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T. L. Tang

Publications and source records attributed to T. L. Tang.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Observation of a dominant $\boldsymbol{0f_{7/2}}$ neutron configuration in the $\boldsymbol{^{32}}$Si $\boldsymbol{J^{\pi}=5^-}$ isomeric state

An yrast, $J^{\pi}=5^-$, spin-trap isomer has been previously identified in $^{32}$Si. The isomeric state decays predominantly via a hindered $E3$ transition [B($E3$) = 0.0841(10)~W.u.], bypassing a nearby $E2$ decay path to the first excited $3^-$ level. The single-neutron aspects of these negative parity levels were investigated via the $^{31}$Si$(d$,$p)^{32}$Si reaction at 9.6~MeV/$u$ using HELIOS and the ATLAS in-flight facility. The $5^-$ state appears as a dominant $\ell=3$ transfer with a relatively large spectroscopic factor, confirming its single-particle $\nu0f_{7/2}$ character. The yrast $3^-$ level had a reduced $\ell=3$ spectroscopic factor of $\approx$ 0.44 compared to that of the $5^-_1$ level. This is similar to the situation observed in nearby $^{34}$S which by contrast has a measured B($E2, 5^-\rightarrow 3^-$) transition strength closer to 1~W.u.. It has been concluded that the hinderance of the $5^-_1\rightarrow 3^-_1$ transition in $^{32}$Si is not primarily due to the differing overlaps in the neutron structure. Instead, the lack of participation by both the protons and the neutrons in the transition is proposed as the transition-strength reduction mechanism.

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Valence $1s-0d$ proton vacancy of the $^{32}$Si ground state

The $^{32}$Si($^3$He,$d$)$^{33}$P reaction was studied in inverse kinematics at 6.3~MeV/$u$. States in $^{33}$P corresponding to the proton $1s-0d$ single-particle orbitals were identified up to $\sim$4.5 MeV in excitation energy. The ($^{3}$He,$d$) spectroscopic factors were determined from Distorted Wave Born Approximation calculations. When combined with complementary neutron-adding data, the $1s-0d$ proton vacancies in the $^{32}$Si ground state were extracted. In conjunction with a re-analysis of data from previous single-particle measurements, the trends in proton and neutron vacancy were explored across the $^{28,30,32,34}$Si isotopes. Both proton and neutron vacancy data show gradual changes in their occupancies. The proton $1s_{1/2}$ orbitals in $^{32}$Si and $^{34}$Si are both consistent with being empty. The ground-state nucleon distributions are described by shell-model calculations constrained to the $1s-0d$ model space.

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Quenching of single-particle strength inferred from nucleon-removal transfer reactions on $^{15}$C

The difference in the proton and neutron separation energies ($\Delta S$) of the weakly bound $^{15}$C ground state is -19.86 MeV, an extreme value. Data from intermediate-energy heavy-ion induced (HI-induced) knockout reactions on nuclei spanning $-20\lesssim\Delta S\lesssim+20$ MeV, suggest that the degree to which single-particle strength is quenched, $R\mathrm{_{s}}$, has a negative correlation with $\Delta S$, decreasing from unity around $-20$~MeV to around 0.2 at $+20$~MeV. For the $^{15}$C ground state ($R_s=0.96(4)$ in HI-induced knockout), contrasting results have recently been obtained via the neutron-adding transfer reaction, which reveal a value of $R_s=0.64(15)$, similar to the value observed at modest $\Delta S$ and more extreme values of $\Delta S$ with reaction probes other than HI knockout. In order to explore the any potential differences between $adding$ and $removing$ processes in transfer reactions at extreme $\Delta S$, single-neutron removal transfer reactions on $^{15}$C were performed at 7.1MeV/u in inverse kinematics. The removal of a valence neutron in 2$s_{1/2}$ orbit using both ($p$,$d$) and ($d$,$t$) reactions shows consistent quenching factors and agrees with those from the neutron-adding reaction. The present results, which can be compared with neutron knockout reaction, suggest that correlations, represented by the quenching factor, show limited dependence on neutron-proton asymmetry under the most extreme asymmetry conditions so far achieved in transfer reactions.

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Kinematics Calibration and Excitation Energy Reconstruction for Solenoidal Spectrometers

This work introduces a novel method for reconstructing excitation energy and center-of-mass scattering angle from energy-position data in solenoidal spectrometers, addressing challenges posed by non-linearities at small scattering angles. The approach employs a robust calibration of experimental energy-position data using known excited states, followed by an analytical inverse transformation based on relativistic kinematics and cyclotron motion. Integrated into the HELIOS online analysis routines, this method enables real-time generation of excitation energy spectra and angular distributions during experiments, improving efficiency and accuracy over traditional projection-based methods. The method's effectiveness is demonstrated using the 25Mg(d,p) reaction, highlighting its ability to handle forward-angle data and produce precise kinematic reconstructions.

