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Sergey V. Baryshev

Publications and source records attributed to Sergey V. Baryshev.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Ampere-class Bright Field Emission Cathode Operated at 100 MV/m

High current bright sources are needed to power the next generation of compact rf and microwave systems. A major requirement is that such a source could be sustainably operated at high frequencies, well above 1 GHz, and high gradients, well above 100 MV/m. Field emission sources offer simplicity and scalability in a high frequency era of the injector design, but the output rf cycle charge and high gradient operation remain a great and largely unaddressed challenge. Here, a field emission cathode based on ultra-nano-crystalline diamond or UNCD, an efficient planar field emission material, was tested at 100 MV/m in an L-band injector. A very high charge of 38 pC per rf cycle (300 nC per rf pulse corresponding to rf pulse current of 120 mA) was demonstrated. This operating condition revealed a space charge dominated emission from the cathode and revealed a condition under which the 1D Child Langmuir limit was surpassed. Finally, a beam brightness of $\sim 10^{14}-10^{15}$ A/m$^2\times$rad$^2$ was estimated.

physics.acc-ph↗

FEbeam: Cavity and Electron Emission Data Conversion, Processing and Analysis. A Freeware Toolkit for RF Injectors

FEbeam is a compact field emission data processing interface with the capability to analyze the field emission cathode performance in an rf injector by extracting the field enhancement factor, local field, and effective emission area from the Fowler-Nordheim equations. It also has the capability of processing beam imaging micrographs using its sister software, FEpic. The current version of FEbeam was designed for the Argonne Cathode Teststand (ACT) of the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator facility switch yard. With slight modifications, FEbeam can work for any rf field emission injector. This software is open-source and can be found at https://github.com/schne525/FEbeam

physics.acc-ph↗

Fast Pattern Recognition for Electron Emission Micrograph Analysis

In this work, a pattern recognition algorithm was developed to process and analyze electron emission micrographs. Various examples of dc and rf emission are given that demonstrate this algorithm applicability to determine emitters spatial location and distribution and calculate apparent emission area. The algorithm is fast and only takes $\sim$10 seconds to process and analyze one micrograph using resources of an Intel Core i5.

physics.app-ph↗

Evidence for Anti-Dowell-Schmerge Process in Photoemission from Diamond

A great number of metal and semiconductor photocathodes, which are of high practical importance for photoinjector applications, closely follow the 1/3 gradient Dowell-Schmerge (DS) law describing the spectral dependence of the mean transverse energy ($MTE$), $viz.$ $MTE$ as a function of the incident laser photon energy. However, some (rare) semiconductor photocathodes show $MTE$ trends that are significantly different. For example, spectral $MTE$ measurements on PbTe, BaLaSnO or Hf/HfO$_2$ have clearly demonstrated trends that can differ from DS law being non-monotonic, slower growing, or displaying constant $MTE$ versus laser photon energy. We have discovered that $n$-type ultra-nano-crystalline diamond (UNCD) and single crystal diamond are anti-DS photocathodes in that their $MTE$ decreases with the incident photon energy. It was previously established that UNCD is a highly emissive material in the near UV such that quantum efficiency ($QE$) grows with the laser photon energy. The unique and novel combination of high increasing $QE$ and low decreasing $MTE$ of UNCD may pave the way to desired high brightness electron beams, through operation well above its work function which fundamentally differs from 'Boltzmann tail' operation near the photoemission threshold. One other remarkable result followed: As UNCD is a $sp^2$ grain boundary diluted $sp^3$ diamond matrix, control over grain boundary/grain engineering in the material's synthesis allowed for the production of different kinds of UNCD. The resultant tuning of the $sp^3$-to-$sp^2$ ratio in different UNCD photocathodes allowed for switching between canonical +1/3 DS and approximate --1/3 gradient 'anti-DS' behavior.

physics.acc-ph↗

Demonstration of Planar Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Field Emission Source Operating in SRF Injector at 2 Kelvin

Reported here is the first demonstration of electron beam generation in an SRF TESLA 1.3 GHz gun equipped with field emission cathode when operated at 2 Kelvin. The cathode is submicron film of nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond [(N)UNCD] deposited atop a Nb RRR300 cathode plug. The output current was measured to increase exponentially as a function of the cavity gradient. Our results demonstrate a feasible path toward simplified fully cryogenic SRF injector technology. One important finding is that the electron emitter made of (N)UNCD, a material long been known as a highly efficient field emission material, demonstrated a record low turn-on gradient of 0.6 MV/m. A hypothesis explaining this behavior is proposed.

