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Pierre Chayer

Publications and source records attributed to Pierre Chayer.

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Observations of the Halo Star HD 177566

We have analyzed archival FUV and optical spectra of the hot halo star HD 177566. The star has an effective temperature $T_{\rm eff} = 33{,}000 \pm 1000$ K, surface gravity $\log g = 3.79 \pm 0.11$, and helium abundance $\log N({\rm He})/N({\rm H}) = -0.86 \pm 0.05$. Abundances of 13 additional elements are consistent with those of other halo stars, save for carbon, which is underabundant by about 1 dex. The low-order hydrogen Balmer lines are not well reproduced by our models. The diffuse lines of He I are often broader than predicted, but the use of more recent line-broadening parameters significantly improves the fit. Scaling our best-fit model to the star's optical and near-IR magnitudes yields an extinction $E(B-V) = 0.095 \pm 0.005$, consistent with literature values, but the resulting model underpredicts the star's FUV flux by a factor of two. The star's effective temperature and luminosity ($\log L / L_{\odot} = 3.50 \pm 0.08$) place it on the post-AGB evolutionary tracks of a star that evolved from the red horizontal branch. Its low carbon abundance, $\log N({\rm C})/N({\rm O}) = -2.18 \pm 0.21$, indicates that it did not experience significant third dredge-up while ascending the AGB.

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The Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph for the James Webb Space Telescope -- I. Instrument Overview and in-Flight Performance

The Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) is the science module of the Canadian-built Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) onboard the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). NIRISS has four observing modes: 1) broadband imaging featuring seven of the eight NIRCam broadband filters, 2) wide-field slitless spectroscopy (WFSS) at a resolving power of $\sim$150 between 0.8 and 2.2 $\mu$m, 3) single-object cross-dispersed slitless spectroscopy (SOSS) enabling simultaneous wavelength coverage between 0.6 and 2.8 $\mu$m at R$\sim$700, a mode optimized for exoplanet spectroscopy of relatively bright ($J<6.3$) stars and 4) aperture masking interferometry (AMI) between 2.8 and 4.8 $\mu$m enabling high-contrast ($\sim10^{-3}-10^{-4}$) imaging at angular separations between 70 and 400 milliarcsec for relatively bright ($M<8$) sources. This paper presents an overview of the NIRISS instrument, its design, its scientific capabilities, and a summary of in-flight performance. NIRISS shows significantly better response shortward of $\sim2.5\,\mu$m resulting in 10-40% sensitivity improvement for broadband and low-resolution spectroscopy compared to pre-flight predictions. Two time-series observations performed during instrument commissioning in the SOSS mode yield very stable spectro-photometry performance within $\sim$10% of the expected noise. The first space-based companion detection of the tight binary star AB Dor AC through AMI was demonstrated.

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The James Webb Space Telescope Mission: Optical Telescope Element Design, Development, and Performance

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared space telescope that has recently started its science program which will enable breakthroughs in astrophysics and planetary science. Notably, JWST will provide the very first observations of the earliest luminous objects in the Universe and start a new era of exoplanet atmospheric characterization. This transformative science is enabled by a 6.6 m telescope that is passively cooled with a 5-layer sunshield. The primary mirror is comprised of 18 controllable, low areal density hexagonal segments, that were aligned and phased relative to each other in orbit using innovative image-based wavefront sensing and control algorithms. This revolutionary telescope took more than two decades to develop with a widely distributed team across engineering disciplines. We present an overview of the telescope requirements, architecture, development, superb on-orbit performance, and lessons learned. JWST successfully demonstrates a segmented aperture space telescope and establishes a path to building even larger space telescopes.

