arXiv subjects

U. Qasim

Publications and source records attributed to U. Qasim.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2013

EAST: Energy Efficient Adaptive Scheme for Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose Energy-efficient Adaptive Scheme for Transmission (EAST) in WSNs. EAST is IEEE 802.15.4 standard compliant. In this approach, open-loop is used for temperature-aware link quality estimation and compensation. Whereas, closed-loop feedback helps to divide network into three logical regions to minimize overhead of control packets on basis of Threshold transmitter power loss (RSSIloss) for each region and current number of neighbor nodes that help to adapt transmit power according to link quality changes due to temperature variation. Simulation results show that propose scheme; EAST effectively adapts transmission power to changing link quality with less control packets overhead and energy consumption compared to classical approach with single region in which maximum transmitter power assigned to compensate temperature variation.

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arXiv2013

Hybrid DEEC: Towards Efficient Energy Utilization in Wireless Sensor Networks

The clustering algorithm are considered as a kind of key technique used to reduce energy consumption. It can help in increasing the stability period and network life time. Routing protocol for efficient energy utilization should be designed for heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). We purpose Hybrid-DEEC (H-DEEC), a chain and cluster based (hybrid) distributed scheme for efficient energy utilization in WSNs. In H-DEEC,elected Cluster Heads (CHs) communicate the Base Station (BS) through beta elected nodes, by using multi-hopping. We logically divide the network into two parts, on the basis of the residual energy of nodes. The normal nodes with high initial and residual energy will behighlyprobable to be CHs than the nodes with lesser energy. To overcome the deficiencies of H-DEEC, we propose Multi-Edged Hybrid-DEEC (MH-DEEC). In MH-DEEC the criteria of chain construction is modified. Finally, the comparison in simulation results with other heterogeneous protocols show that, MH-DEEC and H-DEEC achieves longer stability time and network life time due to efficient energy utilization.

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arXiv2013

EAPESS: An Adaptive Transmission Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks

Reduced energy consumption in sensor nodes is one of the major challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) deployment. In this regard, Error Control Coding (ECC) is one of techniques used for energy optimization in WSNs. Similarly, critical distance is another term being used for energy efficiency, when used with ECC provides better results of energy saving. In this paper three different critical distance values are used against different coding gains for sake of energy saving. If distance lies below critical distance values then particular encoders are selected with respect to their particular coding gains. Coding gains are used for critical distances estimation of all encoders. This adaptive encoder and transmit power selection scheme with respect to their coding gain results in a significant energy saving in WSNs environment. Simulations provide better results of energy saving achieved by using this adaptive scheme.

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arXiv2012

On Link Availability Probability of Routing Protocols for Urban Scenario in VANETs

This paper presents the link availability probability. We evaluate and compare the link availability probability for routing protocols; Ad hoc On-demand Distance vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Fisheye State Routing (FSR) for different number of connections and node density. A novel contribution of this work is enhancement in existing parameters of routing protocols; AODV, DSR and FSR as MOD-AODV, MOD-DSR and MOD-FSR. From the results, we observe that MOD-DSR and DSR outperform MOD-AODV, AODV, MODOLSR and OLSR in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to End Delay (AE2ED), link availability probability at the cost of high value of Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO).

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arXiv2012

On Probability of Link Availability in Original and Modified AODV, FSR and OLSR Using 802.11 and 802.11p

Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs) comprise on wireless mobile nodes that are communicating with each other without any infrastructure. Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET) is a special type of MANETs in which vehicles with high mobility need to communicate with each other. In this paper, we present a novel framework for link availability of paths for static as well as dynamic networks. Moreover, we evaluate our frame work for routing protocols performance with different number of nodes in MANETs and in VANETs. We select three routing protocols namely Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Fish-eye State Routing (FSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). Furthermore, we have also modified default parameters of selected protocols to check their efficiencies. Performance of these protocols is analyzed using three performance metrics; Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO) and End-to-End Delay (E2ED) against varying scalabilities of nodes. We perform these simulations with NS-2 using TwoRayGround propagation model. The SUMO simulator is used to generate a random mobility pattern for VANETs. From the extensive simulations, we observe that AODV outperforms among all three protocols.

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arXiv2012

On Performance Evaluation of Variants of DEEC in WSNs

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) contain numerous sensor nodes having limited power resource, which report sensed data to the Base Station (BS) that requires high energy usage. Many routing protocols have been proposed in this regard achieving energy efficiency in heterogeneous scenarios. However, every protocol is not suitable for heterogeneous WSNs. Efficiency of protocol degrades while changing the heterogeneity parameters. In this paper, we first test Distributed Energy- Efficient Clustering (DEEC), Developed DEEC (DDEEC), Enhanced DEEC (EDEEC) and Threshold DEEC (TDEEC) under several different scenarios containing high level heterogeneity to low level heterogeneity. We observe thoroughly regarding the performance based on stability period, network life time and throughput. EDEEC and TDEEC perform better in all heterogeneous scenarios containing variable heterogeneity in terms of life time, however TDEEC is best of all for the stability period of the network. However, the performance of DEEC and DDEEC is highly effected by changing the heterogeneity parameters of the network.

