arXiv subjects

Tyler Gardner

Publications and source records attributed to Tyler Gardner.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

CHARA Array Observations of the Evolved Components in Symbiotic Star Systems

The nature of the mechanisms that drive mass transfer in symbiotic stars remains an area of active research in stellar astronomy. Constraining the role that both stellar winds and Roche-lobe overflow play in this process is crucial to improving our understanding of these binaries and connecting them to important transient events such as recurrent novae and Type Ia supernovae. The high-resolution capabilities of an optical interferometer can resolve the geometric structure of the red giant in symbiotic stars and help answer this question. This work presents the results of an optical interferometric study using the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) Array for the purpose of measuring the angular diameter of and imaging the cool giant in four symbiotic and related systems. Here we report \textit{H} band observations collected with MIRC-X. Model fitting and image reconstruction are used to test for Roche-lobe-filling geometries. Near-simultaneous infrared spectroscopy taken using the NASA InfraRed Telescope Facility (IRTF) is used to determine the fundamental stellar parameters of the cool giant in each system. The parametric fits reported here favor circularly symmetric disk models over elongated geometries, while imaging suggests the presence of surface features on three of these stars. We find that the three systems with constrained orbits have inferred time-averaged filling factors below unity.

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arXiv2026

Pre-nova Observations of T CrB: A view from the CHARA Array

T CrB is a symbiotic recurrent nova consisting of a red giant and white dwarf with recent eruptions in 1866 and 1946 and an anticipated eruption in the mid 2020s. We report CHARA Array observations obtained with MIRC-X (H -band) and MYSTIC (K-band) in 2022-2025. We fit limb darkened disk models constrained with literature limb darkening coefficients to the squared visibilities as only the first visibility lobe is sampled. The average limb darkened diameter of the star across these epochs is $0.70\pm0.04$ mas in H-band and $0.72\pm0.07$ mas in K-band. Adopting a distance of $914^{+24}_{-22}$ pc, the stellar radius is $69\pm5~R_{\odot}$ in H-band and $71\pm8~R_{\odot}$ in K-band. This is consistent with filling a Roche lobe volume radius of $71~R_{\odot}$ inferred from published orbital solutions. These measurements provide a pre-eruption angular diameter and support a Roche lobe filling donor.

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arXiv2026

Interferometric Images of the Starspot Evolution of $\zeta$ Andromedae

The evolution of starspots of the giant primaries of RS CVn systems is typically detected indirectly with photometric and spectroscopic monitoring. These observations suggest slowly-evolving stellar surfaces and can constrain differential rotation as starspots move with respect to one another. However, starspot latitudes are difficult to constrain without resolved images of the stellar surfaces from which the unambiguous locations of starspots are determined. We imaged the active RS CVn primary $\zeta$ And with the 330-m-baseline Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy Array for three epochs over approximately six rotations of the star. The resultant images show a more complicated picture of stellar activity than expected from the contemporaneous photometry and earlier Doppler images. The spot structures change on the timescale of rotation, making differential rotation difficult to study. Our observations show changes in the polar spot, growing over time. We do not detect the secondary star in the interferometric data, though the observations are sensitive to the predicted 0.75 $M_\odot$ main-sequence star, and we suggest the companion may be a white dwarf.

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arXiv2025

Multiple outflows and delayed ejections revealed by early imaging of novae

Novae are thermonuclear eruptions on accreting white dwarfs in interacting binaries. Although most of the accreted envelope is expelled, the mechanism -- impulsive ejection, multiple outflows or prolonged winds, or a common-envelope interaction -- remains uncertain. GeV $\gamma$-ray detections from $>20$ Galactic novae establish these eruptions as nearby laboratories for shock physics and particle acceleration, underscoring the need to determine how novae eject their envelopes. Here we report on near-infrared interferometry, supported with multiwavelength observations, of two $\gamma$-ray detected novae. The images of the very fast 2021 nova V1674~Her, taken just 2--3 days after discovery, reveal the presence of two perpendicular outflows. The interaction between these outflows likely drives the observed $\gamma$-ray emission. Conversely, the images of the very slow 2021 nova V1405~Cas suggest a delay in the ejection of the bulk of the accreted envelope of more than 50 days after the start of eruption, as the nova slowly rises to visible peak and during which the envelope engulfed the system in a common envelope phase. These unprecedented images offer direct observational evidence that the mechanisms driving mass ejection from the surfaces of accreting white dwarfs are not as simple as previously thought, revealing multiple outflows and delayed ejections.