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Observations of the Bright Star in the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae (NGC 104)

The Bright Star in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae (NGC 104) is a post-AGB star of spectral type B8 III. The ultraviolet spectra of late-B stars exhibit a myriad of absorption features, many due to species unobservable from the ground. The Bright Star thus represents a unique window into the chemistry of 47 Tuc. We have analyzed observations obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE), the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope, and the MIKE Spectrograph on the Magellan Telescope. By fitting these data with synthetic spectra, we determine various stellar parameters (T_eff = 10,850 +/- 250 K, log g = 2.20 +/- 0.13) and the photospheric abundances of 26 elements, including Ne, P, Cl, Ga, Pd, In, Sn, Hg, and Pb, which have not previously been published for this cluster. Abundances of intermediate-mass elements (Mg through Ga) generally scale with Fe, while the heaviest elements (Pd through Pb) have roughly solar abundances. Its low C/O ratio indicates that the star did not undergo third dredge-up and suggests that its heavy elements were made by a previous generation of stars. If so, this pattern should be present throughout the cluster, not just in this star. Stellar-evolution models suggest that the Bright Star is powered by a He-burning shell, having left the AGB during or immediately after a thermal pulse. Its mass (0.54 +/- 0.16 M_sun) implies that single stars in 47 Tuc lose 0.1--0.2 M_sun on the AGB, only slightly less than they lose on the RGB.

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Observations of the Ultraviolet-Bright Star Barnard 29 in the Globular Cluster M13 (NGC 6205)

We have analyzed FUSE, COS, GHRS, and Keck HIRES spectra of the UV-bright star Barnard 29 in M13 (NGC 6205). By comparing the photospheric abundances derived from multiple ionization states of C, N, O, Si, and S, we infer an effective temperature T_eff = 21,400 +/- 400 K. Balmer-line fits yield a surface gravity log g = 3.10 +/- 0.03. We derive photospheric abundances of He, C, N, O, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Ge. Barnard 29 exhibits an abundance pattern typical of the first-generation stars in M13, enhanced in oxygen and depleted in aluminum. An underabundance of C and an overabundance of N suggest that the star experienced nonconvective mixing on the RGB. We see no evidence of significant chemical evolution since the star left the RGB; in particular, it did not undergo third dredge-up. Previous workers found that the star's FUV spectra yield an iron abundance about 0.5 dex lower than its optical spectrum, but the iron abundances derived from all of our spectra are consistent with the cluster value. We attribute this difference to our use of model atmospheres without microturbulence, which is ruled out by careful fits to optical absorption features. We derive a mass M_*/M_sun = 0.45 - 0.55 and luminosity log (L_*/L_sun) = 3.26 - 3.35. Comparison with stellar-evolution models suggests that Barnard 29 evolved from a ZAHB star of mass M_*/M_sun between 0.50 and 0.55, near the boundary between the extreme and blue horizontal branches.

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Observations of the Ultraviolet-Bright Star Y453 in the Globular Cluster M4 (NGC 6121)

We present a spectral analysis of the UV-bright star Y453 in M4. Model fits to the star's optical spectrum yield T_eff ~ 56,000 K. Fits to the star's FUV spectrum, obtained with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope, reveal it to be considerably hotter, with T_eff ~ 72,000 K. We adopt T_eff = 72,000 +/- 2000 K and log g = 5.7 +/- 0.2 as our best-fit parameters. Scaling the model spectrum to match the star's optical and near-infrared magnitudes, we derive a mass M_* = 0.53 +/- 0.24 M_sun and luminosity log L/L_sun = 2.84 +/- 0.05, consistent with the values expected of an evolved star in a globular cluster. Comparing the star with post-horizontal branch evolutionary tracks, we conclude that it most likely evolved from the blue horizontal branch, departing the AGB before third dredge-up. It should thus exhibit the abundance pattern (O-poor and Na-rich) characteristic of the second-generation (SG) stars in M4. We derive the star's photospheric abundances of He, C, N, O, Si, S, Ti, Cr, Fe, and Ni. CNO abundances are roughly 0.25 dex greater than those of the cluster's SG stars, while the Si and S abundances agree match the cluster values. Abundances of the iron-peak elements (except for iron itself) are enhanced by 1 to 3 dex. Rather than revealing the star's origin and evolution, this pattern reflects the combined effects of diffusive and mechanical processes in the stellar atmosphere.