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arXiv2012

Simulation Analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 Non-beacon Mode at Varying Data Rates

IEEE 802.15.4 standard is designed for low power and low data rate applications with high reliability. It operates in beacon enable and non-beacon enable modes. In this work, we analyze delay, throughput, load, and end-to-end delay of nonbeacon enable mode. Analysis of these parameters are performed at varying data rates. Evaluation of non beacon enabled mode is done in a 10 node network. We limit our analysis to non beacon or unslotted version because, it performs better than other. Protocol performance is examined by changing different Medium Access Control (MAC) parameters. We consider a full size MAC packet with payload size of 114 bytes. In this paper we show that maximum throughput and lowest delay is achieved at highest data rate.

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arXiv2012

Simulation Analysis of Medium Access Techniques

This paper presents comparison of Access Techniques used in Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). Comparison is performed between Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA (S-ALOHA). Performance metrics used for comparison are throughput (T), delay (D) and offered load (G). The main goal for comparison is to show which technique gives highest Throughput and lowest Delay with increase in Load. Energy efficiency is major issue in WBAN that is why there is need to know which technique performs best for energy conservation and also gives minimum delay.

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arXiv2012

Performance Analysis of Hierarchical Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

This work focusses on analyzing the optimization strategies of routing protocols with respect to energy utilization of sensor nodes in Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs). Different routing mechanisms have been proposed to address energy optimization problem in sensor nodes. Clustering mechanism is one of the popular WSNs routing mechanisms. In this paper, we first address energy limitation constraints with respect to maximizing network life time using linear programming formulation technique. To check the efficiency of different clustering scheme against modeled constraints, we select four cluster based routing protocols; Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network (TEEN), Stable Election Protocol (SEP), and Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC). To validate our mathematical framework, we perform analytical simulations in MATLAB by choosing number of alive nodes, number of dead nodes, number of packets and number of CHs, as performance metrics.

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arXiv2012

Analyzing Energy-efficiency and Route-selection of Multi-level Hierarchal Routing Protocols in WSNs

The advent and development in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in recent years has seen the growth of extremely small and low-cost sensors that possess sensing, signal processing and wireless communication capabilities. These sensors can be expended at a much lower cost and are capable of detecting conditions such as temperature, sound, security or any other system. A good protocol design should be able to scale well both in energy heterogeneous and homogeneous environment, meet the demands of different application scenarios and guarantee reliability. On this basis, we have compared six different protocols of different scenarios which are presenting their own schemes of energy minimizing, clustering and route selection in order to have more effective communication. This research is motivated to have an insight that which of the under consideration protocols suit well in which application and can be a guide-line for the design of a more robust and efficient protocol. MATLAB simulations are performed to analyze and compare the performance of LEACH, multi-level hierarchal LEACH and multihop LEACH.

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arXiv2012

Optimal Number of Cluster Head Selection for Efficient Distribution of Sources in WSNs

In this paper, we compare problems of cluster formation and cluster-head selection between different protocols for data aggregation and transmission. We focus on two aspects of the problem: (i) how to guess number of clusters required to proficiently consume available sources for a sensor network, and (ii) how to select number of cluster-heads to cover up sensor networks more proficiently. A sensor in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can communicate directly only with other sensors that are within a radio range in a cluster. However, in order to enable communication between sensors not within communication range, they must form new clusters in distributed sensors. Several clustering algorithms such as LEACH, DEEC, and SEP have been proposed with the objectives of energy minimization, route-path selection, increased connectivity and network longevity. LEACH protocol and the similar ones assume an energy homogeneous system where a node is not likely to fail due to failure in connectivity and packet dropping. More recent protocols like SEP and TEEN considered the reverse that is energy heterogeneity which is more applicable to case of WSNs. We developed a bi-dimensional chain model to select average number of for DEEC. Simulation results are used to compare performance of different protocols to found optimal solutions of above mentioned problems.