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arXiv2025

Surprise non-detection of Upsilon Andromedae b with MIRC-X and MYSTIC at the CHARA Array

Ground-based long baseline interferometry is a powerful tool for characterizing exoplanets which are too close to their host star to be imaged with single-dish telescopes. The CHARA Array can resolve companions down to 0.5 milli-arcseconds, allowing us in principle to directly measure the near-infrared spectra of non-transiting "Hot Jupiter" exoplanets. We present data taken with the MIRC-X and MYSTIC instruments at the CHARA Array on the Hot Jupiter Upsilon Andromedae b. By resolving the star-planet system, we attempt to directly detect the flux from the planet. We describe our self-calibration methods for modeling systematics in the closure phase data, which allows us to reach sub-degree precision. Through combining multiple nights of data across two MIRC-X runs in 2019 and 2021, we achieved a very tentative detection of Ups And b in the H-band at a planet/star contrast of 2-3 x 10^-4. Unfortunately, we cannot confirm this detection with 2021 MYSTIC data in the K-band, or in a 2023 joint MIRC-X and MYSTIC dataset. We run updated global circulation models and create post-processed spectra for this planet, and report the resulting model spectra in H- and K-bands as a function of orbital phase. We then run planetary injection tests to explore H/K-band contrast limits, and find that we can confidently recover planets down to a planet/star contrast of 1-2 x 10^-4. We show that we are probing contrasts fainter than predicted by the model, making our non-detection surprising. We discuss prospects for the future in using this method to characterize companions with interferometry.

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arXiv2025

The CHARA Array Polarization Model and Prospects for Spectropolarimetry

Polarimetric data provide key insights into infrared emission mechanisms in the inner disks of YSOs and the details of dust formation around AGB stars. While polarization measurements are well-established in radio interferometry, they remain challenging at visible and near-infrared due to the significant time-variable birefringence introduced by the complex optical beamtrain. In this study, we characterize instrumental polarization effects within the optical path of the CHARA Array, focusing on the H-band MIRC-X and K-band MYSTIC beam combiners. Using Jones matrix formalism, we developed a comprehensive model describing diattenuation and retardance across the array. By applying this model to an unpolarized calibrator, we derived the instrumental parameters for both MIRC-X and MYSTIC. Our results show differential diattenuation consistent with >= 97% reflectivity per aluminum-coated surface at 45 deg incidence. The differential retardance exhibits small wavelength-dependent variations, in some cases larger than we expected. Notably, telescope W2 exhibits a significantly larger phase shift in the Coude path, attributable to a fixed aluminum mirror (M4) used in place of deformable mirrors present on the other telescopes during the observing run. We also identify misalignments in the LiNbO_3 birefringent compensator plates on S1 (MIRC-X) and W2 (MYSTIC). After correcting for night-to-night offsets, we achieve calibration accuracies of $\pm$ 3.4% in visibility ratio and $\pm$ 1.4 deg in differential phase for MIRC-X, and $\pm$ 5.9% and $\pm$ 2.4 deg, respectively, for MYSTIC. Given that the differential intrinsic polarization of spatially resolved sources, such as AGB stars and YSOs, typically greater than these instrumental uncertainties, our results demonstrate that CHARA is now capable of achieving high-accuracy measurements of intrinsic polarization in astrophysical targets.