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FSUDAQ -- A general purpose GUI data acquisition program for the CAEN x725, x730, x740 digitizers

FSUDAQ is a versatile, multi-threaded, lightweight data acquisition software with a graphical user interface, designed to fully utilize the capabilities of first-generation CAEN x725, x730, and x740 series digitizers equipped with various Digital Pulse Processing (DPP) firmware, including Pulse-Height Analysis (PHA), Pulse-Shape Discrimination (PSD), and Charge-Digital Conversion (QDC). It emphasizes user-friendliness, stability, scalability, high throughput, and low latency. The software includes features such as an online waveform scope, scalar panel, and real-time single spectrum display for each input channel, along with an online event builder and analyzer capable of generating 1D and 2D histograms and applying graphical cuts. Users can also create and integrate custom online analyzers to meet specific experimental requirements. FSUDAQ has been successfully tested at the John D. Fox Laboratory at FSU, including with the Encore, ANASEN, and Super-Enge Split-Pole Spectrograph experiments. In terms of performance, FSUDAQ can handle up to approximately 500k triggers per second per channel without waveform recording, or data rates of around 65 MB/s per optical fiber, with or without waveform recording.

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Evolution of the nuclear spin-orbit splitting explored via the $^{32}$Si($d$,$p$)$^{33}$Si reaction using SOLARIS

The spin-orbit splitting between neutron 1$p$ orbitals at $^{33}$Si has been deduced using the single-neutron-adding ($d$,$p$) reaction in inverse kinematics with a beam of $^{32}$Si, a long-lived radioisotope. Reaction products were analyzed by the newly implemented SOLARIS spectrometer at the reaccelerated-beam facility at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. The measurements show reasonable agreement with shell-model calculations that incorporate modern cross-shell interactions, but they contradict the prediction of proton density depletion based on relativistic mean-field theory. The evolution of the neutron 1$p$-shell orbitals is systematically studied using the present and existing data in the isotonic chains of $N=17$, 19, and 21. In each case, a smooth decrease in the separation of the $1p_{3/2}$-$1p_{1/2}$ orbitals is seen as the respective $p$-orbitals approach zero binding, suggesting that the finite nuclear potential strongly influences the evolution of nuclear structure in this region.

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Direct cross-section measurement of the weak r-process 88Sr(α,n)91Zr reaction in ν-driven winds of core collapse supernovae

About half of the heavy elements beyond iron are known to be produced by the rapid neutron capture process, known as r-process. However, the astrophysical site producing the r-process is still uncertain. Chemical abundances observed in several cosmic sites indicate that different mechanisms should be at play. For instance, the abundances around silver measured in a subset of metal-poor stars indicate the presence of a weak r-process. This process may be active in neutrino-driven winds of core collapse supernovae where ($α$,n) reactions dominate the synthesis of Z ~ 40 elements in the expelled materials. Scarcely measured, the rates of ($α$,n) reactions are determined from statistical Hauser-Feshbach calculations with $α$-optical-model potentials, which are still poorly constrained. The uncertainties of the ($α$,n) reaction rates therefore make a significant contribution to the uncertainties of the abundances determined from stellar modeling. In this work, the $^{88}$Sr($α$,n)$^{91}$Zr reaction which impacts the weak r-process abundances has been probed at astrophysics energy for the first time; directly measuring the total cross sections at astrophysical energies of 8.37 - 13.09 MeV in the center of mass (3.8 - 7.5 GK). Two measurements were performed at ATLAS with the electrically-segmented ionization chamber MUSIC, in inverse kinematics, while following the active target technique. The cross sections of this $α$-induced reaction on $^{88}$Sr, located at the shell closure N = 50, have been found to be lower than expected, by a factor of 3, despite recent statistical calculations validated by measurements on neighboring nuclei. This result encourages more experimental investigations of ($α$,n) reactions, at N = 50 and towards the neutron-rich side, to further test the predictive power and reliability of such calculations.

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Experimental Study of the $^{\textbf{38}}$S Excited Level Scheme

Information on the $^{38}$S level scheme was expanded through experimental work utilizing a fusion-evaporation reaction and in-beam $γ$-ray spectroscopy. Prompt $γ$-ray transitions were detected by the Gamma-Ray Energy Tracking Array (GRETINA) and recoiling $^{38}$S residues were selected by the Fragment Mass Analayzer (FMA). Tools based on machine-learning techniques were developed and deployed for the first time in order to enhance the unique selection of $^{38}$S residues and identify any associated $γ$-ray transitions. The new level information, including the extension of the even-spin yrast sequence through $J^π = 8^{(+)}$, was interpreted in terms of a basic single-particle picture as well shell-model calculations which incorporated the empirically derived FSU interaction. A comparison between the properties of the yrast states in the even-$Z$ $N=22$ isotones from $Z=14$ to $20$, and for $^{36}$Si-$^{38}$S in particular, was also presented with an emphasis on the role and influence of the neutron $1p_{3/2}$ orbital on the structure in the region.

