a potential solution to antibiotic resistance. This molecular communication-based approach presents a promising path to improved treatment efficacy and more robust immune responses against bacterial infections by targeting bacterial communication.

q-bio.BM↗

arXiv2024

Modeling and Analysis of SCFA-Driven Vagus Nerve Signaling in the Gut-Brain Axis via Molecular Communication

Molecular communication (MC) is a bio-inspired communication paradigm that utilizes molecules to transfer information and offers a robust framework for understanding biological signaling systems. This paper introduces a novel end-to-end MC framework for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-driven vagus nerve signaling within the gut-brain axis (GBA) to enhance our understanding of gut-brain communication mechanisms. SCFA molecules, produced by gut microbiota, serve as important biomarkers in physiological and psychological processes, including neurodegenerative and mental health disorders. The developed end-to-end model integrates SCFA binding to vagal afferent fibers, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated calcium signaling, and Hodgkin-Huxley-based action potential generation into a comprehensive vagus nerve signaling mechanism through GBA. Information-theoretic metrics such as mutual information and delay are used to evaluate the efficiency of this SCFA-driven signaling pathway model. Simulations demonstrate how molecular inputs translate into neural outputs, highlighting critical aspects that govern gut-brain communication. In this work, the integration of SCFA-driven signaling into the MC framework provides a novel perspective on gut-brain communication and paves the way for the development of innovative therapeutic advancements targeting neurological and psychiatric disorders.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2024

Gravitational Communication: Fundamentals, State-of-the-Art and Future Vision

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of fundamentals and the latest research progress in gravitational communication, with a detailed historical review of gravitational wave generation and detection. Key aspects covered include the evolution of detection sensitivity and generation methods, modulation techniques, and gravitational communication channel. While gravitational wave communication holds promise for overcoming limitations in traditional electromagnetic communication, significant challenges remain, particularly in wave generation and detection. The paper also explores various modulation techniques and examines environmental influences on gravitational wave transmission. A comparative discussion is provided between gravitational and classical communication modalities -- including electromagnetic, quantum, particle, acoustic, and optical communications -- highlighting the strengths and limitations of each. Furthermore, potential application and future vision for gravitational communication are also envisioned. Finally, Potential research directions to bridge the gap between theoretical and practical applications of gravitational wave communication are investigated.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2024

Ion Transmitter for Molecular Communication

Molecular communication (MC) is an emerging paradigm that takes inspiration from biological processes, enabling communication at the nanoscale and facilitating the development of the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT). Traditional models of MC often rely on idealized assumptions that overlook practical challenges related to noise and signal behavior. This paper proposes and evaluates the first physical MC ion transmitter (ITX) using an ion exchange membrane. The circuit network model is used to simulate ion transport and analyze both transient and steady-state behavior. This analysis includes the effects of noise sources such as thermal and shot noise on signal integrity and SNR. The main contributions of this paper are to demonstrate how a practical MC ITX can produce a realistic waveform and to highlight future research challenges associated with a physical membrane-based ITX.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2024

Martian Dust Storm Detection with THz Opportunistic Integrated Sensing and Communication in the Internet of Space (IoS)

This paper presents the Mars Dust Storm Detector (MDSD), a system that leverages the THz Opportunistic Integrated Sensing and Communications (OISAC) signals between Mars surface assets (rovers and landers) to extract environmental information, particularly dust storm properties. The MDSD system utilizes the multi-parameter sensitivity of THz signal attenuation between Martian communication devices to provide rich, real-time data on storm intensity, particle characteristics, and potentially even electrification state. This approach, incorporating HITRAN spectroscopic data and Martian-specific atmospheric parameters, allows for accurate modeling and analysis. The system's ability to repurpose THz ISAC signals for environmental sensing demonstrates an efficient use of resources in the challenging Martian environment, utilizing communication infrastructure to enhance our understanding of Mars' atmospheric dynamics. The system's performance is evaluated through extensive simulations under various Node Density Factors (NDFs), comparing different interpolation algorithms for dust storm intensity mapping. Results demonstrate that linear interpolation achieves superior accuracy (correlation >0.90) at high NDFs, while nearest-neighbor and IDW algorithms maintain complete spatial coverage in sparse networks. Error analysis identifies dust particle size uncertainty as the primary contributor to estimation errors, though the system shows resilience to Martian atmospheric variations. This work extends the opportunistic use of ISAC technology to planetary exploration, contributing to both Mars atmospheric monitoring capabilities and ISAC applications in the Internet of Space (IoS).

