arXiv subjects

Xiang Liu

Publications and source records attributed to Xiang Liu.

At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources

arXiv2019

Charged charmoniumlike structures in the $e^+ e^- \to ψ(3686) π^+ π^-$ process based on the ISPE mechanism

In 2017, the BESIII Collaboration announced the observation of a charged charmonium-like structure in the $ψ(3686)π^\pm$ invariant mass spectrum of the $e^+ e^- \to ψ(3686) π^+ π^-$ process at different energy points, which enables us to perform a precise study of this process based on the initial single pion emission (ISPE) mechanism. In this work, we perform a combined fit to the experimental data of the cross section of $e^+ e^- \to ψ(3686) π^+ π^-$, and the corresponding $ψ(3686)π^\pm$ and dipion invariant mass spectra. Our result shows that the observed charged charmonium-like structure in $e^+ e^- \to ψ(3686) π^+ π^-$ can be well reproduced based on the ISPE mechanism, and that the corresponding dipion invariant mass spectrum and cross section can be depicted with the same parameters. In fact, it provides strong evidence that the ISPE mechanism can be an underlying mechanism resulting in such novel a phenomenon.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2019

Pentaquark and Tetraquark states

The past seventeen years have witnessed tremendous progress on the experimental and theoretical explorations of the multiquark states. The hidden-charm and hidden-bottom multiquark systems were reviewed extensively in [Phys. Rept. 639 (2016) 1-121]. In this article, we shall update the experimental and theoretical efforts on the hidden heavy flavor multiquark systems in the past three years. Especially the LHCb collaboration not only confirmed the existence of the hidden-charm pentaquarks but also provided strong evidence of the molecular picture. Besides the well-known $XYZ$ and $P_c$ states, we shall discuss more interesting tetraquark and pentaquark systems either with one, two, three or even four heavy quarks. Some very intriguing states include the fully heavy exotic tetraquark states $QQ\bar Q\bar Q$ and doubly heavy tetraquark states $QQ\bar q \bar q$, where $Q$ is a heavy quark. The $QQ\bar Q\bar Q$ states may be produced at LHC while the $QQ\bar q \bar q$ system may be searched for at BelleII and LHCb. Moreover, we shall pay special attention to various theoretical schemes. We shall emphasize the model-independent predictions of various models which are truly/closely related to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). There have also accumulated many lattice QCD simulations through multiple channel scattering on the lattice in recent years, which provide deep insights into the underlying structure/dynamics of the $XYZ$ states. In terms of the recent $P_c$ states, the lattice simulations of the charmed baryon and anti-charmed meson scattering are badly needed. We shall also discuss some important states which may be searched for at BESIII, BelleII and LHCb in the coming years.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2019

Possible triple-charm molecular pentaquarks from $Ξ_{cc}D_1/Ξ_{cc}D_2^*$ interactions

In this work, we explore a systematic investigation on $S$-wave interactions between a doubly charmed baryon $Ξ_{cc}(3621)$ and a charmed meson in a $T$ doublet $(D_1,\,D_2^*)$. We first analyze the possibility for forming $Ξ_{cc}D_1/Ξ_{cc}D_2^*$ bound states with the heavy quark spin symmetry. Then, we further perform a dynamical study on the $Ξ_{cc}D_1/Ξ_{cc}D_2^*$ interactions within a one-boson-exchange model by considering both the $S$-$D$ wave mixing and coupled channel effect. Finally, our numerical results conform the proposals from the heavy quark spin symmetry analysis: the $Ξ_{cc}D_1$ systems with $I(J^P)=$ $0(1/2^+,\,3/2^+)$ and the $Ξ_{cc}D_2^*$ systems with $I(J^P)=$ $0(3/2^+,\,5/2^+)$ can possibly be loose triple-charm molecular pentaquarks. Meanwhile, we also extend our model to the $Ξ_{cc}\bar{D}_1$ and $Ξ_{cc}\bar D_2^*$ systems, and our results indicate the isoscalars of $Ξ_{cc}\bar{D}_1$ and $Ξ_{cc}\bar{D}_2^*$ can be possible molecular candidates.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2019

Study of Unflavored Light Mesons with $J^{PC}=2^{--}$

The unflavored light meson families, namely $ω_2$, $ρ_2$, and $ϕ_2$, are studied systematically by investigating the spectrum and the two-body strong decays allowed by Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule. Including the four experimentally observed states and other predicted states, phenomenological analysis of the partial decay widths can verify the corresponding assignments of these states into the families. Moreover, we provide typical branching ratios of the dominant decay channels, especially for missing ground states, which is helpful to search for or confirm them and explore more properties of these families at experiment.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2019

