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Shai Kaspi

Publications and source records attributed to Shai Kaspi.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

Advances in Reverberation Mapping

This contribution briefly reviews the reverberation mapping technique which leads to determination of black hole masses. I focus on the emerging relation between the broad-line region size and the active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity, and on an overview of recent results of reverberation mapping studies which are starting to cover the full AGN luminosity range. Preliminary results and time lag determination from a reverberation mapping program of high-luminosity quasars are also presented.

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Absorption Measure Distribution of the Outflow in IRAS 13349+2438: Direct Observation of Thermal Instability?

We analyze the Chandra X-ray spectrum obtained with the HETGS grating spectrometer of IRAS 13349+2438, which has one of the richest absorption spectra of a quasar outflow. Absorption from almost all charge states of Fe is detected. This allows for a detailed reconstruction of the absorption measure distribution (AMD), which we define as the continuous distribution of column density as a function of ionization parameter. We find a double peaked AMD for IRAS 13349+2438 with a total (ionized) column density of N_H = (1.2 +- 0.3)* 10^{22} cm^-2} assuming solar iron abundance. For comparison, we perform a similar analysis on the well studied HETGS spectrum of NGC 3783. Both sources feature a deep minimum in column density consistent with no absorption from gas at temperatures of 4.5 < log T < 5 (K). We interpret the minima as observational evidence for thermal instability in this temperature regime.

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Reverberation Mapping of High-Luminosity Quasars: First Results

Reverberation mapping of nearby active galactic nuclei has led to estimates of broad-line-region (BLR) sizes and central-object masses for some 37 objects to date. However, successful reverberation mapping has yet to be performed for quasars of either high luminosity (above L_opt~10^{46} erg/s) or high redshift (z>0.3). Over the past six years, we have carried out, at the Hobby-Eberly Telescope, rest-frame-ultraviolet spectrophotometric monitoring of a sample of six quasars at redshifts z=2.2--3.2, with luminosities of L_opt~10^{46.4}--10^{47.6} erg/s, an order of magnitude greater than those of previously mapped quasars. The six quasars, together with an additional five having similar redshift and luminosity properties, were monitored photometrically at the Wise Observatory during the past decade. All 11 quasars monitored show significant continuum variations of order 10%--70%. This is about a factor of two smaller variability than for lower luminosity quasars monitored over the same rest-frame period. In the six objects which have been spectrophotometrically monitored, significant variability is detected in the CIV1550 broad emission line. In several cases the variations track the continuum variations in the same quasar, with amplitudes comparable to, or even greater than, those of the corresponding continua. In contrast, no significant Lyαvariability is detected in any of the four objects in which it was observed. Thus, UV lines may have different variability trends in high-luminosity and low-luminosity AGNs. For one quasar, S5~0836+71 at z=2.172, we measure a tentative delay of 595 days between CIV and UV-continuum variations, corresponding to a rest-frame delay of 188 days and a central black-hole mass of 2.6\times10^9 M_\odot.

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Multiwavelength Monitoring of the Dwarf Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 4395. III. Optical Variability and X-ray/UV/Optical Correlations

We present optical observations of the low-luminosity Seyfert 1 nucleus of NGC 4395, as part of a multiwavelength reverberation-mapping program. Observations were carried out over two nights in 2004 April at Lick, Wise, and Kitt Peak Observatories. We obtained V-band and B-band photometry, and spectra over the range 3500-6800 Angstroms. Simultaneous Hubble Space Telescope UV and Chandra X-ray observations are presented in companion papers. Even though NGC 4395 was in an extremely low state of activity, we detect significant continuum variability of 2-10%, increasing toward shorter wavelengths. The continuum light curves, both spectroscopic and photometric, are qualitatively similar to the simultaneous UV and X-ray light curves. Inter-band cross-correlations suggest that the optical continuum emission lags behind the UV continuum emission by 24 +7/-9 min, and that the optical continuum emission lags behind the X-ray continuum emission by 44 +/- 13 min, consistent with a reprocessing model for active galactic nucleus emission. There are also hints of Balmer emission lines lagging behind the optical continuum by an amount slightly larger than the emission-line lag detected in the UV. These results are all similar to those of other Seyfert 1 nuclei. The emission-line lag yields a mass measurement of the central black hole, which although not very significant, is consistent with the value derived from the simultaneous UV data.