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Microsecond Isomer at the N=20 Island of Shape Inversion Observed at FRIB

Excited-state spectroscopy from the first Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) experiment is reported. A 24(2)-$μ$s isomer was observed with the FRIB Decay Station initiator (FDSi) through a cascade of 224- and 401-keV $γ$ rays in coincidence with $^{32}\textrm{Na}$ nuclei. This is the only known microsecond isomer ($1{\text{ }μ\text{s}}\leq T_{1/2} < 1\text{ ms}$) in the region. This nucleus is at the heart of the $N=20$ island of shape inversion and is at the crossroads of spherical shell-model, deformed shell-model, and ab initio theories. It can be represented as the coupling of a proton hole and neutron particle to $^{32}\textrm{Mg}$, $^{32}\textrm{Mg}+π^{-1} + ν^{+1}$. This odd-odd coupling and isomer formation provides a sensitive measure of the underlying shape degrees of freedom of $^{32}\textrm{Mg}$, where the onset of spherical-to-deformed shape inversion begins with a low-lying deformed $2^+$ state at 885 keV and a low-lying shape-coexisting $0_2^+$ state at 1058 keV. We suggest two possible explanations for the 625-keV isomer in $^{32}$Na: a $6^-$ spherical shape isomer that decays by $E2$ or a $0^+$ deformed spin isomer that decays by $M2$. The present results and calculations are most consistent with the latter, indicating that the low-lying states are dominated by deformation.

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Direct Determination of Fission-Barrier Heights Using Light-Ion Transfer in Inverse Kinematics

We demonstrate a new technique for obtaining fission data for nuclei away from $β$-stability. These types of data are pertinent to the astrophysical \textit{r-}process, crucial to a complete understanding of the origin of the heavy elements, and for developing a predictive model of fission. These data are also important considerations for terrestrial applications related to power generation and safeguarding. Experimentally, such data are scarce due to the difficulties in producing the actinide targets of interest. The solenoidal-spectrometer technique, commonly used to study nucleon-transfer reactions in inverse kinematics, has been applied to the case of transfer-induced fission as a means to deduce the fission-barrier height, among other variables. The fission-barrier height of $^{239}$U has been determined via the $^{238}$U($d$,$pf$) reaction in inverse kinematics, the results of which are consistent with existing neutron-induced fission data indicating the validity of the technique.

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Probing the quadrupole transition strength of 15C via deuteron inelastic scattering

Deuteron elastic scattering from 15C and inelastic scattering reactions to the first excited state of 15C were studied using a radioactive beam of 15C in inverse kinematics. The scattered deuterons were measured using HELIOS. The elastic scattering differential cross sections were analyzed using the optical model. A matter deformation length δd = 1.04(11) fm has been extracted from the differential cross sections of inelastic scattering to the first excited state. The ratio of neutron and proton matrix elements Mn/Mp = 3.6(4) has been determined from this quadrupole transition. Neutron effective charges and core-polarization parameters of 15C were determined and discussed. Results from ab-initio no-core configuration interaction calculations were also compared with the experimental observations. This result supports a moderate core decoupling effect of the valence neutron in 15C similarly to its isotone 17O, in line with the interpretation of other neutron-rich carbon isotopes.

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Study of the $^{22}$Mg waiting point relevant for x-ray burst nucleosynthesis via the $^{22}$Mg($α$,$p$)$^{25}$Al reaction

The $^{22}$Mg($α$,$p$)$^{25}$Al reaction rate has been identified as a major source of uncertainty for understanding the nucleosynthesis flow in Type-I x-ray bursts (XRBs). We report a direct measurement of the energy- and angle-integrated cross sections of this reaction in a 3.3-6.9 MeV center-of-mass energy range using the MUlti-Sampling Ionization Chamber (MUSIC). The new $^{22}$Mg($α$,$p$)$^{25}$Al reaction rate is a factor of $\sim$4 higher than the previous direct measurement of this reaction within temperatures relevant for XRBs, resulting in the $^{22}$Mg waiting point of x-ray burst nucleosynthesis flow to be significantly bypassed via the ($α,p$) reaction

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Study of the Isomeric State in $^{16}$N Using the $^{16}$N$^{g,m}$($d$,$^3$He) Reaction

The isomeric state of $^{16}$N was studied using the $^{16}$N$^{g,m}$($d$,$^3$He)~proton-removal reactions at \mbox{11.8~MeV/$u$} in inverse kinematics. The $^{16}$N beam, of which 24% was in the isomeric state, was produced using the ATLAS in-fight facility and delivered to the HELIOS spectrometer, which was used to analyze the $^{3}$He ions from the ($d$,$^{3}$He) reactions. The simultaneous measurement of reactions on both the ground and isomeric states, reduced the systematic uncertainties from the experiment and in the analysis. A direct and reliable comparison of the relative spectroscopic factors was made based on a Distorted-Wave Born Approximation approach. The experimental results suggest that the isomeric state of $^{16}$N is an excited neutron-halo state. The results can be understood through calculations using a Woods-Saxon potential model, which captures the effects of weak-binding.