Systematic studies of charmonium-, bottomonium-, and $B_c$-like tetraquark states

We study the mass splittings of $Q_1q_2\bar{Q}_3\bar{q}_4$ ($Q=c,b$, $q=u,d,s$) tetraquark states with chromomagnetic interactions between their quark components. Assuming that $X(4140)$ is the lowest $J^{PC}=1^{++}$ $cs\bar{c}\bar{s}$ tetraquark, we estimate the masses of the other tetraquark states. From the obtained masses and defined measure reflecting effective quark interactions, we find the following assignments for several exotic states: (1) both $X(3860)$ and the newly observed $Z_c(4100)$ seem to be $0^{++}$ $cn\bar{c}\bar{n}$ tetraquarks; (2) $Z_c(4200)$ is probably a $1^{+-}$ $cn\bar{c}\bar{n}$ tetraquark; (3) $Z_c(3900)$, $X(3940)$, and $X(4160)$ are unlikely compact tetraquarks; (4) $Z_c(4020)$ is unlikely a compact tetraquark, but seems the hidden-charm correspondence of $Z_b(10650)$ with $J^{PC}=1^{+-}$; and (5) $Z_c(4250)$ can be a tetraquark candidate but the quantum numbers cannot be assigned at present. We hope further studies may check the predictions and assignments given here.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2019

$\bar{B}^{(\ast)} \bar{B}^{(\ast)}$ interactions in chiral effective field theory

In this work, the intermeson interactions of double-beauty $\bar{B}\bar{B}$, $\bar{B}\bar{B}^\ast$, and $\bar{B}^\ast\bar{B}^\ast$ systems have been studied with heavy meson chiral effective field theory. The effective potentials are calculated with Weinberg's scheme up to one-loop level. At the leading order, four body contact interactions and one pion exchange contributions are considered. In addition to two pion exchange diagrams, we include the one-loop chiral corrections to contact terms and one pion exchange diagrams at the next-to-leading order. The behaviours of effective potentials both in momentum space and coordinate space are investigated and discussed extensively. We notice the contact terms play important roles in determining the characteristics of the total potentials. Only the potentials in $I(J^P)=0(1^+)$ $\bar{B}\bar{B}^\ast$ and $\bar{B}^\ast\bar{B}^\ast$ systems are attractive, and the corresponding binding energies in these two channels are solved to be $ΔE_{\bar{B}\bar{B}^\ast}\simeq -12.6^{+9.2}_{-12.9}$ MeV and $ΔE_{\bar{B}^\ast\bar{B}^\ast}\simeq -23.8^{+16.3}_{-21.5}$ MeV, respectively. The masses of $0(1^+)$ $\bar{B}\bar{B}^\ast$ and $\bar{B}^\ast\bar{B}^\ast$ states lie above the threshold of their electromagnetic decay modes $\bar{B}\bar{B}γ$ and $\bar{B}\bar{B}γγ$, and thus they can be reconstructable via electromagnetic interactions. Our calculation not only provides some useful information to explore exotic doubly-bottomed molecular states for future experiments, but also is helpful for the extrapolations of Lattice QCD simulations.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2019

Color Recognition for Rubik's Cube Robot

In this paper, we proposed three methods to solve color recognition of Rubik's cube, which includes one offline method and two online methods. Scatter balance \& extreme learning machine (SB-ELM), a offline method, is proposed to illustrate the efficiency of training based method. We also point out the conception of color drifting which indicates offline methods are always ineffectiveness and can not work well in continuous change circumstance. By contrast, dynamic weight label propagation is proposed for labeling blocks color by known center blocks color of Rubik's cube. Furthermore, weak label hierarchic propagation, another online method, is also proposed for unknown all color information but only utilizes weak label of center block in color recognition. We finally design a Rubik's cube robot and construct a dataset to illustrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our online methods and to indicate the ineffectiveness of offline method by color drifting in our dataset.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2018

Estimating the production rates of D-wave charmed mesons via the semileptonic decays of bottom mesons

In this work, using the covariant light front approach with conventional vertex functions, we estimate the production rates of $D$-wave charmed/charmed-strange mesons via $B_{(s)}$ semileptonic decays. Due to these calculated considerable production rates, it is possible to experimentally search for $D$-wave charmed/charmed-strange mesons via the semileptonic decays, which may provide extra approach to explore $D$-wave charmed/charmed-strange mesons.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2018

Assigning the newly reported $Σ_b(6097)$ as a $P$-wave excited state and predicting its partners