physics.acc-ph↗

Field emission microscopy of carbon nanotube fibers: evaluating and interpreting spatial emission

In this work, we quantify field emission properties of cathodes made from carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers. The cathodes were arranged in different configurations to determine the effect of cathode geometry on the emission properties. Various geometries were investigated including: 1) flat cut fiber tip, 2) folded fiber, 3) looped fiber and 4) and fibers wound around a cylinder. We employ a custom field emission microscope to quantify I-V characteristics in combination with laterally-resolved field-dependent electron emission area. Additionally we look at the very early emission stages, first when a CNT fiber is turned on for the first time which is then followed by multiple ramp-up/down. Upon the first turn on, all fibers demonstrated limited and discrete emission area. During ramping runs, all CNT fibers underwent multiple (minor and/or major) breakdowns which improved emission properties in that turn-on field decreased, field enhancement factor and emission area both increased. It is proposed that breakdowns are responsible for removing initially undesirable emission sites caused by stray fibers higher than average. This initial breakdown process gives way to a larger emission area that is created when the CNT fiber sub components unfold and align with the electric field. Our results form the basis for careful evaluation of CNT fiber cathodes for dc or low frequency pulsed power systems in which large uniform area emission is required, or for narrow beam high frequency applications in which high brightness is a must.

physics.app-ph↗

Revisiting Effects of Nitrogen Incorporation and Graphitization on Conductivity of Ultra-nano-crystalline Diamond Films

Detailed structural and electrical properties of ultra-nano-crystalline diamond (UNCD) films grown in H$_\text{2}$/CH$_\text{4}$/N$_\text{2}$ plasma were systematically studied as a function of deposition temperature ($T_d$) and nitrogen content ($\%$ N$_2$) to thoroughly evaluate their effects on conductivity. $T_d$ was scanned from 1000 to 1300 K for N$_2$ fixed at 0, 5, 10 and 20 $\%$. It was found that even the films grown in the synthetic gas mixture with no nitrogen could be made as conductive as 1$-$10$^{-2}$ $Ω$ cm with overall resistivity of all the films tuned over 4 orders of magnitude through varying growth parameters. On a set of 27 samples, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy show a progressive and highly reproducible film material phase transformation, from ultra-nano-crystalline diamond to nano-crystalline graphite as deposition temperature increases. The rate of this transformation is heavily dependent on N$_2$ content. Addition of nitrogen greatly increases the amount of $sp^2$ bonded carbon in the films thus enhancing the physical connectivity in the GB network that have high electronic density of states. However, addition of nitrogen greatly slows down crystallization of $sp^2$ phase in the GBs. Therefore, proper balance between GB connectivity and crystallinity is the key in conductivity engineering of (N)UNCD.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Theoretical Evaluation of Electronic Density-of-states and Transport Effects on Field Emission from $n$-type Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Films

In the nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond ((N)UNCD) films, representing an $n$-type highly conductive two-phase material comprised of $sp^3$ diamond grains and $sp^2$-rich graphitic grain boundaries, the current is carried by a high concentration of mobile electrons within the large-volume grain boundary networks. Fabricated in a simple thin-film planar form, (N)UNCD was found to be an efficient field emitter capable of emitting a significant amount of charge starting at the applied electric field as low as a few V/$μ$m which makes it a promising material for designing electron sources. Despite the semimetallic conduction, field emission (FE) characteristics of this material demonstrate a strong deviation from the Fowler-Nordheim law in a high-current-density regime when (N)UNCD field emitters switch from a diode-like to resistor-like behavior. Such phenomenon resembles the current-density saturation effect in conventional semiconductors. In the present paper, we adapt the formalism developed for conventional semiconductors to study current-density saturation in (N)UNCD field emitters. We provide a comprehensive theoretical investigation of ($i$) the influence of partial penetration of the electric field into the material, ($ii$) transport effects (such as electric-field-dependent mobility), and ($iii$) features of a complex density-of-states structure (position and shape of $π-π^*$ bands, controlling the concentration of charge carriers) on the FE characteristics of (N)UNCD. We show that the formation of the current-density saturation plateau can be explained by the limited supply of electrons within the impurity $π-π^*$ bands and decreasing electron mobility in high electric field. Theoretical calculations are consistent with experiment.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Mean Transverse Energy of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Photocathode

