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P. Esquinazi

Publications and source records attributed to P. Esquinazi.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

Negative differential resistance in normal narrow bands - superconducting junctions with Andreev reflection

We have calculated current-voltage characteristic curves for normal-superconducting junctions with Andreev reflections and different types of electronic bands. We found that when the normal band is narrow, of the order of the superconducting energy gap, a negative differential resistance appears at a voltage of the order of the band width plus the gap value. In case two bands contribute to the total current the conductance can be smaller than unity at voltages above the gap value. Our simulations may provide an answer to different experimental data of the literature that were not yet understood.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Mean field superconductivity approach in two dimensions: Hydrogen in Graphite

Within the BCS theory of superconductivity we calculate the superconducting gap at zero temperature for metallic hydrogen-graphene system in order to estimate the superconducting critical temperature of quasi two dimensional highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The obtained results are given as a function of the hydrogen-induced density of carriers $n$ and their effective mass $m^\star$. The obtained gap shows a Maxwell-like distribution with a maximum of $\sim 60 $K at $n \sim 3 \times 10^{14} $cm$^{-2}$ and $m^\star/m = 1$. The theoretical results are discussed taking into account recent experimental evidence for granular superconductivity in graphite.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Magnetic order in Graphite: Experimental evidence, intrinsic and extrinsic difficulties

We discuss recently obtained data using different experimental methods including magnetoresistance measurements that indicate the existence of metal-free high-temperature magnetic order in graphite. Intrinsic as well as extrinsic difficulties to trigger magnetic order by irradiation of graphite are discussed in view of recently published theoretical work.

cond-mat.str-el↗

Sample Size Effects on the Transport Characteristics of Mesoscopic Graphite Samples

In this work we investigated correlations between the internal microstructure and sample size (lateral as well as thickness) of mesoscopic, tens of nanometer thick graphite (multigraphene) samples and the temperature $(T)$ and field $(B)$ dependence of their electrical resistivity $ρ(T,B)$. Low energy transmission electron microscopy reveals that the original highly oriented pyrolytic graphite material -- from which the multigraphene samples were obtained by exfoliation -- is composed of a stack of $\sim 50 $nm thick and micrometer long crystalline regions separated by interfaces running parallel to the graphene planes. We found a qualitative and quantitative change in the behavior of $ρ(T,B)$ upon thickness of the multigraphene samples, indicating that their internal microstructure is important.} {The overall results indicate that the metallic-like behavior of $ρ(T)$ at zero field measured for bulk graphite samples is not intrinsic of ideal graphite. The results suggest that the interfaces between crystalline regions may be responsible for the superconducting-like properties observed in graphite. Our transport measurements also show that reducing the sample lateral size as well as the length between voltage electrodes decreases the magnetoresistance, in agreement with recently published results. The magnetoresistance of the multigraphene samples shows a scaling of the form ($(R(B) - R(0))/R(0))/T^α= f(B/T)$ with a sample dependent exponent $α\sim 1$, which applies in the whole temperature 2 K $\le T \le 270$K and magnetic field range $B \le 8 $T.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

From Ohmic to Ballistic Transport in Oriented Graphite

In this work we show that for a quasi-2D system of size $Ω$ and thickness $t$ the resistance goes as $(2ρ/πt)\ln(Ω/W)$, diverging logarithmically with the size. Measurements in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as well as numerical simulations confirm this relation. Furthermore, we present an experimental method that allows us to obtain the carriers mean free path $l(T)$, the Fermi wavelength $λ(T)$ and the mobility $μ(T)$ directly from experiments without adjustable parameters. Measuring the electrical resistance through microfabricated constrictions in HOPG and observing the transition from ohmic to ballistic regime we obtain that $0.2 μ$m $\lesssim l \lesssim 10 μ$m, $0.1 μ$m $\lesssim λ\lesssim 2 μ$m and a mobility $5 \times 10^4$ cm$^2$/Vs $ \lesssim μ\lesssim 4 \times 10^7$ cm$^2$/Vs when the temperature decreases from 270K to 3K. A comparison of these results with those from literature indicates that conventional, multiband Boltzmann-Drude approaches are inadequate for oriented graphite. The upper value obtained for the mobility is much larger than the mobility graphene samples of micrometer size can have.

cond-mat.str-el↗

Quantum Andreev Oscillations in normal-superconducting-normal nanostructures

We show that the voltage drop of specially prepared normal-superconducting-normal nanostructures show quantum Andreev oscillations as a function of magnetic field or input current. These oscillations are due to the interference of the electron wave function between the normal parts of the structure that act as reflective interfaces, i.e. our devices behave as a Fabry-Perot interferometer for conduction electrons. The observed oscillations and field periods are well explained by theory.

cond-mat.str-el↗

A comparison of the magnetic properties of Proton- and Iron-implanted graphite

In this work we have investigated the changes of the magnetic properties of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite samples after irradiation either with $\sim 3 \times 10^{14}$ protons or $ 3.5 \times 10^{13} ... 3.5 \times 10^{14}$ iron ions with energies in the MeV range. Our results show that iron and proton irradiations can produce similar paramagnetic contributions depending on the implantation temperature. However, only protons induce a ferromagnetic effect.

cond-mat.str-el↗

Intrinsic Superconductivity at 25 K in Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

High resolution magnetoresistance data in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite thin samples manifest non-homogenous superconductivity with critical temperature $T_c \sim 25 $K. These data exhibit: i) hysteretic loops of resistance versus magnetic field similar to Josephson-coupled grains, ii) quantum Andreev's resonances and iii) absence of the Schubnikov-de Haas oscillations. The results indicate that graphite is a system with non-percolative superconducting domains immersed in a semiconducting-like matrix. As possible origin of the superconductivity in graphite we discuss interior-gap superconductivity when two very different electronic masses are present.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Size Effects in the Magnetoresistance of Graphite: Absence of Magnetoresistance in Micrometer size Samples