eess.SP↗

arXiv2024

ART-Rx: A Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controlled Adaptive Real-Time Threshold Receiver for Molecular Communication

Molecular communication (MC) in microfluidic channels faces significant challenges in signal detection due to the stochastic nature of molecule propagation and dynamic, noisy environments. Conventional detection methods often struggle under varying channel conditions, leading to high bit error rates (BER) and reduced communication efficiency. This paper introduces ART-Rx, a novel Adaptive Real-Time Threshold Receiver for MC that addresses these challenges. Implemented within a conceptual system-on-chip (SoC), ART-Rx employs a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller to dynamically adjust the detection threshold based on observed errors in real time. Comprehensive simulations using MATLAB and Smoldyn compare ART-Rx's performance against a statistically optimal detection threshold across various scenarios, including different levels of interference, concentration shift keying (CSK) levels, flow velocities, transmitter-receiver distances, diffusion coefficients, and binding rates. The results demonstrate that ART-Rx significantly outperforms conventional methods, maintaining consistently low BER and bit error probabilities (BEP) even in high-noise conditions and extreme channel environments. The system exhibits exceptional robustness to interference and shows the potential to enable higher data rates in CSK modulation. Furthermore, because ART-Rx is effectively adaptable to varying environmental conditions in microfluidic channels, it offers a computationally efficient and straightforward approach to enhance signal detection in nanoscale communication systems. This approach presents a promising control theory-based solution to improve the reliability of data transmission in practical MC systems, with potential applications in healthcare, brain-machine interfaces (BMI), and the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT).

cs.ET↗

arXiv2024

End-to-End Mathematical Modeling of Stress Communication Between Plants

Molecular Communication (MC) is an important communication paradigm found in nature. Odor-based Molecular Communication (OMC) is a specific type of MC with promising potential and a wide range of applications. In this paper, we examine OMC communication between plants in the context of stress communication. Specifically, we explore how plants use Biological Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs) to convey information about the stresses they are experiencing to neighboring plants. We constructed an end-to-end mathematical model that discovers the underlying physical and biological phenomena affecting stress communication. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to model this end-to-end stress communication. We numerically analyzed our system under different scenarios using MATLAB. Using experimental data from the literature, we demonstrated that continuous gene regulation can approximate BVOC emissions in plants under different stress conditions. Consequently, we applied this model to these stressors and plants to accurately approximate BVOC emissions. We also investigated a modulation method that plants use to send their messages, namely Ratio Shift Keying. Upon analyzing this method, we found that it benefits plants by both enabling a multiple access channel and preventing competitor plants from obtaining the information.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2024

Molecular Arithmetic Coding (MoAC) and Optimized Molecular Prefix Coding (MoPC) for Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication

Molecular communication (MC) enables information transfer through molecules at the nano-scale. This paper presents new and optimized source coding (data compression) methods for MC. In a recent paper, prefix source coding was introduced into the field, through an MC-adapted version of the Huffman coding. We first show that while MC-adapted Huffman coding improves symbol error rate (SER), it does not always produce an optimal prefix codebook in terms of coding length and power. To address this, we propose optimal molecular prefix coding (MoPC). The major result of this paper is the Molecular Arithmetic Coding (MoAC), which we derive based on an existing general construction principle for constrained arithmetic channel coding, equipping it with error correction and data compression capabilities for any finite source alphabet. We theoretically and practically show the superiority of MoAC to SAC, our another adaptation of arithmetic source coding to MC. However, MoAC's unique decodability is limited by bit precision. Accordingly, a uniquely-decodable new coding scheme named Molecular Arithmetic with Prefix Coding (MoAPC) is introduced. On two nucleotide alphabets, we show that MoAPC has a better compression performance than MoPC. MC simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

