arXiv subjects

Philip H. Butler

Publications and source records attributed to Philip H. Butler.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Design and performance of the Fast Beam Condition Monitor for luminosity and background measurement at the CMS Experiment in LHC Run 3

The Fast Beam Condition Monitor (BCM1F) has been used at the CMS Experiment since the first LHC circulating beams in 2008. Originally meant as a beam-induced background monitor for fast beam losses detection, it showed a potential also for luminosity measurements in 2012 running, and has been used for luminosity measurements since the beginning of Run 2 data taking in 2015 as a part of the Beam Radiation, Instrumentation and Luminosity (BRIL) system. Over the years, the system has undergone various upgrades to the sensors, the front-end and back-end electronics, providing improvements in the precision of the measurements, that remain valid in the higher pileup conditions of LHC Run 3 (2022-2026). Based on the experience of all BCM1F Run 2 upgrades, the detector was completely rebuilt prior to LHC Run 3 using AC-coupled silicon-pad diodes and active cooling. This latest detector version exhibits excellent linearity with instantaneous luminosity and achieves nanosecond-level timing precision, enabling improved systematic corrections for luminosity and background measurements. This paper presents a detailed overview of the detector system for LHC Run 3, including the selection and qualification of sensors as well as a summary of the readout system. It also outlines the processing and calibration strategy for luminosity data, discussing operational hurdles and comparing BCM1F measurements to other CMS luminosity measurements to assess the system's performance as a luminometer. Lastly, the implications for the design of a future luminosity detector to be used in the envisioned HL-LHC upgrade are discussed.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2015

The Hidden K-edge Signal in K-edge Imaging

K-edge imaging is commonly used for viewing contrast pharmaceuticals in a variety of multi-energy x-ray imaging techniques, ranging from dual-energy and spectral computed tomography to fluoroscopy. When looking for the K-edge signal of a specific contrast, by taking measurements either side of the K-edge, it is found that the K-edge is not always observable for low concentrations. We have also observed that the ability to see the K-edge is unit dependent - a K-edge that is not observable in computed tomography (CT) reconstructed linear attenuation units can often be made visible by converting to Hounsfield units. This paper presents an investigation of this K-edge hiding phenomenon. We conclude that if a multi-energy x-ray measurement of any K-edge material contains a signal of any other material, then there will be a positive concentration of that K-edge material below which its K-edge cannot be observed without extracting the K-edge signal through means of basis decomposition. Mathematical descriptions of this limiting minimum concentration is provided in three cases - multi-energy radiographic projection images; and reconstructed multi-energy CT images for both linear attenuation and Hounsfield units. Two important properties of this limiting concentration are provided: the minimum concentration for Hounsfield units is always strictly less than the minimum concentration for linear attenuation; and the minimum concentration for radiographic projections will typically be much larger than the minimum concentration for reconstructed linear attenuation. Finally experimental observation of this phenomenon is presented using data collected by the MARS spectral CT scanner equipped with a CdTe Medipix-3RX camera operating in charge-summing mode, where it is also shown that the K-edge can be recovered through basis decomposition.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2012

A fields only version of the Lorentz Force Law: Particles replaced by their fields

We show that the Lorentz force law, F^L_1=q_1(E+v_1xB) being the charge on particle 1 interacting with the electromagnetic fields due to all other particles, can be written in a pure field form F^L_1=-\nabla_1 U^{EM}. In this expression U^{EM} is the total electromagnetic energy of the system of particle 1 and all other particles. In deriving this result we review the old but not widely known results that Maxwell's equations follow uniquely from Special Relativity, and that the Lorentz force law follows from applying Hamilton's variational principle to this result. For a two particle system, the standard view is that the electromagnetic force on particle 1 is the result of the charge of particle 1 interacting locally with the field of particle 2, and conversely. Both charges 1 and 2, and fields 1 and 2 are needed. In our approach, the fields of all particles contribute to the electromagnetic interaction everywhere, over all of space. The charges of the particles do not enter the theory except incidentally, via Gauss's law. This has novel interpretational consequences. In particular, it allows a charged particle to be replaced by its electric and magnetic fields, much as a particle in quantum mechanics is replaced by its complex valued wavefunction.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2010

Assumptions and Axioms: Mathematical Structures to Describe the Physics of Rigid Bodies

This paper challenges some of the common assumptions underlying the mathematics used to describe the physical world. We start by reviewing many of the assumptions underlying the concepts of real, physical, rigid bodies and the translational and rotational properties of such rigid bodies. Nearly all elementary and advanced texts make physical assumptions that are subtly different from ours, and as a result we develop a mathematical description that is subtly different from the standard mathematical structure. Using the homogeneity and isotropy of space, we investigate the translational and rotational features of rigid bodies in two and three dimensions. We find that the concept of rigid bodies and the concept of the homogeneity of space are intrinsically linked. The geometric study of rotations of rigid objects leads to a geometric product relationship for lines and vectors. By requiring this product to be both associative and to satisfy Pythagoras' theorem, we obtain a choice of Clifford algebras. We extend our arguments from space to include time. By assuming that ct=l and rewriting this in Lorentz invariant form as c^2t^2-x^2-y^2-z^2=0 we obtain a generalization of Pythagoras to spacetime. This leads us directly to establishing that the Clifford algebra CL(1,3) is an appropriate mathematical structure to describe spacetime. Clifford algebras are not division algebras. We show that the existence of non-invertible elements in the algebra is not a limitation of the usefulness to physics of the algebra but rather that it reflects accurately the spacetime properties of physical systems.

math-ph↗