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The Hard X-ray Spectral Slope as an Accretion-Rate Indicator in Radio-Quiet Active Galactic Nuclei

We present new XMM-Newton observations of two luminous and high accretion-rate radio-quiet active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at z~2. Together with archival X-ray and rest-frame optical spectra of three sources with similar properties as well as 25 moderate-luminosity radio-quiet AGNs at z<0.5, we investigate, for the first time, the dependence of the hard (>~2 keV) X-ray power-law photon index on the broad H_beta emission-line width and on the accretion rate across ~3 orders of magnitude in AGN luminosity. Provided the accretion rates of the five luminous sources can be estimated by extrapolating the well-known broad-line region size-luminosity relation to high luminosities, we find that the photon indices of these sources, while consistent with those expected from their accretion rates, are significantly higher than expected from the widths of their H_beta lines. We argue that, within the limits of our sample, the hard-X-ray photon index depends primarily on the accretion rate.

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Multiwavelength Monitoring of the Dwarf Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 4395. II. X-ray and Ultraviolet Continuum Variability

We report on two Chandra observations, and a simultaneous Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet observation, of the dwarf Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4395. Each Chandra observation had a duration of ~30 ks, with a separation of ~50 ks. The spectrum was observed to harden between these observations via a scaling down of the soft-band flux. The inter-observation variability is in a different sense to the observed variability within each observation and is most likely the result of increased absorption. Spectral variations were seen during the first observation suggesting that the X-ray emission is produced in more than one disconnected region. We have also re-analyzed a ~17 ks Chandra observation conducted in 2000. During the three Chandra observations the 2-10 keV flux is about a factor of 2 lower than seen during an XMM-Newton observation conducted in 2003. Moreover, the fractional variability amplitude exhibited during the XMM-Newton observation is significantly softer than seen during the Chandra observations. A power-spectral analysis of the first of the two new Chandra observations revealed a peak at 341s with a formal detection significance of 99%. A similar peak was seen previously in the 2000 Chandra data. However, the detection of this feature is tentative given that it was found in neither the second of our two new Chandra observations nor the XMM-Newton data, and it is much narrower than expected. The Hubble Space Telescope observation was conducted during part of the second Chandra visit. A zero-lag correlation between the ultraviolet and X-ray fluxes was detected with a significance of about 99.5%, consistent with the predictions of the two-phase model for the X-ray emission from active galactic nuclei.

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Multiwavelength Monitoring of the Dwarf Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 4395. I. A Reverberation-Based Measurement of the Black Hole Mass

A reverberation-mapping program on NGC 4395, the least-luminous known Seyfert 1 galaxy, undertaken with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope, yields a measurement of the mass of the central black hole of 360,000 solar masses. The observations consist of two visits of 5 orbits each, in 2004 April and July. During each of these visits, the UV continuum varied by at least 10% (rms) and only C IV 1549 showed corresponding variations large enough to reliably determine the emission-line lag, which was measured to be of order one hour for both visits. The size of the C IV-emitting region is about a factor of three smaller than expected if the slope of the broad-line region radius-luminosity relationship is identical to that for the H-beta emission line. NGC 4395 is underluminous even for its small black hole mass; the Eddington ratio of 0.0012 is lower than that of any other active galactic nucleus for which a black hole mass measurement has been made by emission-line reverberation.

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The High-Velocity Outflow of PG 1211+143: An Unbiased View Based on Several Observations

We present and discuss high-resolution grating spectra of the quasar PG1211+143 obtained over three years. Based on an early observation from 2001, we find an outflow component of about 3000 km/s in contrast with the much higher velocity of about 24000 km/s reported earlier for this source, and based on the same data set. Subsequent grating spectra obtained for PG1211+143 are consistent with the first observation in the broad-band sense, but not all narrow features used to identify the outflow are reproduced. We demonstrate that the poor S/N and time variability seen during all existing observations of PG1211+143 make any claims about the outflow precariously inconclusive.