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arXiv2025

The Small Separation A-Star Companion Population: Tentative Signatures of Enhanced Multiplicity with Primary Mass

We present updated results from our near-infrared long-baseline interferometry (LBI) survey to constrain the multiplicity properties of intermediate-mass A-type stars within 80 pc. Previous adaptive optics surveys of A-type stars are incomplete at separations $<$ 20au. Therefore, a LBI survey allows us to explore separations previously unexplored. Our sample consists of 54 A-type primaries with estimated masses between 1.44-2.93 M$_{\odot}$ and ages 10-790 Myr, which we observed with the MIRC-X and MYSTIC instruments at the CHARA Array. We use the open source software CANDID to detect two new companions, seven in total, and we performed a Bayesian demographic analysis to characterize the companion population. We find the separation distribution consistent with being flat, and we estimate a power-law fit to the mass ratio distribution with index -0.13$^{+0.92}_{-0.95}$ and a companion frequency of 0.25$^{+0.17}_{-0.11}$ over mass ratios 0.1-1.0 and projected separations 0.01-27.54au. We find a posterior probability of 0.53 and 0.04 that our results are consistent with extrapolations based on previous models of the solar-type and B-type companion population, respectively. Our results suggest that the close companion population to A-type stars is comparable to that of solar-types and that close companions to B-type stars are potentially more frequent which may be indicative of increased disk fragmentation for stars $\gtrsim$ 3M$_{\odot}$.

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arXiv2025

Precise Age For The Binary HD 21278 In The Young Alpha Persei Cluster

We present a study of the double-lined spectroscopic binary HD 21278 that contains one of the brightest main sequence stars in the young $\alpha$ Persei open cluster. We analyzed new spectra and reanalyzed archived spectra to measure precise new radial velocity curves for the binary. We also obtained interferometric data using the CHARA Array at Mount Wilson to measure the sky positions of the two stars and the inclination of the $\sim$ 2 milliarcsecond orbit. We determine that the two stars have masses of $5.381 \pm 0.084 M_{\odot}$ and $3.353 \pm 0.064 M_{\odot}$. From isochrone fits, we find the cluster's age to be $49 \pm 7$ Myr (using PARSEC models) or $49.5 \pm 6$ Myr (MIST models). Finally, we revisit the massive white dwarfs that are candidate escapees from the $\alpha$ Persei cluster to try to better characterize the massive end of the white dwarf initial-final mass relation. The implied progenitor masses challenge the idea that Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarfs are made by single stars with masses near $8 \msun$.

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arXiv2025

The Dynamic Inner Disk of a Planet Forming Star

Planets are a natural byproduct of the stellar formation process, resulting from local aggregations of material within the disks surrounding young stars. Whereas signatures of gas-giant planets at large orbital separations have been observed and successfully modeled within protoplanetary disks, the formation pathways of planets within their host star's future habitable zones remain poorly understood. Analyzing multiple nights of observations conducted over a short, two-month span with the MIRC-X and PIONIER instruments at the CHARA Array and VLTI, respectively, we uncover a highly active environment at the inner-edge of the planet formation region in the disk of HD 163296. In particular, we localize and track the motion of a disk feature near the dust-sublimation radius with a pattern speed of less than half the local Keplerian velocity, providing a potential glimpse at the planet formation process in action within the inner astronomical unit. We emphasize that this result is at the edge of what is currently possible with available optical interferometric techniques and behooves confirmation with a temporally dense followup observing campaign.

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arXiv2024

Visual Orbits of Wolf-Rayet Stars II: The Orbit of the Nitrogen-Rich WR Binary WR 138 measured with the CHARA Array

