arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Palle E. T. Jorgensen.
In this paper, we show how a class of operators used in the analysis of measures from wavelets and iterated function systems may be understood from a special family of representations of Cuntz algebras.
We show how fundamental ideas from signal processing, multiscale theory and wavelets may be applied to non-linear dynamics. The problems from dynamics include iterated function systems (IFS), dynamical systems based on substitution such as the discrete systems built on rational functions of one complex variable and the corresponding Julia sets, and state spaces of subshifts in symbolic dynamics. Our paper serves to motivate and survey our recent results in this general area. Hence we leave out some proofs, but instead add a number of intuitive ideas which we hope will make the subject more accessible to researchers in operator theory and systems theory.
We compute the Coifman-Meyer-Wickerhauser measure $μ$ for certain families of quadrature mirror filters (QMFs), and we establish that for a subclass of QMFs, $μ$ contains a fractal scale. In particular, these measures $μ$ are not in the Lebesgue class.
We consider a class of convergence questions for infinite products that arise in wavelet theory when the wavelet filters are more singular than is traditionally built into the assumptions. We establish pointwise convergence properties for the absolute square of the scaling functions. Our proofs are based on probabilistic tools.
We introduce an harmonic analysis for iterated function systems (IFS) (X, mu) which is based on a Markov process on certain paths. The probabilities are determined by a weight function W on X. From W we define a transition operator R_W acting on functions on X, and a corresponding class of R_W-harmonic functions. The properties of these functions determine the spectral theory of L^2(mu). For affine IFSs we establish orthogonal bases in L^2(mu). These bases are generated by paths with infinite repetition of finite words. We use this in the last section to analyze tiles in R^d.
We construct certain Hilbert spaces associated with a class of non-linear dynamical systems X. These are systems which arise from a generalized self-similarity, and an iterated substitution. We show that when a weight function W on X is given, then we may construct associated Hilbert spaces H(W) of L^2-martingales which have wavelet bases.
Let X be a compact Hausdorff space. We study finite-to-one mappings r:X->X, onto X, and measures on the corresponding projective limit space X_\infinity(r). We show that the invariant measures on X_\infinity(r) correspond in a one-to-one fashion to measures on X which satisfy two identities. Moreover, we identify those special measures on X_\infinity(r) which are associated via our correspondence with a function V on X, a Ruelle transfer operator R_V, and an equilibrium measure μ_V on X.
In applications, choices of orthonormal bases in Hilbert space H may come about from the simultaneous diagonalization of some specific abelian algebra of operators. It was noticed recently that there is a certain finite set of non-commuting operators F_i, first introduced by engineers in signal processing, which helps to clarify this connection, and at the same time throws light on decomposition possibilities for wavelet packets used in pyramid algorithms. While the operators F_i were originally intended for quadrature mirror filters of signals, recent papers have shown that they are ubiquitous in a variety of modern wavelet constructions, and in particular in the selection of wavelet packets from libraries of bases. These are constructions which make a selection of a basis with the best frequency concentration in signal or data-compression problems. While the algebra A generated by the F_i-system is non-abelian, and goes under the name "Cuntz algebra" in C*-algebra theory, each of its representations contains a canonical maximal abelian subalgebra, i.e., the subalgebra is some C(X) for a Gelfand space X. A given representation of A, restricted to C(X), naturally induces a projection-valued measure on X, and each vector in H induces a scalar-valued measure on X. We prove a structure theorem for certain classes of induced scalar measures. In the applications, X may be the unit interval, or a Cantor set; or it may be an affine fractal, or even one of the more general iteration limits involving iterated function systems consisting of conformal maps.
Some connections between operator theory and wavelet analysis: Since the mid eighties, it has become clear that key tools in wavelet analysis rely crucially on operator theory. While isolated variations of wavelets, and wavelet constructions had previously been known, since Haar in 1910, it was the advent of multiresolutions, and subband filtering techniques which provided the tools for our ability to now easily create efficient algorithms, ready for a rich variety of applications to practical tasks. Part of the underpinning for this development in wavelet analysis is operator theory. This will be presented in the lectures, and we will also point to a number of developments in operator theory which in turn derive from wavelet problems, but which are of independent interest in mathematics. Some of the material will build on chapters in a new wavelet book, co-authored by the speaker and Ola Bratteli, see http://www.math.uiowa.edu/~jorgen/ .
This paper studies a general class of Iterated Function Systems (IFS). No contractivity assumptions are made, other than the existence of some compact attractor. The possibility of escape to infinity is considered. Our present approach is based on Hilbert space, and the theory of representations of the Cuntz algebras O_n, n=2,3,.... While the more traditional approaches to IFS's start with some equilibrium measure, ours doesn't. Rather, we construct a Hilbert space directly from a given IFS; and our construction uses instead families of measures. Starting with a fixed IFS S_n, with n branches, we prove existence of an associated representation of O_n, and we show that the representation is universal in a certain sense. We further prove a theorem about a direct correspondence between a given system S_n, and an associated sub-representation of the universal representation of O_n.