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FUSE, STIS, and Keck spectroscopic analysis of the UV-bright star vZ 1128 in M3 (NGC 5272)

We present a spectral analysis of the UV-bright star vZ 1128 in M3 based on observations with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE), the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), and the Keck HIRES echelle spectrograph. By fitting the H I, He I, and He II lines in the Keck spectrum with non-LTE H-He models, we obtain Teff = 36,600 K, log g = 3.95, and log N(He)/N(H) = -0.84. The star's FUSE and STIS spectra show photospheric absorption from C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, Fe, and Ni. No stellar features from elements beyond the iron peak are observed. Both components of the N V 1240 doublet exhibit P~Cygni profiles, indicating a weak stellar wind, but no other wind features are seen. The star's photospheric abundances appear to have changed little since it left the red giant branch (RGB). Its C, N, O, Al, Si, Fe, and Ni abundances are consistent with published values for the red-giant stars in M3, and the relative abundances of C, N, and O follow the trends seen on the cluster RGB. In particular, its low C abundance suggests that the star left the asymptotic giant branch before the onset of third dredge-up.

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Detection of Arsenic in the Atmospheres of Dying Stars

We report the detection of As V resonance lines observed in the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) spectra of three hot DA white dwarfs: G191-B2B, WD0621-376, and WD2211-495. The stars have effective temperatures ranging from 60,000 K to 64,000 K and are among the most metal-rich white dwarfs known. We measured the arsenic abundances not only in these stars, but also in three DO stars in which As has been detected before: HD149499B, HZ21, and RE0503-289. The arsenic abundances observed in the DA stars are very similar. This suggests that radiative levitation may be the mechanism that supports arsenic. The arsenic abundance in HZ21 is significantly lower than that observed in HD149499B, even though the stars have similar atmospheric parameters. An additional mechanism may be at play in the atmospheres of these two DO stars.

astro-ph.SR

Resonances in the Photoionization Cross Sections of Atomic Nitrogen Shape the Far-Ultraviolet Spectrum of the Bright Star in 47 Tucanae

The far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectrum of the Bright Star (B8 III) in 47 Tuc (NGC 104) shows a remarkable pattern: it is well fit by LTE models at wavelengths longer than Lyman beta, but at shorter wavelengths it is fainter than the models by a factor of two. A spectrum of this star obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) shows broad absorption troughs with sharp edges at 995 and 1010 A and a deep absorption feature at 1072 A, none of which are predicted by the models. We find that these features are caused by resonances in the photoionization cross sections of the first and second excited states of atomic nitrogen (2s$^2$ 2p$^3$ $^2$D$^0$ and $^2$P$^0$). Using cross sections from the Opacity Project, we can reproduce these features, but only if we use the cross sections at their full resolution, rather than the resonance-averaged cross sections usually employed to model stellar atmospheres. These resonances are strongest in stellar atmospheres with enhanced nitrogen and depleted carbon abundances, a pattern typical of post-AGB stars.

astro-ph.SR

Orbital Parameters and Chemical Composition of Four White Dwarfs in Post-Common Envelope Binaries