Classical Wolf-Rayet stars are descendants of massive OB-type stars that have lost their hydrogen-rich envelopes, and are in the final stages of stellar evolution, possibly exploding as type Ib/c supernovae. It is understood that the mechanisms driving this mass-loss are either strong stellar winds and or binary interactions, so intense studies of these binaries including their evolution can tell us about the importance of the two pathways in WR formation. WR 138 (HD 193077) has a period of just over 4 years and was previously reported to be resolved through interferometry. We report on new interferometric data combined with spectroscopic radial velocities in order to provide a three-dimensional orbit of the system. The precision on our parameters tend to be about an order of magnitude better than previous spectroscopic techniques. These measurements provide masses of the stars, namely $M_{\rm WR} = 13.93\pm1.49M_{\odot}$ and $M_{\rm O} = 26.28\pm1.71M_{\odot}$. The derived orbital parallax agrees with the parallax from \textit{Gaia}, namely with a distance of 2.13 kpc. We compare the system's orbit to models from BPASS, showing that the system likely may have been formed with little interaction but could have formed through some binary interactions either following or at the start of a red supergiant phase, but with the most likely scenario occurring as the red supergiant phase starts for a $\sim 40M_\odot$ star.

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arXiv2024

Visual Orbits of Wolf-Rayet Stars I: The Orbit of the dust-producing Wolf-Rayet binary WR\,137 measured with the CHARA Array

Classical Wolf-Rayet stars are the descendants of massive OB stars that have lost their hydrogen envelopes and are burning helium in their cores prior to exploding as type Ib/c supernovae. The mechanisms for losing their hydrogen envelopes are either through binary interactions or through strong stellar winds potentially coupled with episodic mass-loss. Amongst the bright classical WR stars, the binary system WR\,137 (HD\,192641; WC7d + O9e) is the subject of this paper. This binary is known to have a 13-year period and produces dust near periastron. Here we report on interferometry with the CHARA Array collected over a decade of time and providing the first visual orbit for the system. We combine these astrometric measurements with archival radial velocities to measure masses of the stars of $M_{\rm WR} = 9.5\pm3.4 M_\odot$ and $M_{\rm O} = 17.3\pm 1.9 M_\odot$ when we use the most recent \textit{Gaia} distance. These results are then compared to predicted dust distribution using these orbital elements, which match the observed imaging from \textit{JWST} as discussed recently by Lau et al. Furthermore, we compare the system to the BPASS models, finding that the WR star likely formed through stellar winds and not through binary interactions. However, the companion O star did likely accrete some material from the WR's mass-loss to provide the rotation seen today that drives its status as an Oe star.

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arXiv2024

Time-Evolution Images of the Hypergiant RW Cephei During the Re-brightening Phase Following the Great Dimming

Stars with initial masses larger than 8 solar masses undergo substantial mass loss through mechanisms that remain elusive. Unraveling the origins of this mass loss is important for comprehending the evolutionary path of these stars, the type of supernova explosion and whether they become neutron stars or black hole remnants. In 2022 December, RW Cep experienced the Great Dimming in its visible brightness, presenting a unique opportunity to understand mass loss mechanisms. Our previous observations of RW Cep from the CHARA Array, taken during the dimming phase, show a compelling asymmetry in the star images, with a darker zone on the west side of the star indicating presence of dust in front of the star in our line of sight. Here, we present multi-epoch observations from CHARA while the star re-brightened in 2023. We created images using three image reconstruction methods and an analytical model fit. Comparisons of images acquired during the dimming and re-brightening phases reveal remarkable differences. Specifically, the west side of RW Cep, initially obscured during the dimming phase, reappeared during the subsequent re-brightening phase and the measured angular diameter became larger by 8%. We also observed image changes from epoch to epoch while the star is brightening indicating the time evolution of dust in front of the star. We suggest that the dimming of RW Cep was a result from a recent surface mass ejection event, generating a dust cloud that partially obstructed the stellar photosphere.

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arXiv2024

CHARA Near-Infrared Imaging of the Yellow Hypergiant Star $\rho$ Cassiopeiae: Convection Cells and Circumstellar Envelope