The newly observed $Σ_b(6097)$ provides us a good chance to further construct the high excited states of the bottom baryon family. In this work, we explain the $Σ_b(6097)$ to be a $1P$ state with $J^P=5/2^-$ or $3/2^-$ by giving the mass spectrum analysis and the strong decay calculation, and predict the existence of $1P$ and $2S$ partners of the $Σ_b(6097)$, where their masses and the corresponding decay behaviors are presented. Because of the success of describing the $Σ_b(6097)$ and the former observed $Ξ_b(6227)$ under the quasi-two-body treatment to the bottom baryons, we continue to predict the $Ω_b$ partners of $Σ_b(6097)$ by the same method, which are the $1P$ and $2S$ states of the $bss$ baryon system. Identifying these predicted bottom baryons will be a research topic full of challenge and opportunity for future experiments especially the LHCb.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2018

A model of neutron-star--white-dwarf collision for fast radio bursts

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) with unknown origin emit a huge luminosity (about 1 Jy at 1 GHz) with a duration of milliseconds or less at extragalactic distances estimated from their large dispersion measure (DM). We propose herein a scenario for a collision between a neutron star (NS) and a white dwarf (WD) as the progenitor of the FRBs by considering the burst duration scaling to the collision time and the radio luminosity proportional to the kinetic energy of the collision. The relations among the observed flux density, pulse width, and the DM are derived from the model and compared with the statistical results from the observed FRBs. Although the sample is quite small, we tentatively report a nearly inverse-square correlation between the observed peak flux density and the DM excess, which is an consequence of the assumption that the DM excess (i.e. that not due to our Galaxy) is dominated by the intergalactic medium. We also tentatively note a correlation among the duration of the FRB and the DM excess (possibly interpreted as due to the broadening of the signal in the intergalactic medium) and a correlation among the duration of the FRB and the flux density (shorter burst should be brighter), both roughly in agreement with the proposed model.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2018

Higher bottomonium zoo

In this work, we study higher bottomonia up to the $nL=8S$, $6P$, $5D$, $4F$, $3G$ multiplets using the modified Godfrey-Isgur (GI) model, which takes account of color screening effects. The calculated mass spectra of bottomonium states are in reasonable agreement with the present experimental data. Based on spectroscopy, partial widths of all allowed radiative transitions, annihilation decays, hadronic transitions, and open-bottom strong decays of each state are also evaluated by applying our numerical wave functions. Comparing our results with the former results, we point out difference among various models and derive new conclusions obtained in this paper. Notably, we find a significant difference between our model and the GI model when we study $D, F$, and $G$ and $n\ge 4$ states. Our theoretical results are valuable to search for more bottomonia in experiments, such as LHCb, and forthcoming Belle II.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2018

Perceptual Visual Interactive Learning

Supervised learning methods are widely used in machine learning. However, the lack of labels in existing data limits the application of these technologies. Visual interactive learning (VIL) compared with computers can avoid semantic gap, and solve the labeling problem of small label quantity (SLQ) samples in a groundbreaking way. In order to fully understand the importance of VIL to the interaction process, we re-summarize the interactive learning related algorithms (e.g. clustering, classification, retrieval etc.) from the perspective of VIL. Note that, perception and cognition are two main visual processes of VIL. On this basis, we propose a perceptual visual interactive learning (PVIL) framework, which adopts gestalt principle to design interaction strategy and multi-dimensionality reduction (MDR) to optimize the process of visualization. The advantage of PVIL framework is that it combines computer's sensitivity of detailed features and human's overall understanding of global tasks. Experimental results validate that the framework is superior to traditional computer labeling methods (such as label propagation) in both accuracy and efficiency, which achieves significant classification results on dense distribution and sparse classes dataset.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2018

Thermal-driven Flow inside Graphene Channels for Water Desalination

A novel concept of membrane process in thermal-driven system is proposed for water desalination. By means of molecular dynamics simulations, we show fast water transport through graphene galleries at a temperature gradient. Water molecules are driven to migrate through nanometer-wide graphene channels from cold reservoir to hot reservoir by the effect of thermal creep flow. Reducing the interlayer spacing to 6.5 Å, an abrupt escalation occurs in water permeation between angstrom-distance graphene slabs. The change from disordered bulklike water to quasi-square structure have been found under this extremely confined condition. This leads to a transition to subcontinuum transport. Water molecules perform collective diffusion behaviors inside graphene channels. The special transport processes with structure change convert thermal energy into motion without dissipation, resulting in unexpected high water permeability. The thermal-driven system reaches maximum flowrate at temperature variance of 80 K, corresponding to the quantity at pressure difference up to 10^5 bar in commercial reverse osmosis processes and 230 bar in pressure-driven slip flow. Our results also reveal the movement of saline ions influenced by thermophoretic effect, which complement the geometry limitation at greater layer spacing, enhancing the blockage of ions. This finding aims to provide an innovational idea of developing a high-efficiency desalination technology able to utilize various forms of energy.