cs.IT↗

arXiv2024

A Novel Framework of Horizontal-Vertical Hybrid Federated Learning for EdgeIoT

This letter puts forth a new hybrid horizontal-vertical federated learning (HoVeFL) for mobile edge computing-enabled Internet of Things (EdgeIoT). In this framework, certain EdgeIoT devices train local models using the same data samples but analyze disparate data features, while the others focus on the same features using non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data samples. Thus, even though the data features are consistent, the data samples vary across devices. The proposed HoVeFL formulates the training of local and global models to minimize the global loss function. Performance evaluations on CIFAR-10 and SVHN datasets reveal that the testing loss of HoVeFL with 12 horizontal FL devices and six vertical FL devices is 5.5% and 25.2% higher, respectively, compared to a setup with six horizontal FL devices and 12 vertical FL devices.

cs.DC↗

arXiv2024

Molecular Quantum (MolQ) Communication Channel in the Gut-Brain Axis Synapse

The gut-brain axis is the communication link between the gut and the brain. Although it is known that the gut-brain axis plays a pivotal role in homeostasis, its overall mechanism is still not known. However, for neural synapses, classical molecular communication is described by the formation of ligand-receptor complexes, which leads to the opening of ion channels. Moreover, there are some conditions that need to be fulfilled before the opening of the ion channel. In this study, we consider the gut-brain axis, where neurotransmitters diffuse through the synaptic cleft, considering molecular communication. On the vagus nerve (VN) membrane, i.e., the post-synaptic membrane of the synapse, it undergoes a quantum communication (QC), which initiates the opening of the ion channel, thus initiating the communication signal from the gut to the brain. It evolves a new paradigm of communication approach, Molecular Quantum (MolQ) communication. Based on the QC model, we theoretically analyze the output states, and QC is simulated considering the incoming neurotransmitter's concentration and validated by analyzing the entropy and the mutual information of the input, i.e., neurotransmitter's concentration, and output, i.e., ion channel opening.

q-bio.NC↗

arXiv2024

A Molecular Communication Perspective of Alzheimer's Disease: Impact of Amyloid Beta Oligomers on Glutamate Diffusion in the Synaptic Cleft

Molecular communication (MC) within the synaptic cleft is vital for neurotransmitter diffusion, a process critical to cognitive functions. In Alzheimer's Disease (AD), beta-amyloid oligomers (A$β$os) disrupt this communication, leading to synaptic dysfunction. This paper investigates the molecular interactions between glutamate, a key neurotransmitter, and A$β$os within the synaptic cleft, aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this disruption. Through stochastic modeling, we simulate the dynamics of A$β$os and their impact on glutamate diffusion. The findings, validated by comparing simulated results with existing experimental data, demonstrate that A$β$os serve as physical obstacles, hindering glutamate movement and increasing collision frequency. This impairment of synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) by binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane is further validated against known molecular interaction behaviors observed in similar neurodegenerative contexts. The study also explores potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate these disruptions. By enhancing our understanding of these molecular interactions, this research contributes to the development of more effective treatments for AD, with the ultimate goal of alleviating synaptic impairments associated with the disease.

q-bio.MN↗

arXiv2024

DebriSense: Terahertz-based Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) for Debris Detection and Classification in the Internet of Space (IoS)