Massive evolved stars such as red supergiants and hypergiants are potential progenitors of Type II supernovae, and they are known for ejecting substantial amounts of matter, up to half their initial mass, during their final evolutionary phases. The rate and mechanism of this mass loss play a crucial role in determining their ultimate fate and the likelihood of their progression to supernovae. However, the exact mechanisms driving this mass ejection have long been a subject of research. Recent observations, such as the Great Dimming of Betelgeuse, have suggested that the activity of large convective cells, combined with pulsation, could be a plausible explanation for such mass loss events. In this context, we conducted interferometric observations of the famous yellow hypergiant, $\rho$ Cassiopeiae using the CHARA Array in H and K-band wavelengths. $\rho$ Cas is well known for its recurrent eruptions, characterized by periods of visual dimming ($\sim$1.5-2 mag) followed by recovery. From our observations, we derived the diameter of the limb-darkened disk and found that this star has a radius of $1.04\pm0.01$ milliarcseconds (mas), or $564 - 700 R_\odot$. We performed image reconstructions with three different image reconstruction software packages, and they unveiled the presence of giant hot and cold spots on the stellar surface. We interpret these prominent hot spots as giant convection cells, suggesting a possible connection to mass ejections from the star's envelope. Furthermore, we detected spectral CO emission lines in the K-band ($\lambda=2.31-2.38 \mu$m), and the image reconstructions in these spectral lines revealed an extended circumstellar envelope with a radius of $1.45\pm0.10$ mas.

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arXiv2024

Pushing high angular resolution and high contrast observations on the VLTI from Y to L band with the Asgard instrumental suite: integration status and plans

ESO's Very Large Telescope Interferometer has a history of record-breaking discoveries in astrophysics and significant advances in instrumentation. The next leap forward is its new visitor instrument, called Asgard. It comprises four natively collaborating instruments: HEIMDALLR, an instrument performing both fringe tracking and stellar interferometry simultaneously with the same optics, operating in the K band; Baldr, a Strehl optimizer in the H band; BIFROST, a spectroscopic combiner to study the formation processes and properties of stellar and planetary systems in the Y-J-H bands; and NOTT, a nulling interferometer dedicated to imaging nearby young planetary systems in the L band. The suite is in its integration phase in Europe and should be shipped to Paranal in 2025. In this article, we present details of the alignment and calibration unit, the observing modes, the integration plan, the software architecture, and the roadmap to completion of the project.

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arXiv2023

The CHARA Array interferometric program on the multiplicity of classical Be stars: new detections and orbits of stripped subdwarf companions

Rapid rotation and nonradial pulsations enable Be stars to build decretion disks, where the characteristic line emission forms. A major but unconstrained fraction of Be stars owe their rapid rotation to mass and angular-momentum transfer in a binary. The faint, stripped companions can be helium-burning subdwarf OB-type stars (sdOBs), white dwarfs (WDs), or neutron stars. We present optical/near-IR CHARA interferometry of 37 Be stars selected for spectroscopic indications of low-mass companions. From multi-epoch $H$- and/or $K$-band interferometry plus radial velocities and parallaxes collected elsewhere, we constructed 3D orbits and derived flux ratios and absolute dynamical masses of both components for six objects, quadrupling the number of anchor points for evolutionary models. In addition, a new wider companion was identified for the known Be + sdO binary 59 Cyg, while auxiliary VLTI/GRAVITY spectrointerferometry confirmed circumstellar matter around the sdO companion to HR 2142. On the other hand, we failed to detect any companion to the six Be stars with $\gamma$ Cas-like X-ray emission, with sdOB and main-sequence companions of the expected spectroscopic mass being ruled out for the X-ray-prototypical stars $\gamma$ Cas and $\pi$ Aqr, leaving the elusive WD companions as the most likely companions, as well as a likely explanation of the X-rays. No low-mass main-sequence close companions were identified in the other stars.

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arXiv2023

Orbits and Dynamical Masses for the Active Hyades Multiple System HD 284163

We report near-infrared long-baseline interferometric observations of the Hyades multiple system HD 284163, made with the CHARA array, as well as almost 43 yr of high-resolution spectroscopic monitoring at the CfA. Both types of observations resolve the 2.39 d inner binary, and also an outer companion in a 43.1 yr orbit. Our observations, combined with others from the literature, allow us to solve for the 3D inner and outer orbits, which are found to be at nearly right angles to each other. We determine the dynamical masses of the three stars (good to better than 1.4% for the inner pair), as well as the orbital parallax. The secondary component (0.5245 +/- 0.0047 MSun) is now the lowest mass star with a dynamical mass measurement in the cluster. A comparison of these measurements with current stellar evolution models for the age and metallicity of the Hyades shows good agreement. All three stars display significant levels of chromospheric activity, consistent with the classification of HD 284163 as an RS CVn object. We present evidence that a more distant fourth star is physically associated, making this a hierarchical quadruple system.

