arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Wojciech Krolikowski.
An option of composite quarks and leptons is briefly outlined, where elementary color-triplet quark-like fermions are bound with an elementary color-triplet isoscalar scalar boson due to the color coupling 3* x 3* -> 3 and 3* x 3 -> 1, respectively.
A new weak-isospin triplet of scalar bosons is introduced to the Standard Model in order to ensure the electroweak symmetry for a conjectured new weak coupling between a hidden sector of the Universe, responsible for cold dark matter, and the Standard-Model sector (involving now the new triplet). The considered coupling may be called "electroweak portal" to the structure of hidden sector. After spontaneously breaking the electroweak symmetry by the Standard-Model Higgs mechanism, it includes the so called "photonic portal" introduced by us previously.
We present an overall empirical formula that, after specification of its free parameters, describes precisely the mass spectrum of charged leptons and is suggested to reproduce correctly also the mass spectra of neutrinos and up and down quarks (together, twelve masses with eight free parameters are presented). Then, it predicts m_tau = 1776.80 MeV, m_{nu_1} -> 0 eV and m_d = 5.0 MeV, $m_s = 102 MeV, respectively, when the remaining lepton and quark masses, m_e, m_mu, Delta m^2_{21} = m^2_{nu_2}-m^2_{nu_1}, Delta m^2_{32} = m^2_{nu_3}-m^2_{nu_2} and m_u, m_c, m_t, m_b, are taken as an input.
Within our model of "photonic portal" to the hypothetical hidden sector of the Universe, an option is considered, where the massive sterile bosons, mediating in this sector and described by the antisymmetric-tensor field A_{μν} (of dimension one), are gauged by a vector field χ_μ(of dimension zero). When the Einsteinian gravity is switched on into this model, then it is argued that the metric g_{μν}(x) of spacetime is proportional to <χ_μ(x) χ_ν(x)>_{vac}, being in this way classical in its nature, not the subject of quantization within an overall quantum theory including gravitation. A Lagrangian density(generally dependent on χ_μand its first and second derivatives) is tentatively proposed in such a form, where χ_μappears also outside of A_{μν}, spoiling the trivial gauge invariance of our earlier model with respect to the gauging field χ_μ. If the cosmological constant λis neglected, then the term with χ_μoutside of A_{μν} vanishes.
We show that in the model of hidden sector of the Universe, interacting with the Standard-Model sector through the photonic portal, the Standard-Model Coulomb potential gets a tiny hidden-sector additive correction that might turn out to be either exciting or fatal for the verification of this model.
The starting point in this note is the charged-lepton mass formula successfully predicting the figure m_τ= 1776.80 MeV for τ-lepton mass versus its recent experimental value m_τ= 1776.82 \pm 0.16 MeV. There, two experimental masses m_e and m_μare the only input. This two-parameter empirical mass formula is extended to a pair of three-parameter empirical mass formulae for up and down quarks of three generations where, subsequently, a third pair of its free parameters is conjectured to be specified in a suggestive way, being replaced by one free parameter. Then, the new quark mass formulae predict one quark mass m_s = 101 MeV versus its experimental value m_s = 101^{+29}_{-21} MeV. Here, five experimental masses m_u, m_c, m_t and m_d, m_b (their central values, for simplicity) are the only input.
For some time the measured value of tau-lepton mass continues to approach closer and closer a particular figure 1776.80 MeV predicted by an intrinsically composite model of three generations of leptons and quarks, introduced almost two decades ago. In the framework of this model, we recall briefly the argument standing behind our prediction.
Operating with the recently proposed model of hidden sector of the Universe, based on the idea of photonic portal, we consider a new possible astrophysical process of weak photoproduction of sterile scalars from the cold dark matter consisting of sterile Dirac fermions. Subsequently, these scalars weakly decay into secondary couples of photons. Then, primary photons, if energetic enough and interacting in sufficiently dense dark-matter configurations, may form secondary-photon cascades appearing as a new astrophysical phenomenon. Primary photons, probing the cold dark matter, may come e.g. from gamma bursts. We show how the cross-section for the photoproduction and the rate for the decay can be calculated (in the centre-of-mass frame and at rest, respectively, for simplicity).
In the model of hidden sector proposed recently, protons and neutrons scatter differently on cold-dark-matter particles. First, we summarize briefly our model based on a mechanism of "photonic portal" between hidden and Standard-Model sectors of the Universe. Then, we calculate in an elementary way the differential cross-sections for scattering of protons and neutrons on sterile Dirac fermions ("sterinos") playing the role of cold-dark-matter particles. They interact with nucleons through the photonic portal in a somewhat involved but natural manner. Due to this portal, the differential cross-section for protons displays a Coulomb-like forward singularity.
In the case of previously proposed idea of photonic portal to hidden sector, the parity in this sector may be violated. We discuss here two new options within our model, where the parity is preserved. The first of them is not satisfactory, as not diplaying a full relativistic covariance. The second seems to be satisfactory.
