arXiv subjects

Thomas Dreyfus

Publications and source records attributed to Thomas Dreyfus.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

Degenerate systems of three Brownian particles with asymmetric collisions: invariant measure of gaps

We consider a degenerate system of three Brownian particles undergoing asymmetric collisions. We study the gap process of this system and focus on its invariant measure. The gap process is described as an obliquely reflected degenerate Brownian motion in a quadrant. For all possible parameter cases, we compute the Laplace transform of the invariant measure, and fully characterize the conditions under which it belongs to the following classes: rational, algebraic, differentially finite, or differentially algebraic. We also derive explicit formulas for the invariant measure on the boundary of the quadrant, expressed in terms of a Theta-like function, to which we apply a polynomial differential operator. In this study, we introduce a new parameter called $\gamma$ (along with two additional parameters $\gamma_1$ and $\gamma_2$) which governs many properties of the degenerate process. This parameter is reminiscent of the famous parameter $\alpha$ introduced by Varadhan and Williams (and the two parameters $\alpha_1$ and $\alpha_2$ recently introduced by Bousquet-M{\'e}lou et al.) to study nondegenerate reflected Brownian motion in a wedge. To establish our main results we start from a kernel functional equation characterizing the Laplace transform of the invariant measure. By an analytic approach, we establish a finite difference equation satisfied by the Laplace transform. Then, using certain so-called decoupling functions, we apply Tutte's invariant approach to solve the equation via conformal gluing functions. Finally, difference Galois theory and exhaustive study allows us to find necessary and sufficient conditions for the Laplace transform to belong to the specified function hierarchy.

math.PR↗

arXiv2024

Enumeration of weighted quadrant walks: criteria for algebraicity and D-finiteness

In the field of enumeration of weighted walks confined to the quarter plane, it is known that the generating functions behave very differently depending on the chosen step set; in practice, the techniques used in the literature depend on the complexity of the counting series. In this paper we introduce a unified approach based on the theory of elliptic functions, which allows us to have a common proof of the characterisation of the algebraicity and D-finiteness of the generating functions.

math.CO↗

arXiv2024

Representability of G-functions as rational functions in hypergeometric series

Fres\'an and Jossen have given a negative answer to a question of Siegel about the representability of every $E$-function as a polynomial with algebraic coefficients in $E$-functions of type ${}_pF_q[\underline{a};\underline{b};\gamma x^{q-p+1}]$ with $q\geq p\geq 0$, $\gamma \in \overline{\mathbb Q}$ and rational parameters $\underline{a}, \underline{b}$. In this paper, we study, in a more general context, a similar question for $G$-functions asked by Fischler and the second author: can every $G$-function be represented as a polynomial with algebraic coefficients in $G$-functions of type $\mu(x)\cdot {}_pF_{p-1}[\underline{a};\underline{b};\lambda(x)]$ with $p\ge 1$, rational parameters $\underline{a},\underline{b}$ and $\mu,\lambda$ algebraic over $\mathbb Q(x)$ with $\lambda(0)=0$? They have shown the answer to be negative under a generalization of Grothendieck's Period Conjecture and a technical assumption on the~$\lambda$'s. Using differential Galois theory, we prove that, for every $N\in \mathbb N$, there exists a $G$-function which can not be represented as a rational function with coefficients in $\overline{\mathbb C(x)}$ of solutions of linear differential equations with coefficients in $\mathbb C(x)$ and at most $N$ singularities in $\mathbb{P}^1 (\mathbb C)$. As a corollary, we deduce that not all $G$-functions can be represented as a rational function in hypergeometric series of the above mentioned type, when the $\lambda$'s are rational functions with degrees of their numerators and denominators bounded by an arbitrarily large fixed constant. This provides an unconditional negative answer to the question asked by Fischler and the second author for such~$\lambda$'s.

math.CA↗

arXiv2024

First-order factors of linear Mahler operators

We develop and compare two algorithms for computing first-order right-hand factors in the ring of linear Mahler operators$\ell_r M^r + \dots + \ell_1 M + \ell_0$where $\ell_0, \dots, \ell_r$ are polynomials in~$x$ and $Mx = x^b M$ for some integer $b \geq 2$. In other words, we give algorithms for finding all formal infinite product solutions of linear functional equations$\ell_r(x) f(x^{b^r}) + \dots + \ell_1(x) f(x^b) + \ell_0(x) f(x) = 0$. The first of our algorithms is adapted from Petkov\v{s}ek's classical algorithm forthe analogous problem in the case of linear recurrences. The second one proceeds by computing a basis of generalized power series solutions of the functional equation and by using Hermite-Pad{\'e} approximants to detect those linear combinations of the solutions that correspond to first-order factors. We present implementations of both algorithms and discuss their use in combination with criteria from the literature to prove the differential transcendence of power series solutions of Mahler equations.