We present FUSE observations of the hot white dwarfs in the post-common envelope binaries Feige 24, EUVE J0720-317, BPM 6502, and EUVE J2013+400. The spectra show numerous photospheric absorption lines which trace the white dwarf orbital motion. We report the detection of C III, O VI, P V, and Si IV in the spectra of Feige 24, EUVE J0720-317 and EUVE J2013+400, and the detection of C III, N II, Si III, Si IV, and Fe III in the spectra of BPM 6502. Abundance measurements support the possibility that white dwarfs in post-common envelope binaries accrete material from the secondary star wind. The FUSE observations of BPM 6502 and EUVE J2013+400 cover a complete binary orbit. We used the FUSE spectra to measure the radial velocities traced by the white dwarf in the four binaries, where the zero-point velocity were fixed using the ISM velocities in the line of sight of the stellar systems. For BPM 6502 we determined a white dwarf velocity semi-amplitude of K_WD = 18.6+/-0.5km/s, and with the velocity semi-amplitude of the red dwarf companion (K_RD = 75.2+/-3.1 km/s), we estimate the mass ratio to be q = 0.25+/-0.01. Adopting a spectroscopic mass determination for the white dwarf, we infer a low secondary mass of M_RD = 0.14+/-0.01 M_solar. For EUVE J2013+400 we determine a white dwarf velocity semi-amplitude of K_WD = 36.7+/-0.7 km/s. The FUSE observations of EUVE J0720-317 cover approximately 30% of the binary period and combined with the HST GHRS measurements (Vennes et al. 1999, ApJ 523, 386), we update the binary properties. FUSE observations of Feige 24 cover approximately 60% of the orbit and we combine this data set with HST STIS (Vennes et al. 2000, ApJ, 544, 423) data to update the binary properties.

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Evidence for deuterium astration in the planetary nebula Sh2-216?

We present FUSE observations of the line of sight to WD0439+466 (LS V +46 21), the central star of the old planetary nebula Sh2-216. The FUSE data shows absorption by many interstellar and stellar lines, in particular D I, H2 (J = 0 - 9), HD (J = 0 - 1), and CO. Many other stellar and ISM lines are detected in the STIS E140M HST spectra of this sightline, which we use to determine N(HI). We derive, for the neutral gas, D/H=(0.76 +0.12 -0.11)E-5, O/H = (0.89 +0.15 -0.11)E-4 and N/H = (3.24 +0.61-0.55)E-5. We argue that most of the gas along this sightline is associated with the planetary nebula. The low D/H ratio is likely the result of this gas being processed through the star (astrated) but not mixed with the ISM. This would be the first time that the D/H ratio has been measured in predominantly astrated gas. The O/H and N/H ratios derived here are lower than typical values measured in other planetary nebulae likely due to unaccounted for ionization corrections.

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Iron in Hot DA White Dwarfs

We present a study of the iron abundance pattern in hot hydrogen-rich (DA) white dwarfs. The study is based on new and archival far ultraviolet spectroscopy of a sample of white dwarfs in the temperature range 30,000 K < T_eff < 64,000 K. The spectra obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer along with spectra obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph and the International Ultraviolet Explorer sample FeIII to FeVI absorption lines enabling a detailed iron abundance analysis over a wider range of effective temperatures than previously afforded. The measurements reveal abundance variations in excess of two orders of magnitude between the highest and the lowest temperatures probed, but also show considerable variations (over one order of magnitude) between objects with similar temperatures and surface gravities. Such variations in cooler objects may be imputed to accretion from unseen companions or so-called circumstellar debris although the effect of residual mass-loss and selective radiation pressure in the hottest objects in the sample remain dominant.

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Variations in D/H and D/O from New FUSE Observations

We use data obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) to determine the interstellar abundances of DI, NI, OI, FeII, and H2 along the sigh tlines to WD1034+001, BD+393226, and TD132709. Our main focus is on determining the D/H, N/H, O/H, and D/O ratios along these sightlines, with log N(H) > 20.0, that probe gas well outside of the Local Bubble. Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) archival data are used to determine the HI column densities along the WD1034+001 and TD132709 sightlines, respectively. For BD+393226, a previously published N(HI) is used. We find (D/H)x10^5 = 2.14 + 0.53 - 0.45, 1.17 + 0.31 - 0.25, and 1.86 + 0.53 - 0.43, and (D/O)x10^2 = 6.31 + 1.79 - 1.38, 5.62 + 1.61 - 1.31, and 7.59 + 2.17 - 1.76, for the WD1034+001, BD+393226, and TD132709 sightlines, respectively (all 1 si gma). The scatter in these three D/H ratios exemplifies the scatter that has been found by other authors for sightlines with column densities in the range 19.2 < log N(H) < 20.7. The D/H ratio toward WD1034+001 and all the D/O ratios derived here are inconsistent with the Local Bubble value and are some of the highest in the literature. We discuss the implications of our measurements for the determination of the present-epoch abundance of deuterium, and for the different scenarios that try to explain the D/H variations. We present a study of D/H as a function of the average sightline gas density, using the ratios derived in this work as well as ratios from the literature, which suggests that D/H decreases with increasing gas volume density. Similar behaviors by other elements such Fe and Si have been interpreted as the result of depletion into dust grains.