We present a study of the magnetoresistance of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as a function of the sample size. Our results show unequivocally that the magnetoresistance reduces with the sample size even for samples of hundreds of micrometers size. This sample size effect is due the large mean free path and Fermi wavelength of carriers in graphite and may explain the observed practically absence of magnetoresistance in micrometer confined small graphene samples where quantum effects should be at hand. These were not taken into account in the literature yet and ask for a revision of experimental and theoretical work on graphite.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

Experimental Evidence for Two-Dimensional Magnetic Order in Proton Bombarded Graphite

We have prepared magnetic graphite samples bombarded by protons at low temperatures and low fluences to attenuate the large thermal annealing produced during irradiation. An overall optimization of sample handling allowed us to find Curie temperatures $ T_c \gtrsim 350$ K at the used fluences. The magnetization versus temperature shows unequivocally a linear dependence, which can be interpreted as due to excitations of spin waves in a two dimensional Heisenberg model with a weak uniaxial anisotropy.

cond-mat.str-el↗

$π$-Electron Ferromagnetism in Metal Free Carbon Probed by Soft X-Ray Dichroism

Elemental carbon represents a fundamental building block of matter and the possibility of ferromagnetic order in carbon attracted widespread attention. However, the origin of magnetic order in such a light element is only poorly understood and has puzzled researchers. We present a spectromicroscopy study at room temperature of proton irradiated metal free carbon using the elemental and chemical specificity of x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). We demonstrate that the magnetic order in the investigated system originates only from the carbon $π$-electron system.

cond-mat.other↗

Magnetic properties of polymerized C$_{60}$ with Fe

We provide evidence that high-pressure high-temperature (2.5 GPa and 1040 K) treatment of mixtures of iron with fullerene powders leads to the complete transformation of iron into iron carbide Fe$_3$C. The comparison of the magnetic properties (Curie temperature and magnetic moment) of the here studied samples and those for the ferromagnetic polymer Rh-C$_{60}$ indicates that the main ferromagnetic signal reported in those samples is due to Fe$_3$C and not related to the ferromagnetism of carbon as originally interpreted. Taking into account the results obtained in this study the original paper on ``Magnetic carbon" (Nature {\bf 413}, 716 (2001)) was recently retracted.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Proton-induced magnetic order in carbon: SQUID measurements

In this work we have studied systematically the changes in the magnetic behavior of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) samples after proton irradiation in the MeV energy range. Superconducting quantum interferometer device (SQUID) results obtained from samples with thousands of localized spots of micrometer size as well on samples irradiated with a broad beam confirm previously reported results. Both, the para- and ferromagnetic contributions depend strongly on the irradiation details. The results indicate that the magnetic moment at saturation of spots of micrometer size is of the order of $10^{-10}$ emu.

cond-mat.str-el↗

Ferromagnetism and Superconductivity in Carbon-Based Systems

In this article we shortly review previous and recently published experimental results that provide evidence for intrinsic, magnetic-impurity-free ferromagnetism and for high-temperature superconductivity in carbon-based materials. The available data suggest that the origin of those phenomena is related to structural disorder and the presence of light elements like hydrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Anomalous Hall Effect in Graphite

We report on the experimental observation of an anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite samples. The overall data indicate that the AHE in graphite can be self-consistently understood within the frameworks of the magnetic-field-driven excitonic pairing models.

cond-mat.str-el↗

Electrostatic Force Microscopy on Oriented Graphite Surfaces: Where Insulating and Conducting Behaviors Coexist

We present measurements of the electric potential fluctuations on the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite using electrostatic force and atomic force microscopy. Micrometric domain-like potential distributions are observed even when the sample is grounded. Such potential distributions are unexpected given the good metallic conductivity of graphite because the surface should be an equipotential. Our results indicate the coexistence of regions with metallic and insulating behaviors showing large potential fluctuations of the order of 0.25V. We discuss the implications of these measurements in the disorder structure of graphite.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

Integer Quantum Hall Effect in Graphite

We present Hall effect measurements on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite that indicate the occurrence of the integer quantum-Hall-effect. The evidence is given by the observation of regular plateau-like structures in the field dependence of the transverse conductivity obtained in van der Pauw configuration. Measurements with the Corbino-disk configuration support this result and indicate that the quasi-linear and non-saturating longitudinal magnetoresistance in graphite is governed by the Hall effect in agreement with a recent theoretical model for disordered semiconductors.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

3D-Hydrogen Analysis of Ferromagnetic Microstructures in Proton Irradiated Graphite

Recently, magnetic order in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) induced by proton broad- and microbeam irradiation was discovered. Theoretical models propose that hydrogen could play a major role in the magnetism mechanism. We analysed the hydrogen distribution of pristine as well as irradiated HOPG samples, which were implanted to micrometer-sized spots as well as extended areas with various doses of 2.25 MeV protons at the Leipzig microprobe LIPSION. For this we used the sensitive 3D hydrogen microscopy system at the Munich microprobe SNAKE. The background hydrogen level in pristine HOPG is determined to be less than 0.3 at-ppm. About 4.8e15 H-atoms/cm^2 are observed in the near-surface region (4 um depth resolution). The depth profiles of the implants show hydrogen located within a confined peak at the end of range, in agreement with SRIM Monte Carlo simulations, and no evidence of diffusion broadening along the c-axis. At sample with microspots, up to 40 at-% of the implanted hydrogen is not detected, providing support for lateral hydrogen diffusion.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