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Quenching of Single-Particle Strength in A=15 Nuclei

Absolute cross sections for the addition of $s$- and $d$-wave neutrons to $^{14}$C and $^{14}$N have been determined simultaneously via the ($d$,$p$) reaction at 10 MeV/u. The difference between the neutron and proton separation energies, $ΔS$, is around $-20$ MeV for the $^{14}$C$+$$n$ system and $+8$ MeV for $^{14}$N$+$$n$. The population of the $1s_{1/2}$ and $0d_{5/2}$ orbitals for both systems is reduced by a factor of approximately 0.5 compared to the independent single-particle model, or about 0.6 when compared to the shell model. This finding strongly contrasts with results deduced from intermediate-energy knockout reactions between similar nuclei on targets of $^{9}$Be and $^{12}$C. The simultaneous technique used removes many systematic uncertainties.

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In-flight production of an isomeric beam of $^{16}$N

An in-flight beam of $^{16}$N was produced via the single-neutron adding ($d$,$p$) reaction in inverse kinematics at the recently upgraded Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS) in-flight system. The amount of the $^{16}$N beam which resided in its excited 0.120-MeV $J^π=0^-$ isomeric state (T$_{1/2}\approx5$ $μ$s) was determined to be 40(5)% at a reaction energy of 7.9(3) MeV/$u$, and 24(2)% at a reaction energy of 13.2(2) MeV/$u$. The isomer measurements took place at an experimental station $\approx30$ m downstream of the production target and utilized an Al beam-stopping foil and a HPGe Clover detector. Composite $^{16}$N beam rate determinations were made at the experimental station and the focal plane of the Argonne in-flight radioactive ion-beam separator (RAISOR) with Si $Δ$E-E telescopes. A Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) approach was coupled with the known spectroscopic information on $^{16}$N in order to estimate the relative $^{16}$N isomer yields and composite $^{16}$N beam rates. In addition to the observed reaction-energy dependence of the isomer fraction, a large sensitivity to angular acceptance of the recoils was also observed.

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BoxScore -- A real-time beam-diagnosis program for CAEN digitizer x730 series

BoxScore is a real-time beam diagnosis and monitoring program for the CAEN x730 series digitizer that was developed for the ATLAS in-flight facility at Argonne National Laboratory. The CAEN x730 series digitizer, with built-in Digital Pulse Processing for the Pulse-Height-Analysis, can analyze the input signal in real-time using a trapezoidal filter. BoxScore reads the digitizer's buffer directly, builds and saves events to local files, plots filled histograms for particle identification, and outputs the rates of selected isotopes every second. Implementation of BoxScore has shortened the time needed for in-flight beam-tuning and has potential applications for other nuclear physics experiments.

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Consistency of nucleon-transfer sum rules in well-deformed nuclei

Nucleon-transfer sum rules have been assessed via a consistent reanalysis of cross-section data from neutron-adding ($d$,$p$) and -removing ($d$,$t$) reactions on well-deformed isotopes of Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, and W, with $92\leq N\leq108$, studied at the Niels Bohr Institute in the 1960s and 1970s. These are complemented by new measurements of cross sections using the ($d$,$p$), ($d$,$t$), and ($p$,$d$) reactions on a subset of these nuclei. The sum rules, defined in a Nilsson-model framework, are remarkably consistent. A single overall normalization is used in the analysis, which appears to be sensitive to assumptions about the reaction mechanism, and in the case of sums using the ($d$,$t$) reaction, differs from values determined from reactions on spherical systems.

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First Exploration of Neutron Shell Structure Below Lead and Beyond $\boldsymbol{N=126}$

The nuclei below lead but with more than 126 neutrons are crucial to an understanding of the astrophysical $r$-process in producing nuclei heavier than $A\sim190$. Despite their importance, the structure and properties of these nuclei remain experimentally untested as they are difficult to produce in nuclear reactions with stable beams. In a first exploration of the shell structure of this region, neutron excitations in $^{207}$Hg have been probed using the neutron-adding ($d$,$p$) reaction in inverse kinematics. The radioactive beam of $^{206}$Hg was delivered to the new ISOLDE Solenoidal Spectrometer at an energy above the Coulomb barrier. The spectroscopy of $^{207}$Hg marks a first step in improving our understanding of the relevant structural properties of nuclei involved in a key part of the path of the $r$-process.

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