The proliferation of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has intensified the challenge of space debris management. This paper introduces DebriSense-THz, a novel Terahertz-Enabled Debris Sensing system for LEO satellites that leverages Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) technology. We present a comprehensive THz channel model for LEO environments, incorporating debris interactions such as reflection, scattering, and diffraction. The DebriSense-THz architecture employs machine learning techniques for debris detection and classification using Channel State Information (CSI) features. Performance evaluation across different frequencies (30 GHz-5 THz), MIMO configurations, debris densities, and SNR levels demonstrates significant improvements in debris detection and classification accuracy (95-99% at 5 THz compared to 62-81% at 30 GHz). Higher SNR configurations enhance sensing performance, particularly at higher frequencies. The system shows robust performance across various debris densities and MIMO size in the THz range, with a noted trade-off between communication reliability and sensing accuracy at lower frequencies. DebriSense-THz represents a significant advance in space situational awareness, paving the way for more effective debris mitigation strategies in increasingly congested LEO environments.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2024

Internet of Harvester Nano Things: A Future Prospects

The advancements in nanotechnology, material science, and electrical engineering have shrunk the sizes of electronic devices down to the micro/nanoscale. This brings the opportunity of developing the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), an extension of the Internet of Things (IoT). With nanodevices, numerous new possibilities emerge in the biomedical, military fields, and industrial products. However, a continuous energy supply is mandatory for these devices to work. At the micro/nanoscale, batteries cannot supply this demand due to size limitations and the limited energy contained in the batteries. Internet of Harvester Nano Things (IoHNT), a concept of Energy Harvesting (EH) integrated with wireless power transmission (WPT) techniques, converts the existing different energy sources into electrical energy and transmits to IoNT nodes. As IoHNTs are not directly attached to IoNTs, it gives flexibility in size. However, we define the size of IoHNTs as up to 10 cm. In this review, we comprehensively investigate the available energy sources and EH principles to wirelessly power IoNTs. We discuss the IoHNT principles, material selections, and state-of-the-art applications of each energy source for different sectoral applications. The different technologies of WPT and how communication is influenced by the incorporation of IoHNTs to power IoNTs are discussed with the future research directions. IoHNTs represent a shift in the nanodevice power supply, leading us towards a future where wireless technology is widespread. Hence, it will motivate researchers to envision and contribute to advancing the following power revolution in IoNT, providing unmatched simplicity and efficiency.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2024

Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Symbiosis for Energy Harvesting in the Internet of Plants

Biological entities in nature have developed sophisticated communication methods over millennia to facilitate cooperation. Among these entities, plants are some of the most intricate communicators. They interact with each other through various communication modalities, creating networks that enable the exchange of information and nutrients. In this paper, we explore this collective behavior and its components. We then introduce the concept of agent plants, outlining their architecture and detailing the tasks of each unit. Additionally, we investigate the mycorrhizal fungi-plant symbiosis to extract glucose for energy harvesting. We propose an architecture that converts the chemical energy stored in these glucose molecules into electrical energy. We conduct comprehensive analyses of the proposed architecture to validate its effectiveness.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2024

Bacterial Communications and Computing in Internet of Everything (IoE)

Concurrent with advancements in molecular communication (MC), bacterial communication is emerging as a key area of interest. Given the frequent use of bacteria in various MC models, it is essential to have a thorough grasp of their intrinsic communication, signaling, and engineering techniques. Although it is crucial to have a strong understanding of the communication background, the inherent biological variability of bacteria may introduce complexity. Thus, an in-depth understanding of bacteria and their communication is a must for improving and extending the models in which they are utilized. Furthermore, the emerging and evolving domain of bacterial computing provides an exciting opportunity for advancing applications in areas such as environmental monitoring and biological computing networks. By integrating the communication and sensing capabilities, bacterial computing offers a promising framework for enhancing the adaptability and responsiveness of bacteria. This paper provides a comprehensive review of bacterial communication and computing, illustrating their application and the link with the concept of the Internet of Everything (IoE). Through the analysis of these biological systems, we reach a deeper insight on how the small-scale interactions may contribute to the major concept of universal interconnectedness; thus, we make the knowledge to flow and communication stronger between different fields. The discussion include the identification of the different bacterial mechanisms that could revolutionize the traditional communication systems. Thus, this paper offers valuable insights into previously unaddressed aspects of bacterial behavior, suggesting novel avenues for future research and aiming to advance understanding and application of bacterial sensing, communication and computing in MC models.

eess.SP↗