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The High-Velocity Outflow of PG1211+143 May Not be That Fast

We analyze the X-ray spectrum of the quasar PG1211+143 observed with the CCD and grating spectrometers on board XMM-Newton. Using an ion by ion fitting model we find an outflow component of about 3000 km/s that includes absorption lines of K-shell and L-shell ions of the astrophysically abundant elements. We also identify and include in our model broad (FWHM = 6000 km/s) emission lines from H-like ions of C, N, O, and Ne, and He-like ions of O, Ne, and Mg. The outflow velocity we find is an alternative interpretation of the data and is in contrast with the ultra high velocity of ~24000 km/s reported previously for this object. Nevertheless, we can not completely rule out the presence of a high velocity component due to the poor signal-to-noise ratio of the data.

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XMM-Newton Spectroscopy of the Starburst Dominated Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 6240

We present new XMM-Newton observation of the Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxy (ULIRG) NGC 6240. We analyze the reflecting grating spectrometer (RGS) data, and data from the other instruments, and find a starburst dominated 0.5-3 keV spectrum with global properties resembling those observed in M82 but with a much higher luminosity. We show that the starburst region can be divided into an outer zone, beyond a radius of about 2.1 kpc, with a gas temperature of about 10^7 K and a central region with temperatures in the range (2-6) x 10^7 K. The gas in the outer region emits most of the observed Oviii Lyman-alpha line and the gas in the inner region the emission lines of higher ionization ions, including a strong Fexxv line. We also identify a small inner part, very close to the active nuclei, with typical Seyfert 2 properties including a large amount of photoionized gas producing a strong Fe K-alpha 6.4 keV line. The combined abundance, temperature and emission measure analysis indicates super solar Ne/O, Mg/O, Si/O, S/O and possibly also Fe/O. The analysis suggests densities in the range of (0.07-0.28) x epsilon^(-1/2) cm^(-3) and a total thermal gas mass of about 4 x 10^8 x epsilon^(1/2) solar masses, where epsilon is the volume filling factor. We used a simple model to argue that a massive starburst with an age of about 2 x 10^7 years can explain most of the observed properties of the source. NGC 6240 is perhaps the clearest case of an X-ray bright luminous AGN, in a merger, whose soft X-ray spectrum is dominated by a powerful starburst.

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Is The Fe M-shell Absorber Part of The Outflow in Active Galactic Nuclei?

The X-ray emission of many active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is absorbed between 15 and 17 Angstrom by means of unresolved (inner-shell) transition arrays (UTAs) of Fe M-shell ions. The outflow velocities implied by the Doppler shifts of the individual UTAs in the spectrum have never before been measured. Thus, the Fe-M absorber has been commonly assumed to be part of the ionized AGN outflow, whose velocities are readily obtained from more easily measured spectral lines. The best spectrum of Fe-M absorption is available from the integrated 900 ks Chandra HETGS observations of NGC 3783, in which some Fe-M ions are clearly resolved. We measure the velocities of the individual Fe-M ions in NGC 3783 for the first time. Surprisingly, we find that the Fe-M absorber, most noticeably Fe$^{+8}$, Fe$^{+9}$, and Fe$^{+10}$, is not outflowing at the same velocity as the previously known wind. In fact, it appears to be stationary and therefore not part of the outflow at all. It could, alternatively, be ascribed to the skin of the dusty torus. This reduces appreciably the mass loss rate estimated for the NGC 3783 outflow and perhaps for other similar sources as well, in which the various Fe-M ions are not resolved.