Motivated by existence problems for dissipative systems arising naturally in lattice models from quantum statistical mechanics, we consider the following $C^{\ast}$-algebraic setting: A given hermitian dissipative mapping $δ$ is densely defined in a unital $C^{\ast}$-algebra $\mathfrak{A}$. The identity element in ${\frak A}$ is also in the domain of $δ$. Completely dissipative maps $δ$ are defined by the requirement that the induced maps, $(a_{ij})\to (δ(a_{ij}))$, are dissipative on the $n$ by $n$ complex matrices over ${\frak A}$ for all $n$. We establish the existence of different types of maximal extensions of completely dissipative maps. If the enveloping von Neumann algebra of ${\frak A}$ is injective, we show the existence of an extension of $δ$ which is the infinitesimal generator of a quantum dynamical semigroup of completely positive maps in the von Neumann algebra. If $δ$ is a given well-behaved *-derivation, then we show that each of the maps $δ$ and $-δ$ is completely dissipative.
We develop the theory of multiresolutions in the context of Hausdorff measure of fractional dimension between 0 and 1. While our fractal wavelet theory has points of similarity that it shares with the standard case of Lebesgue measure on the line, there are also sharp contrasts. These are stated in our main result, a dichotomy theorem. The first section is the case of the middle-third Cantor set. This is followed by a review of the essentials on Hausdorff measure. The remaining sections of the paper cover multiresolutions in the general context of affine iterated function systems.
Let $(X,d)$ be a compact metric space, and let an iterated function system (IFS) be given on $X$, i.e., a finite set of continuous maps $σ_{i}$: $ X\to X$, $i=0,1,..., N-1$. The maps $σ_{i}$ transform the measures $μ$ on $X$ into new measures $μ_{i}$. If the diameter of $ σ_{i_{1}}\circ >... \circ σ_{i_{k}}(X)$ tends to zero as $ k\to \infty $, and if $p_{i}>0$ satisfies $\sum_{i}p_{i}=1$, then it is known that there is a unique Borel probability measure $μ$ on $X$ such that $μ=\sum_{i}p_{i} μ_{i} \tag{*}$. In this paper, we consider the case when the $p_{i}$s are replaced with a certain system of sequilinear functionals. This allows us to study the variable coefficient case of (*), and moreover to understand the analog of (*) which is needed in the theory of wavelets.
We consider the C*-algebras O_2^q and A_2^q generated, respectively, by isometries s_1, s_2 satisfying the relation s_1^* s_2 = q s_2 s_1^* with |q| < 1 (the deformed Cuntz relation), and by isometries s_1, s_2 satisfying the relation s_2 s_1 = q s_1 s_2 with |q| = 1. We show that O_2^q is isomorphic to the Cuntz-Toeplitz C*-algebra O_2^0 for any |q| < 1. We further prove that A_2^{q_1} is isomorphic to A_2^{q_2} if and only if either q_1 = q_2 or q_1 = complex conjugate of q_2. In the second part of our paper, we discuss the complexity of the representation theory of A_2^q. We show that A_2^q is *-wild for any q in the circle |q| = 1, and hence that A_2^q is not nuclear for any q in the circle.
Let O_d be the Cuntz algebra on generators S_1,...,S_d, 2 \leq d < \infty, and let D_d \subset O_d be the abelian subalgebra generated by monomials S_αS_α^* =S_{α_{1}}...S_{α_{k}}S_{α_{k}}^*...S_{α_{1}}^* where α=(α_1...α_k) ranges over all multi-indices formed from {1,...,d}. In any representation of O_d, D_d may be simultaneously diagonalized. Using S_i(S_αS_α^*) =(S_{iα}S_{iα}^*)S_i, we show that the operators S_i from a general representation of O_d may be expressed directly in terms of the spectral representation of D_d. We use this in describing a class of type III representations of O_d and corresponding endomorphisms, and the heart of the paper is a description of an associated family of AF-algebras arising as the fixed-point algebras of the associated modular automorphism groups. Chapters 5--18 are devoted to finding effective methods to decide isomorphism and non-isomorphism in this class of AF-algebras.
We construct representations of a q-oscillator algebra by operators on Fock space on positive matrices. They emerge from a multiresolution scaling construction used in wavelet analysis. The representations of the Cuntz Algebra arising from this multiresolution analysis are contained as a special case in the Fock Space construction.
We analyze the structure of co-invariant subspaces for representations of the Cuntz algebras O_N for N = 2,3,..., N < infinity, with special attention to the representations which are associated to orthonormal and tight-frame wavelets in L^2(R) corresponding to scale number N.
In the first section we review recent results on the harmonic analysis of fractals generated by iterated function systems with emphasis on spectral duality. Classical harmonic analysis is typically based on groups whereas the fractals are most often not groups. We show that nonetheless those fractals that come from iteration of affine mappings in R^d have a spectral duality which is instead based on approximation and a certain dual affine system on the Fourier transform side. The present work is based on iteration of frame estimates (which have been studied earlier for regions in R^d). Our emphasis is on new results regarding the interplay between the limit-fractal on the one hand, and on the other the corresponding regions in R^d which generate iterated function systems of contractive affine mappings. As an application of our frame results, we obtain a classification of a certain type of spectral pairs.