Nitrogen incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond ((N)UNCD) could be an enabling material platform for photocathode applications due to its high emissivity. While the quantum efficiency (QE) of UNCD was reported by many groups, no experimental measurements of the intrinsic emittance/mean transverse energy (MTE) have been reported. Here, MTE measurement results for an (N)UNCD photocathode in the photon energy range of 4.41 to 5.26 eV are described. The MTE demonstrates no noticeable dependence on the photon energy, with an average value of 266 meV. This spectral behavior is shown to not to be dependent upon physical or chemical surface roughness and inconsistent with low electron effective mass emission from graphitic grain boundaries, but may be associated with emission from spatially-confined states in the graphite regions between the diamond grains. The combined effect of fast-growing QE and constant MTE with respect to the excess laser energy may pave the way to bright UNCD photocathodes.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Field Electron Emission Induced Glow Discharge in Nanodiamond Vacuum Diode

The present letter extends the prior findings on self-induced heating of solid state field emission devices. It was found that a vacuum diode (base pressure $\sim10^{-9}$ Torr), that makes use of graphite-rich polycrystalline diamond as cathode material, can switch from diode regime to resistor regime, to glow discharge plasma regime without any external perturbation, i.e. all transitions are self-induced. Combined results of in situ field emission microscopy and ex situ electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy suggested that the nanodiamond cathode of the diode heated to about 3000 K which caused self-induced material evaporation, ionization and eventually micro-plasma formation. Our results confirm that field emission, commonly called cold emission, is a very complex phenomenon that can cause severe thermal load. Thermal load and material runaway could be the major factors causing vacuum diode deterioration, i.e. progressive increase in turn-on field, decrease in field enhancement factor, and eventual failure.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Current Saturation in Nonmetallic Field Emitters

It has been known for a long time that traditional semiconductor (e.g. intrinsic and doped Si and Ge or binary SiC and GaN) field emitters significantly deviate from Fowler-Nordheim (FN) law and saturate when a large current, on the order of microamperes or more, is attempted to be drawn from them. Many experiments established that the field emission current from carbonic materials, such as carbon nanotubes, amorphous carbon and polycrystalline diamond films, also deviate from FN law and saturate. These findings suggested that the saturation and departure from FN law is a broad and general phenomenon that applies to the class of nonmetallic field emitters. In this letter, we report a universal formula that describes the current saturation effect in nonmetallic field emitters. The formula accounts for material's bulk properties and field emitter geometry.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

Nano-Diamond Thin Film Field Emitter Cartridge for Miniature High Gradient Radiofrequency $X$-band Electron Injector

The complete design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a compact, single cell, $X$-band ($\sim$9 GHz) electron injector based on a field emission cathode (FEC) are presented. A pulsed electron beam is generated by a 10's of kW radiofrequency (RF) magnetron signal from a plug-in thin film nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond (N)UNCD FEC cartridge. Testing of the $X$-band injector with the (N)UNCD FEC was conducted in a beamline equipped with a solenoid, Faraday cup and imaging screen. The results show that typically the (N)UNCD FEC cartridge produces $\gtrsim$1 mA/cm$^2$ at a surface electric field of 28 MV/m. The diameter of the output beam generated from the 4.4 mm diameter (N)UNCD cartridge can be as small as 1 mm. In terms of its practical applications, the demonstrated $X$-band electron injector with the (N)UNCD plug-in FEC can serve as a source for X-ray generation, materials processing, travelling-wave tubes (including GHz and THz backward wave oscillators), or can be used to drive slow-wave accelerating structures. The results presented also suggest that this field emitter technology based on planar (N)UNCD thin films, which are simply grown on the surface of optically polished stainless steel, can enable a vast number of device configurations that are efficient, flexible in design, and can be packaged with ease.

physics.acc-ph↗

Electron Emission Projection Imager

A new projection type imaging system is presented. The system can directly image the field emission site distribution on a cathode surface by making use of anode screens in the standard parallel plate configuration. The lateral spatial resolution of the imager is between 1 and 10 μm. The imaging sensitivity to the field emission current can be better than the current sensitivity of a typical electrometer, i.e. less than 1 nA.

physics.ins-det↗

Electron Emission Area Depends on Electric Field and Unveils Field Emission Properties in Nanodiamond Films