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The Relationship Between Luminosity and Broad-Line Region Size in Active Galactic Nuclei

We reinvestigate the relationship between the characteristic broad-line region size (R_blr) and the Balmer emission-line, X-ray, UV, and optical continuum luminosities. Our study makes use of the best available determinations of R_blr for a large number of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from Peterson et al. Using their determinations of R_blr for a large sample of AGNs and two different regression methods, we investigate the robustness of our correlation results as a function of data sub-sample and regression technique. Though small systematic differences were found depending on the method of analysis, our results are generally consistent. Assuming a power-law relation R_blr \propto L^α, we find the mean best-fitting αis about 0.67+/-0.05 for the optical continuum and the broad Hβluminosity, about 0.56+/-0.05 for the UV continuum luminosity, and about 0.70+/-0.14 for the X-ray luminosity. We also find an intrinsic scatter of about 40% in these relations. The disagreement of our results with the theoretical expected slope of 0.5 indicates that the simple assumption of all AGNs having on average same ionization parameter, BLR density, column density, and ionizing spectral energy distribution, is not valid and there is likely some evolution of a few of these characteristics along the luminosity scale.

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High resolution X-ray spectra of quasars

Past X-ray observations by ASCA suggest that warm absorbers (O VII and O VIII edges) are apparently rare in high luminosity AGNs (quasars) while they are more common in low luminosity AGNs (Seyferts). However, this could be a selection effect if high luminosity AGNs have mostly narrow absorption lines (with no strong bound free edges), which escaped detection by the low resolution of ASCA. To check this hypothesis we are studying the high-resolution X-ray spectra of quasars from grating spectrometers on board Chandra and XMM-Newton in search for absorption lines. In this contribution we present spectra of three quasars. The spectra show narrow (several hundred km/s) absorption and emission X-ray lines from H-like and He-like ions of O, Ne, Mg, and other abundant elements. We also detect absorption from iron L-shell lines and iron M-shell unresolved transition array. We present the analysis of MR2251-178 where we find that at least two, and probably three, distinct warm absorbers are needed to explain the high resolution spectrum of this object. We re-analyze the high-resolution X-ray spectrum of PG1211+143 and suggest that an outflow velocity of about 3000 km/s provides an adequate explanation to these data. We also present preliminary results form the Chandra/HETGS observation of the quasar 4C74.26.

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The Properties and the Evolution of the Highly Ionized Gas in MR2251-178

(abridged) We present the first XMM-Newton observations of the radio-quiet quasar MR2251-178 obtained in 2000 and 2002. The EPIC-pn spectra show a power-law continuum with a slope of 1.6 at high energies absorbed by at least two warm absorbers (WAs) intrinsic to the source. The underlying continuum in the earlier observation shows a soft excess at low X-ray energies which can be modeled as an additional power-law with a slope of 2.9. The high-resolution grating spectrum obtained in 2002 shows emission lines from N VI, O VII, O VIII, Ne IX, and Ne X, as well as absorption lines from the low-ionization ions of O III, O IV, and O V, and other confirmed and suspected weaker absorption lines. We suggest a model for the high-resolution spectrum which consist of two or three WA components. The two-components model has a high-ionization WA with a column density of 10^21.5 - 10^21.8 cm^-2 and a low-ionization absorber with a column density of 10^20.3 cm^-2. In the three-components model we add a lower ionization component that produce the observed iron M-shell absorption lines. We investigate the spectral variations in MR2251-178 over a period of 8.5 years using data from ASCA, BeppoSAX, and XMM-Newton. All X-ray observations can be fitted with the above EPIC-pn model. The 8.5 year history of the source suggests a changing X-ray absorber due to material that enters and disappears from the line-of-sight on timescales of several months. We also present the entire FUSE spectrum of MR2251-178. We detect emission from N III, C III, and O VI and at least 4 absorption systems in C III, H I, and O VI, one at -580 km/s and at least 3 others which are blended together and form a wide trough covering the velocity range of 0 to -500 km/s. The general characteristics of the UV and X-ray absorbers are consistent with an origin in the same gas.