astro-ph

O/H in the Local Bubble

We present new measurements of the oxygen gas-phase abundance along four sightlines probing gas inside the Local Bubble, using data obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) and the Hubble Space Telecope (HST). Combining these with seven previously published N(O I) and N(H I) measurements we determine a mean O/H ratio for the Local Bubble, (O/H) = (3.45 +/- 0.19)x10^(-4) (1 sigma in the mean). Our result is virtually identical to O/H = (3.43 +/- 0.15)x10^(-4) derived from data for sightlines probing gas well outside the Local Bubble. In contrast to the D/O and D/H ratios, which seem to have different values beyond the Local Bubble, our results show that the O/H ratio is constant and single-valued both inside and outside the Local Bubble, for low density sightlines, with column densities up to log N (H) ~ 21. In addition, the similarity of the two values above suggests that the net effect of the uncertain O I f-values in the FUSE bandpass is not significant. Taking into account the latest determinations of the Solar abundance of oxygen, our result implies that ~25% of the oxygen in the Local Bubble is depleted onto dust grains. The similarity of the value for O/H along low average density sightlines in the Local Bubble with that of denser sightlines beyond may permit a limit on the diluting effects of infalling low metallicity gas.

astro-ph

Interstellar Deuterium, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Abundances Toward GD 246, WD 2331$-$475, HZ 21, and Lan 23: Results from the FUSE Mission

The interstellar abundances of D I, N I, and O I in the local ISM are studied us ing high-resolution spectra of four hot white dwarfs. The spectra of GD 246, WD 2331$-$475, HZ 21, and Lan 23 were obtained with the {\it Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer} FUSE in the wavelength range 905-1187 A. The line of sight to GD 246 probes the Local Interstellar Cloud and at least one other H I cloud inside the Local Bubble, which contains most of the gas seen al ong this line of sight. The column densities of H I, C II*, S II, and Si II are measured using archival STIS echelle-mode observations. The H I column density is determined by fitting the strong damping wings of inte rstellar Lyman alpha using a model atmosphere to account for the stellar continuum. We combine the different abundance ratios computed here with previous published values to produce revised FUSE abundance ratios for DI/HI, OI/HI, NI/HI, DI/NI, DI/OI, and OI/NI.

astro-ph

Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Observations of the Supernova Remnant N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud

We report a Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer satellite observation of the supernova remnant N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, covering the 905 -- 1187 A spectral region. A 30'' square aperture was used, resulting in a velocity resolution of ~100 km/s. The purpose of the observation was to examine several bright emission lines expected from earlier work and to demonstrate diffuse source sensitivity by searching for faint lines never seen previously in extragalactic supernova remnant UV spectra. Both goals were accomplished. Strong emission lines of O VI 1031.9 A, 1037.6 A and C III 977.0 A were seen, Doppler broadened to +/- 225 km/s and with centroids red-shifted to 350 km/s, consistent with the LMC. Superimposed on the emission lines are absorptions by C III and O VI 1031.9 at +260 km/s, which are attributed to warm and hot gas (respectively) in the LMC. The O VI 1037.6 A line is more severely affected by overlying interstellar and H2 absorption from both the LMC and our galaxy. N III 989.8 A is not seen, but models indicate overlying absorption severely attenuates this line. A number of faint lines from hot gas have also been detected, many of which have never been seen in an extragalactic supernova remnant spectrum.

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