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arXiv2023

ACCESS, LRG-BEASTS, & MOPSS: Featureless Optical Transmission Spectra of WASP-25b and WASP-124b

We present new optical transmission spectra for two hot Jupiters: WASP-25b (M = 0.56~M$_J$; R = 1.23 R$_J$; P =~3.76 days) and WASP-124b (M = 0.58~M$_J$; R = 1.34 R$_J$; P = 3.37 days), with wavelength coverages of 4200 - 9100\AA\ and 4570 - 9940\AA, respectively. These spectra are from the ESO Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (v.2) mounted on the New Technology Telescope (NTT) and Inamori-Magellan Areal Camera & Spectrograph on Magellan Baade. No strong spectral features were found in either spectra, with the data probing 4 and 6 scale heights, respectively. \texttt{Exoretrievals} and \texttt{PLATON} retrievals favor stellar activity for WASP-25b, while the data for WASP-124b did not favor one model over another. For both planets the retrievals found a wide range in the depths where the atmosphere could be optically thick ($\sim0.4\mu$ - 0.2 bars for WASP-25b and 1.6 $\mu$ -- 32 bars for WASP-124b) and recovered a temperature that is consistent with the planets' equilibrium temperatures, but with wide uncertainties (up to $\pm$430$^\circ$K). For WASP-25b, the models also favor stellar spots that are $\sim$500-3000$^\circ$K cooler than the surrounding photosphere. The fairly weak constraints on parameters are owing to the relatively low precision of the data, with an average precision of 840 and 1240 ppm per bin for WASP-25b and WASP-124b, respectively. However, some contribution might still be due to an inherent absence of absorption or scattering in the planets' upper atmospheres, possibly because of aerosols. We attempt to fit the strength of the sodium signals to the aerosol-metallicity trend proposed by McGruder et al. 2023, and find WASP-25b and WASP-124b are consistent with the prediction, though their uncertainties are too large to confidently confirm the trend.

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arXiv2023

Refining the Stellar Parameters of $\tau$ Ceti: a Pole-on Solar Analog

To accurately characterize the planets a star may be hosting, stellar parameters must first be well-determined. $\tau$ Ceti is a nearby solar analog and often a target for exoplanet searches. Uncertainties in the observed rotational velocities have made constraining $\tau$ Ceti's inclination difficult. For planet candidates from radial velocity (RV) observations, this leads to substantial uncertainties in the planetary masses, as only the minimum mass ($m \sin i$) can be constrained with RV. In this paper, we used new long-baseline optical interferometric data from the CHARA Array with the MIRC-X beam combiner and extreme precision spectroscopic data from the Lowell Discovery Telescope with EXPRES to improve constraints on the stellar parameters of $\tau$ Ceti. Additional archival data were obtained from a Tennessee State University Automatic Photometric Telescope and the Mount Wilson Observatory HK project. These new and archival data sets led to improved stellar parameter determinations, including a limb-darkened angular diameter of $2.019 \pm 0.012$ mas and rotation period of $46 \pm 4$ days. By combining parameters from our data sets, we obtained an estimate for the stellar inclination of $7\pm7^\circ$. This nearly-pole-on orientation has implications for the previously-reported exoplanets. An analysis of the system dynamics suggests that the planetary architecture described by Feng et al. (2017) may not retain long-term stability for low orbital inclinations. Additionally, the inclination of $\tau$ Ceti reveals a misalignment between the inclinations of the stellar rotation axis and the previously-measured debris disk rotation axis ($i_\mathrm{disk} = 35 \pm 10^\circ$).

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