cs.SC↗

arXiv2023

On the product of two $1$-$q$-summable series

In this paper we consider a $q$-analog of the Borel-Laplace summation process defined by Marotte and the second author, and consider two series solutions of linear $q$-difference equations with slopes $0$ and $1$. The latter are $q$-summable and we prove that the product of the series is $q$-(multi)summable and its $q$-sum is the product of the $q$-sum of the two series. This is a first step in showing the conjecture that the $q$-summation process is a morphism of rings. We prove that the $q$-summation does induce a morphism of fields by showing that if the inverse of the $q$-Euler series is $q$-summable, then its $q$-sum is not the inverse of the $q$-sum of the $q$-Euler series.

math.CV↗

arXiv2022

Hypertranscendence and linear difference equations, the exponential case

In this paper we study meromorphic functions solutions of linear shift difference equations in coefficients in $\mathbb{C}(x)$ involving the operator $\rho: y(x)\mapsto y(x+h)$, for some $h\in \mathbb{C}^*$. We prove that if $f$ is solution of an algebraic differential equation, then $f$ belongs to a ring that is made with periodic functions and exponentials. Our proof is based on the parametrized difference Galois theory initiated by Hardouin and Singer.

math.NT↗

arXiv2022

On the computation of the difference Galois groups of order three equations

In this paper we consider the problem of computing the difference Galois groups of order three equations for a large class of difference operators including the shift operator (Case S), the $q$-difference operator (Case Q), the Mahler operator (Case M) and the elliptic case (Case E). We show that the general problem can be reduced to several ancillary problems. We prove criteria to detect the irreducible and imprimitive Galois groups. Finally, we give a sufficient condition of differential transcendence of solutions of order three difference equations. We also compute the difference Galois group of an equation suggested by Wadim Zudilin.

math.NT↗

arXiv2021

Differential Galois Theory and Integration

In this paper, we present methods to simplify reducible linear differential systems before solving. Classical integrals appear naturally as solutions of such systems. We will illustrate the methods developed in a previous paper on several examples to reduce the differential system. This will give information on potential algebraic relations between integrals.

math.CA↗

arXiv2021

On the nature of four models of symmetric walks avoiding a quadrant

We study the nature of the generating series of some models of walks with small steps in the three quarter plane. More precisely, we restrict ourselves to the situation where the group is infinite, the kernel has genus one, and the step set is diagonally symmetric (i.e., with no steps in anti-diagonal directions). In that situation, after a transformation of the plane, we derive a quadrant-like functional equation. Among the four models of walks, we obtain, using difference Galois theory, that three of them have a differentially transcendental generating series, and one has a differentially algebraic generating series.

math.CO↗

arXiv2021

Differential algebraic generating series of weighted walks in the quarter plane

In the present paper we study the nature of the trivariate generating series of weighted walks in the quarter plane. Combining the results of this paper to previous ones, we complete the proof of the following theorem. The series satisfies a nontrivial algebraic differential equation in one of its variable, if and only if it satisfies a nontrivial algebraic differential equation in each of its variables.

math.CO↗

arXiv2021

On the multiple-scale analysis for some linear partial $q$-difference and differential equations with holomorphic coefficients

The analytic and formal solutions of certain family of $q$-difference-differential equations under the action of a complex perturbation parameter is considered. The previous study of the last two authors provides information in the case when the main equation under study is factorizable, as a product of two equations in the so-called normal form. Each of them gives rise to a single level of $q$-Gevrey asymptotic expansion. In the present work, the main problem under study does not suffer any factorization, and a different approach is followed. More precisely, we lean on the technique developed in a paper, where the first author makes distinction among the different $q$-Gevrey asymptotic levels by successive applications of two $q$-Borel-Laplace transforms of different orders both to the same initial problem and which can be described by means of a Newton polygon.

math.CA↗

arXiv2021

Differential transcendence criteria for second-order linear difference equations and elliptic hypergeometric functions