In this paper we study the effect of actual, locally resolved, field emission (FE) area on electron emission characteristics of uniform semimetallic nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond ((N)UNCD) field emitters. To obtain the actual FE area, imaging experiments were carried out in a vacuum system in a parallel-plate configuration with a specialty anode phosphor screen. Electron emission micrographs were taken concurrently with $I$-$V$ characteristics measurements. It was found that in uniform (N)UNCD films the field emitting site distribution is not uniform across the surface, and that the actual FE area depends on the applied electric field. To quantify the actual FE area dependence on the applied electric field, a novel automated image processing algorithm was developed. The algorithm processes extensive imaging datasets and calculates emission area per image. By doing so, it was determined that the emitting area was always significantly smaller than the FE cathode surface area of 0.152 cm$^2$ available. Namely, the actual FE area would change from $5\times10^{-3}$ \% to 1.5 \% of the total cathode area with the applied electric field increased. Finally and most importantly, it was shown that when $I$-$E$ curves as measured in the experiment were normalized by the field-dependent emission area, the resulting $j$-$E$ curves demonstrated a strong kink and significant deviation from Fowler-Nordheim (FN) law, and eventually saturated at a current density of $\sim$100 mA/cm$^2$. This value was nearly identical for all studied (N)UNCD films, regardless of the substrate.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Scanning probe microscopy and field emission schemes for studying electron emission from polycrystalline diamond

The letter introduces a diagram that rationalizes tunneling atomic force microscopy (TUNA) observations of electron emission from polycrystalline diamonds as described in recent publications. The direct observations of electron emission from grain boundary sites by TUNA could indeed be evidence of electrons originating from grain boundaries under external electric fields. At the same time, from the diagram it follows that TUNA and field emission schemes are complimentary rather than equivalent for results interpretation. It is further proposed that TUNA could provide better insights into emission mechanisms by measuring the detailed structure of the potential barrier on the surface of polycrystalline diamonds.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

In situ Observation of Dark Current Emission in a High Gradient RF Photocathode Gun

Undesirable electron field emission (a.k.a. dark current) in high gradient RF photocathode guns deteriorates the quality of photoemission current and limits the operational gradient. To improve the understanding of dark current emission, a high-resolution (~100 um) dark current imaging experiment has been performed in an L-band photocathode gun operating at ~100 MV/m of surface gradient. Dark current from the cathode has been observed to be dominated by several separated strong emitters. The field enhancement factor, beta, of selected regions on the cathode has been measured. The post scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and white light interferometer (WLI) surface examinations reveal the origins of ~75% strong emitters overlap with the spots where rf breakdown have occurred.

physics.acc-ph↗

GHz Laser-free Time-resolved Transmission Electron Microscopy: a Stroboscopic High-duty-cycle Method

A device and a method for producing ultrashort electron pulses with GHz repetition rates via pulsing an input direct current (dc) electron beam are provided. The device and the method are based on an electromagnetic-mechanical pulser (EMMP) that consists of a series of transverse deflecting cavities and magnetic quadrupoles. The EMMP modulates and chops the incoming dc electron beam and converts it into pico- and sub-pico-second (100 fs to 10 ps) electron pulse sequences at >1 GHz repetition rates. Applying the EMMP to a transmission electron microscope (TEM) with any dc electron source, a GHz stroboscopic high-duty-cycle TEM can be realized. Unlike in many recent developments in time-resolved TEM that rely on a sample pumping laser paired with a laser launching electrons from a photocathode to probe the sample, there is no laser in the presented experimental set-up. This is expected to be a significant relief for electron microscopists who are not familiar with laser systems. The EMMP and the sample are externally driven by a radiofrequency (RF) source synchronized through a delay line. With no laser pumping the sample, the problem of the laser induced residual heating/damaging the sample is eliminated. As many RF-driven processes can be cycled indefinitely, sampling rates of 1-50 GHz become accessible. Such a GHz stroboscopic TEM would open up a new paradigm for in situ and in operando experiments to study samples externally driven electromagnetically. Complementary to the lower (MHz) repetition rates experiments enabled by laser photocathode TEM, new experiments in the high rep-rate multi-GHz regime will be enabled by the proposed RF design. In this article, we report an optimal design of the EMMP and an analytical generalized matrix approach in the thin lens approximation, along with detailed beam dynamics taking actual realistic dc beam parameters in a TEM operating at 200 keV.

physics.ins-det↗