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Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Spectroscopy of Absorption and Emission Lines from the Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 4051

We present three Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) observations of the Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC4051. The most prominent features in the far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectrum are the OVI emission and absorption lines and the HI Lyman series absorption lines which are detected up to the Lyman edge. We also identify weak emission from NIII, CIII, and HeII. The CIII line shows absorption while none is detected in the NIII and HeII lines. In HI and CIII we detect two main absorption systems at outflow velocities of -50+/-30 and -240+/-40 km/s, as well as a possible third one at ~ -450 km/s. These systems are consistent in velocity with the 10 absorption systems found previously in CIV, NV, and SiIV, though the individual systems are blended together in the FUV spectrum. We estimate column densities of the two main absorption systems and find that the HI column density is lower for systems with larger outflow velocity. We detect no flux or spectral variations of NGC4051 at FUV wavelengths during three epochs spanning one year. This is consistent with the optical light curve which shows no variations between the three epochs. It is also consistent with the X-ray light curve which shows consistent flux levels at the three epochs of the FUSE observations, although the X-ray light curve shows strong variations on much shorter timescales.

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Reverberation Mapping of High-Redshift, High-Luminosity Quasars

We present preliminary results from a reverberation mapping program to measure the Broad Line Region size in high-redshift, high-luminosity quasars. The observations are carried out at the Hobby-Eberly Telescope and at the Wise Observatory. The data cover 8 yr of photometric monitoring of 11 quasars, and 2.5 yr of spectrophotometric monitoring of 7 of these sources. Thus far we detected continuum variations but no line variations. We find that the continua of the high-luminosity quasars have smaller variability amplitudes and longer variability timescales compared with low-luminosity AGNs.

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The Ionized Gas and Nuclear Environment in NGC 3783 II. Averaged HST/STIS and FUSE Spectra

We present observations of the intrinsic absorption in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3783 obtained with the STIS/HST and FUSE. We have coadded multiple STIS and FUSE observations to obtain a high S/N averaged spectrum spanning 905-1730 A. The averaged spectrum reveals absorption in O VI, N V, C IV, N III, C III and the Lyman lines up to LyE in the three blueshifted kinematic components previously detected in the STIS spectrum (at radial velocities of -1320, -724, and -548 km/s). The highest velocity component exhibits absorption in Si IV. We also detect metastable C III* in this component, indicating a high density in this absorber. We separate the individual covering factors of the continuum and emission-line sources as a function of velocity in each kinematic component using the LyA and LyB lines. Additionally, we find that the continuum covering factor varies with velocity within the individual kinematic components, decreasing smoothly in the wings of the absorption by at least 60%. The covering factor of Si IV is found to be less than half that of H I and N V in the high velocity component. Additionally, the FWHM of N III and Si IV are narrower than the higher ionization lines in this component. These results indicate there is substructure within this absorber. We derive a lower limit on the total column (N_H>=10^{19}cm^{-2}) and ionization parameter (U>=0.005) in the low ionization subcomponent of this absorber. The metastable-to-total C III column density ratio implies n_e~10^9 cm^{-3} and an upper limit on the distance of the absorber from the ionizing continuum of R<=8x10^{17} cm.

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High-Resolution X-ray and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the Complex Intrinsic Absorption in NGC 4051 with Chandra and HST

We present the results from simultaneous observations of the Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4051 with the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer and the HST Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. The X-ray grating spectrum reveals absorption and emission lines from hydrogen-like and helium-like ions of O, Ne, Mg and Si. We resolve two distinct X-ray absorption systems: a high-velocity blueshifted system at -2340+/-130 km/s and a low-velocity blueshifted system at -600+/-130 km/s. In the UV spectrum we detect strong absorption, mainly from C IV, N V and Si IV, that is resolved into as many as nine different intrinsic absorption systems with velocities between -650 km/s and 30 km/s. Although the low-velocity X-ray absorption is consistent in velocity with many of the UV absorption systems, the high-velocity X-ray absorption seems to have no UV counterpart. In addition to the absorption and emission lines, we also observe rapid X-ray variability and a state of low X-ray flux during the last ~15 ks of the observation. NGC 4051 has a soft X-ray excess which we fit in both the high and low X-ray flux states. The high-resolution X-ray spectrum directly reveals that the soft excess is not composed of narrow emission lines and that it has significant spectral curvature. A power-law model fails to fit it, while a blackbody produces a nearly acceptable fit. We compare the observed spectral variability with the results of previous studies of NGC 4051.

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