We develop general criteria that ensure that any non-zero solution of a given second-order difference equation is differentially transcendental, which apply uniformly in particular cases of interest, such as shift difference equations, q-dilation difference equations, Mahler difference equations, and elliptic difference equations. These criteria are obtained as an application of differential Galois theory for difference equations. We apply our criteria to prove a new result to the effect that most elliptic hypergeometric functions are differentially transcendental.

math.NT↗

arXiv2020

Functional relations of solutions of q-difference equations

In this paper, we study the algebraic relations satisfied by the solutions of $q$-difference equations and their transforms with respect to an auxiliary operator. Our main tool is the parametrized Galois theories developed in two papers. The first part of this paper is concerned with the case where the auxiliary operator is a derivation, whereas the second part deals a $\mathbf{q'}$-difference operator. In both cases, we give criteria to guaranty the algebraic independence of a series, solution of a $q$-difference equation, with either its successive derivatives or its $\mathbf{q'}$-transforms. We apply our results to $q$-hypergeometric series.

math.NT↗

arXiv2020

Algebraic independence and linear difference equations

We consider pairs of automorphisms $(\phi,\sigma)$ acting on fields of Laurent or Puiseux series: pairs of shift operators $(\phi\colon x\mapsto x+h_1, \sigma\colon x\mapsto x+h_2)$, of $q$-difference operators $(\phi\colon x\mapsto q_1x,\ \sigma\colon x\mapsto q_2x)$, and of Mahler operators $(\phi\colon x\mapsto x^{p_1},\ \sigma\colon x\mapsto x^{p_2})$. Given a solution $f$ to a linear $\phi$-equation and a solution $g$ to a linear $\sigma$-equation, both transcendental, we show that $f$ and $g$ are algebraically independent over the field of rational functions, assuming that the corresponding parameters are sufficiently independent. As a consequence, we settle a conjecture about Mahler functions put forward by Loxton and van der Poorten in 1987. We also give an application to the algebraic independence of $q$-hypergeometric functions. Our approach provides a general strategy to study this kind of question and is based on a suitable Galois theory: the $\sigma$-Galois theory of linear $\phi$-equations.

math.NT↗

arXiv2020

Degeneration from difference to differential Okamoto spaces for the sixth Painlev\'e equation

In the current paper we study the $q$-analogue introduced by Jimbo and Sakai of the well known Painlev\'e VI differential equation. We explain how it can be deduced from a $q$-analogue of Schlesinger equations and show that for a convenient change of variables and auxiliary parameters, it admits a $q$-analogue of Hamiltonian formulation. This allows us to show that Sakai's $q$-analogue of Okamoto space of initial conditions for $qP_\mathrm{VI}$ admits the differential Okamoto space \emph{via} some natural limit process.

math.CA↗

arXiv2020

On the Kernel curves associated with walks in the quarter plane

The kernel method is an essential tool for the study of generating series of walks in the quarter plane. This method involves equating to zero a certain polynomial, the kernel polynomial, and using properties of the curve, the kernel curve, this defines. In the present paper, we investigate the basic properties of the kernel curve (irreducibility, singularities, genus, uniformization, etc).

math.CO↗

arXiv2020

Hypertranscendence and linear difference equations

After Hölder proved his classical theorem about the Gamma function, there has been a whole bunch of results showing that solutions to linear difference equations tend to be hypertranscendental i.e. they cannot be solution to an algebraic differential equation). In this paper, we obtain the first complete results for solutions to general linear difference equations associated with the shift operator $x\mapsto x+h$ ($h\in\mathbb{C}^*$), the $q$-difference operator $x\mapsto qx$ ($q\in\mathbb{C}^*$ not a root of unity), and the Mahler operator $x\mapsto x^p$ ($p\geq 2$ integer). The only restriction is that we constrain our solutions to be expressed as (possibly ramified) Laurent series in the variable $x$ with complex coefficients (or in the variable $1/x$ in some special case associated with the shift operator). Our proof is based on the parametrized difference Galois theory initiated by Hardouin and Singer. We also deduce from our main result a general statement about algebraic independence of values of Mahler functions and their derivatives at algebraic points.

math.NT↗

arXiv2020

Walks in the quarter plane, genus zero case

We use Galois theory of difference equations to study the nature of the generating series of (weighted) walks in the quarter plane with genus zero kernel curve. Using this approach, we prove that the generating series do not satisfy any nontrivial (possibly nonlinear) algebraic differential equation with rational coefficients.

math.CO↗