cond-mat.soft↗

arXiv2018

A radio structure resolved at the deca-parsec scale in radio-quiet quasar PDS 456 with an extremely powerful X-ray outflow

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) accreting at rates close to the Eddington limit can host radiatively driven mildly relativistic outflows. Some of these X-ray absorbing but powerful outflows may produce strong shocks resulting in a significant non-thermal emission. This outflow-driven radio emission may be detectable in the radio-quiet quasar PDS 456 since it has a bolometric luminosity reaching the Eddington limit and a relativistic wide-aperture X-ray outflow with a kinetic power high enough to quench the star formation in its host galaxy. To investigate this possibility, we performed very-long-baseline interferometric (VLBI) observations of the quasar with the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 5 GHz. The EVN image with the full resolution reveals two faint and diffuse radio components with a projected separation of about 20 pc and an average brightness temperature of around two million Kelvin. In relation to the optical sub-mas-accuracy position measured by the Gaia mission, the two components are very likely on opposite sides of an undetected radio core. The VLBI structure at the deca-pc scale can thus be either a young jet or a bidirectional radio-emitting outflow, launched in the vicinity of a strongly accreting central engine. Two diffuse components at the hecto-pc scale, likely the relic radio emission from the past AGN activity, are tentatively detected on each side in the low-resolution EVN image.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2018

Dynamics of cold pulses induced by super-sonic molecular beam injection in the EAST tokamak

Evolution of electron temperature, electron density and its fluctuation with high spatial and temporal resolutions are presented for the cold pulse propagation induced by super-sonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) in ohmic plasmas in the EAST tokamak. The non-local heat transport occurs for discharges with plasma current $I_p$=450 kA ($q_{95}\sim5.55$), and electron density $n_{e0}$ below a critical value of $(1.35\pm0.25)\times10^{19}~\mathrm{m^{-3}}$. In contrary to the response of core electron temperature and electron density (roughly 10 ms after SMBI), the electron density fluctuation in the plasma core increases promptly after SMBI and reaches its maximum around 15 ms after SMBI. The electron density fluctuation in the plasma core begins to decrease before the core electron temperature reaches its maximum (roughly 30 ms). It was also observed that the turbulence perpendicular velocity close to the inversion point of the temperature perturbation changes sign after SMBI.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2018

Surveying exotic pentaquarks with the typical $QQqq\bar{q}$ configuration

As a hot issue, exploring exotic pentaquarks is full of challenges and opportunities for both theorist and experimentalist. In this work, we focus on a type of pentaquark with the $QQqq\bar{q}$ ($Q=b,c$; $q=u,d,s$) configuration, where their mass spectrum is estimated systematically. Especially, our result indicates that there may exist some stable or narrow exotic pentaquark states. Obviously, our study may provides valuable information for further experimental search for the $QQqq\bar{q}$ pentaquarks. With the running of LHCb and forthcoming Belle II, we have a reason to believe that these predictions present here can be tested.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2018

Proposal of searching for the $Υ(6S)$ hadronic decays into $Υ(nS)$ plus $η^{(\prime)}$

In this work, we propose a possible experimental research topic on the $Υ(6S)\to Υ(nS)η^{(\prime)}$ ($n=1,2,3$) transitions. Considering the hadronic loop effect from the intermediate $S$-wave $B_{(s)}$ and $B_{(s)}^*$ mesons, we estimate the partial decay widths and the corresponding branching ratios of the $Υ(6S)\to Υ(nS)η^{(\prime)}$ hadronic decays, which become considerably large. With the running of the Belle II experiment, it becomes possible to explore these $Υ(6S)\to Υ(nS)η^{(\prime)}$ transitions.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2018

Role of newly discovered $Ξ_b(6227)^-$ for constructing excited bottom baryon family

Selecting the newly observed $Ξ_b(6227)^-$ by LHCb as a study example, we decode its inner structure by giving the mass spectrum analysis and the investigation of its two-body strong decay behaviors. Our result indicates that the $Ξ_b(6227)^-$ is a good candidate of the $P$-wave $Ξ_b^{\prime}$ state with $J^P=3/2^-$ or $5/2^-$. In addition, we further provide the information of the properties of the partners of the $Ξ_b(6227)^-$. These predicted states include three $2S$ states and the remaining $1P$ states in the bottom-strange baryon family. The calculated sizable Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka$-$allowed decay widths of these partners show that the experimental search for them becomes possible via LHCb. We have a reason to believe that the present study can be treated as a start point for constructing the highly excited bottom baryon spectroscopy.

hep-ph↗