In a recent work, we have constructed a model of hidden sector of the Universe, consisting of sterile spin-1/2 Dirac fermions ("sterinos"), sterile spin-0 bosons ("sterons") conjectured to get spontaneously nonzero vacuum expectation value, and also of conventional photons assumed to participate both in the hidden and Standard-Model sectors (after the electroweak symmetry is spontaneously broken by the Standard-Model Higgs mechanism). This provides a "photonic portal" to the hidden sector as an alternative to the popular "Higgs portal". Moreover, we have proposed to stop the proliferation of new kinds of gauge bosons as sterile mediators of nongravitational interactions in the hidden sector, introducing instead nongauge mediating bosons described by an antisymmetric-tensor field (of dimension one), whose sources are given not only by sterino-antisterino pairs, but also by steron-photon pairs. Then, conventional photons display, beside the familiar gauge coupling to the Standard-Model electric current, a new nongauge weak coupling of sterile antisymmetric-tensor bosons to steron-photon pairs, where photons are described by the gauge-invariant electromagnetic field F_{μν}. The new mediators are unstable, decaying, for instance, into electron-positron pairs. When interacting in pairs, they can annihilate simply into two photons. The corresponding cross-section is calculated.
The recent experimental estimate for tau lepton mass comes significantly near to a theoretical value proposed by us in 1992. We recall our argumentation supporting this proposal.
We continue the discussion of a proposed model of hidden sector of the Universe, consisting of sterile spin-1/2 Dirac fermions ("sterinos"), sterile spin-0 bosons ("sterons") with spontaneously nonzero vacuum expectation value, and sterile nongauge mediating bosons ("A bosons") described by an antisymmetric-tensor field (of dimension one). The Standard-Model electromagnetic field (of dimension two) multiplied by the steron vacuum expectation value becomes in a spontaneous way a source of A-boson field mediating new weak interactions in hidden sector and providing - due to the action of electromagnetic field in both sectors - a weak coupling between hidden and Standard-Model sectors ("photonic portal"). The proposed photonic portal emphasizes even more the role of electromagnetic field in the structure of the Universe.
A weak photon interaction with the hidden sector of the Universe, introduced recently to realize a "photonic portal", (to such a hypothetic sector responsible for cold dark matter), is conjectured to be embedded in a more extended weak interaction displaying electroweak symmetry spontaneously broken by the Standard-Model Higgs mechanism. This is a hypothetic new weak interaction between hidden and Standard-Model sectors of the Universe, appearing in our model in addition to the conventional electroweak interaction acting in the Standard-Model sector.
New hypothetical field equations (Eqs. (1) and (2)) are further discussed, unifying Maxwell's equations of the Standard Model (after the electroweak symmetry is spontaneously broken) with the dynamics of hidden sector (expected to be responsible for the cold dark matter). The hidden sector is represented by sterile spin-1/2 Dirac fermions ("sterinos") and sterile spin-0 bosons ("sterons") whose masses are spontaneously generated by a nonzero vacuum expectation value of the steron field, while sterino and steron interactions are mediated by sterile spin-1 quanta of an antisymmetric-tensor field with a large mass scale ("A bosons"). These interactions are presumed to be weak, but stronger than the universal gravity. Beside sterinos and sterons, the Standard-Model photons are included into the source of sterile A bosons and so, they become a link between the hidden and Standard-Model sectors ("photonic portal" to the hidden sector). The relativistic structure of antisymmetric-tensor field of sterile A bosons can be split into a vector and an axial three-dimensional fields (of spin 1 and parities - and +) in such a way that the Standard-Model electric and magnetic fields become involved separately in the sources of these two kinds of sterile A-boson radiation, respectively.
We recall the argument based both on Dirac's square root procedure and an intrinsic Pauli principle that sterile fundamental fermions with spin 1/2 (sterinos) ought to appear in Nature in two or three generations, while the Standard Model leptons and quarks are forced to develop three generations. Then, sterinos in two or three generations, if stable, lead to the cold dark matter in two or three species, when the thermal freeze-out mechanism works properly. If they are stable only in their lowest generation, the so called exciting cold dark matter may be formed.
We describe more precisely the mechanism of spontaneous mass generation in the previously proposed model of hidden sector of the Universe. The hidden sector is conjectured to consist of sterile spin-1/2 fermions (sterinos) whose mass is spontaneously generated by sterile scalar bosons (sterons), while their interactions are mediated by sterile antisymmetric-tensor bosons (A bosons). Such a sector communicates with the familiar Standard Model sector through a photonic portal acting weakly between both sectors (but stronger than the universal gravity). This is due to photons which, beside sterinos and sterons, contribute to the source of the A bosons. Sterinos can be candidates for thermal cold dark matter. They can be also produced in sterino-antisterino pairs through virtual photons emitted in high-energy collisions of Standard Model charged particles. Sterinos display a tiny magnetic moment spontaneously generated by sterons.
New simple field equations are proposed (Eqs. (5)), unifying Maxwell's equations of the Standard Model electrodynamics (after the electroweak symmetry is spontaneously broken) with the dynamics of cold dark matter. The cold dark matter is represented here by sterile spin-1/2 Dirac fermions (sterinos) whose mass is spontaneously generated by the nonzero vacuum expectation value of a field of sterile scalars (sterons), while their interactions are mediated by quanta of a sterile antisymmetric tensor field with a large mass. The new field equations include a specific weak coupling of the Standard Model electromagnetic field to the sterile fields. It has a spontaneous quasi-magnetic structure. Such a coupling opens a photonic portal between the Standard Model world and the sterile world.