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arXiv2012

Transmission Delay of Multi-hop Heterogeneous Networks for Medical Applications

Nowadays, with increase in ageing population, Health care market keeps growing. There is a need for monitoring of Health issues. Body Area Network consists of wireless sensors attached on or inside human body for monitoring vital Health related problems e.g, Electro Cardiogram (ECG), ElectroEncephalogram (EEG), ElectronyStagmography(ENG) etc. Data is recorded by sensors and is sent towards Health care center. Due to life threatening situations, timely sending of data is essential. For data to reach Health care center, there must be a proper way of sending data through reliable connection and with minimum delay. In this paper transmission delay of different paths, through which data is sent from sensor to Health care center over heterogeneous multi-hop wireless channel is analyzed. Data of medical related diseases is sent through three different paths. In all three paths, data from sensors first reaches ZigBee, which is the common link in all three paths. After ZigBee there are three available networks, through which data is sent. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) are connected with ZigBee. Each network (WLAN, WiMAX, UMTS) is setup according to environmental conditions, suitability of device and availability of structure for that device. Data from these networks is sent to IP-Cloud, which is further connected to Health care center. Main aim of this paper is to calculate delay of each link in each path over multihop wireless channel.

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arXiv2012

Routing Load of Route Discovery and Route Maintenance in Wireless Reactive Routing Protocols

In this paper, we present analytical study of routing overhead of reactive routing protocols for Wireless Multihop Networks (WMhNs). To accomplish the framework of generalized routing overhead, we choose Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Dynamic MANET on Demand (DYMO). Considering basic themes of these protocols, we enhance the generalized network models by adding route monitoring overhead. Later, we take different network parameters and produce framework discussing the impact of variations of these parameters in network and routing performance. In the second part of our work, we simulate above mentioned routing protocols and give a brief discussion and comparison about the environments where these routing protocols perform better.

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arXiv2012

Minimizing Electricity Theft using Smart Meters in AMI

Global energy crises are increasing every moment. Every one has the attention towards more and more energy production and also trying to save it. Electricity can be produced through many ways which is then synchronized on a main grid for usage. The main issue for which we have written this survey paper is losses in electrical system. Weather these losses are technical or non-technical. Technical losses can be calculated easily, as we discussed in section of mathematical modeling that how to calculate technical losses. Where as nontechnical losses can be evaluated if technical losses are known. Theft in electricity produce non-technical losses. To reduce or control theft one can save his economic resources. Smart meter can be the best option to minimize electricity theft, because of its high security, best efficiency, and excellent resistance towards many of theft ideas in electromechanical meters. So in this paper we have mostly concentrated on theft issues.

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arXiv2012

Modeling Propagation Characteristics for Arm-Motion in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

To monitor health information using wireless sensors on body is a promising new application. Human body acts as a transmission channel in wearable wireless devices, so electromagnetic propagation modeling is well thought-out for transmission channel in Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN). In this paper we have presented the wave propagation in WBASN which is modeled as point source (Antenna), close to the arm of the human body. Four possible cases are presented, where transmitter and receiver are inside or outside of the body. Dyadic Green's function is specifically used to propose a channel model for arm motion of human body model. This function is expanded in terms of vector wave function and scattering superposition principle. This paper describes the analytical derivation of the spherical electric field distribution model and the simulation of those derivations.

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arXiv2012

Monitoring and Controlling Power using Zigbee Communications

Smart grid is a modified form of electrical grid where generation, transmission, distribution and customers are not only connected electrically but also through strong communication network with each other as well as with market, operation and service provider. For achieving good communication link among them, it is very necessary to find suitable protocol. In this paper, we discuss different hardware techniques for power monitoring, power management and remote power controlling at home and transmission side and also discuss the suitability of Zigbee for required communication link. Zigbee has major role in monitoring and direct load controlling for efficient power utilization. It covers enough area needed for communication and it works on low data rate of 20Kbps to 250Kbps with minimum power consumption. This paper describes the user friendly control home appliances, power on/off through the internet, PDA using Graphical User Interface (GUI) and through GSM cellular mobile phone.

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arXiv2012

Routing Load of Route Calculation and Route Maintenance in Wireless Proactive Routing Protocols

This paper presents mathematical framework and study of proactive routing Protocols. The performance analysis of three major proactive routing protocols: Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Fish-eye State Routing (FSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) are under consideration in this work. Taking these routing protocols into account, we enhance existing framework. In the next step we further discuss and produce analytical framework by considering variations in different network and protocol parameters. Finally, experiments are performed regarding above mentioned routing protocols followed with detailed comparison and analysis of different environments.

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arXiv2012

HSEP: Heterogeneity-aware Hierarchical Stable Election Protocol for WSNs

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are increasing to handle complex situations and functions. In these networks some of the nodes become Cluster Heads (CHs) which are responsible to aggregate data of from cluster members and transmit it to Base Stations (BS). Those clustering techniques which are designed for homogenous network are not enough efficient for consuming energy. Stable Election Protocol (SEP) introduces heterogeneity in WSNs, consisting of two type of nodes. SEP is based on weighted election probabilities of each node to become CH according to remaining energy of nodes. We propose Heterogeneity-aware Hierarchal Stable Election Protocol (HSEP) having two level of energies. Simulation results show that HSEP prolongs stability period and network lifetime, as compared to conventional routing protocols and having higher average throughput than selected clustering protocols in WSNs.

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