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cs.SI: explore 109 source-linked works published from 2013 to 2026, with original documents and citations.

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Includes records with this source-supplied label or an explicit phrase match in their metadata. Matches indicate a mention, not proof that a paper uses a method or tests a material. Source versions are consolidated by DOI.

Sources: arxiv. Collection updated 2026-09-16. Counts describe this index, not the complete source archives.

Behavioral calibration of mobile-phone GPS data for population-representative analyses

Mobile phone mobility data have transformed the study of human behavior, but demographic and behavioral biases can compromise their representativeness and distort population-level inference. Existing calibration approaches primarily address demographic and geographic representativeness, leaving behavioral discrepancies largely uncorrected. Here we introduce the Behavioral Population (BePop) framework, which jointly calibrates mobility data to representative demographic and behavioral distributions using census data and time-use surveys. BePop embeds mobility sequences into behavioral profiles and estimates person-level weights that align both population composition and daily activity patterns. Across three U.S. metropolitan areas, the framework consistently improves agreement between GPS-derived mobility and representative behavioral distributions, including time allocation, activity transitions, and mobility motifs. Calibration also substantially alters downstream mobility indicators, demonstrating that behavioral biases can propagate into commonly used mobility measures. Our results establish behavioral representativeness as a critical complement to demographic calibration and provide a general framework for population-representative mobility inference.

physics.soc-ph↗

Don't You Know, Pump it Up! Investigating Cryptocurrency Manipulation in Telegram-Driven Activity

Telegram plays a pivotal role in cryptocurrency communication and has been repeatedly associated with coordinated schemes, such as pump-and-dump manipulation. However, existing studies typically focus on known manipulation chats or a limited set of cryptocurrencies, leaving open the question of how Telegram is leveraged for mass promotional activity (shilling) at scale. Moving beyond these limitations, this work analyzes the interplay between information flows and market activity across public Telegram channels. To this end, we propose a scalable framework that (i) classifies crypto-related messages using a fine-tuned encoder model to filter semantic noise, (ii) detects anomalous spikes in cryptocurrency mentions via adaptive thresholding, and (iii) validates temporal associations between social bursts and market movements using quasi-experimental econometric methods (RDD and DiD). We apply this framework to one year of public Telegram data (14,499 channels and over 20 million messages) aligned with transaction data for more than 17,000 cryptocurrencies. Our analysis identifies 47 events consistent with potential pump-and-dump activity and 73 sustained market reactions, showing that manipulative signals are characterized by extreme temporal synchronization and precede price movements by seconds. Notably, psycholinguistic analysis reveals that pump-and-dump messages are linguistically indistinguishable from organic discussions, highlighting the limits of text-based detection alone. Finally, we estimate the cumulative financial volume of detected pump-and-dump events to exceed $200 million and release a public cryptocurrency dictionary and a fine-tuned classifier to support future research.

cs.SI↗

Citing Less Critically: LLMs Reshape the Rhetoric and Reach of Scientific Citation

Scientific citations carry rhetorical intent. Scholars may cite prior work positively (supporting), negatively (contrasting), or neutrally (mentioning). As large language models (LLMs) increasingly assist scientific writing, whether they reproduce citations with the same rhetorical intent as humans remains unclear. We introduce a masked-citation task to compare human and LLM-generated citation behavior. For each citation context, an LLM generates a replacement citation sentence, producing a counterfactual corpus directly comparable to human citation. We analyze what, whom, and how models cite, using an LLM-as-a-judge to classify citation intent and a 20-million-edge coauthorship network to measure social distance between cited authors. Across six popular LLMs and 1,746 top NLP conference papers (63k+ contexts, 132k+ citations), three patterns emerge: (1) Compared with human citation, LLMs cite significantly less critically; (2) LLMs over-cite popular and older papers, a tendency amplified for contrasting citations where human writing more often draws on recent, niche work; (3) Whereas humans often cite within their close social network, especially for supporting citations, LLMs tend to draw on more socially distant authors. Together, these differences are double-edged: LLM citation reaches beyond a scholar's close collaborators while being less critical and amplifying visibility bias, reshaping the rhetoric and reach of scientific citation.

cs.DL↗

Revising Context, Shifting Simulated Stance: Auditing LLM-Based Stance Simulation in Online Discussions

Large language models are increasingly used to simulate social media users and infer how individuals may respond to online discussions. However, it remains unclear whether these simulations reflect precise user-specific beliefs or whether they are highly sensitive to semantically independent changes in conversational contexts. In this work, we study counterfactual context revision as a framework for auditing LLM-based stance simulation. Given an original online conversation, we first infer a target user's stance toward a specific topic. We then apply controlled revision strategies to the conversational context and simulate the user's stance again under the revised context. We compare text-only revision strategies with a multimodal one that incorporates meme-based context and evaluate two main effectiveness metrics, i.e., average directional stance shift and stance transition rate. The results reveal effective and robust stance transitions in both text-only and multimodal strategies across different polarization-preference mechanisms. Our study contributes an evaluation framework for understanding the context sensitivity of LLM-based stance simulation (https://github.com/STARResearchLab/StanceShift). More broadly, it highlights both the promise and risk of using LLMs as proxies for social media users in social simulation.

cs.CL↗

Governing Well in the Algorithmic Age: The Foundations of Digital Statecraft

The digital substrate - data, algorithms, infrastructure, platforms, applications - is being governed without adequate conceptual foundations. The ability and legitimacy required to govern this substrate, and to govern with it, are simultaneously misaligned, contested, and structurally absent. We introduce digital statecraft as the organising concept for this emerging field, arguing that 'digital' reconstitutes the statecraft question rather than merely extending its domain. The concept operates on two dimensions - statecraft over digital systems, concerning the authority and capacity of the state in relation to the digital substrate itself, and statecraft with digital systems, concerning the deployment of algorithmic tools as instruments of governing authority. And it rests on two foundational requirements, technical coherence and legitimate authority, that are genuinely in tension. We derive ten principles of digital statecraft from these foundations, each naming a condition whose absence produces an identifiable and structural governance failure: public interest first, human-machine complementarity, governability by design, systemic coherence, hybrid institutions, adaptive governance, human centricity and civic agency, accountable and traceable authority, judgment across time, and the non-delegable core. This article takes the state as the starting point, the institutional form that developed historically in response to the problem of effective and legitimate public governance, and the only current candidate for which the full set of legitimacy conditions is institutionally available. But the digital statecraft programme holds open a deeper question than just whether states can reform themselves: governing well in the algorithmic age may require rethinking the boundaries, scale, and affiliative basis of statehood itself.

cs.CY↗

One AI Signal, Many Human Judgments: A Bayesian Cascade Analysis of AI-based Credibility Indicators in Online Information Spread

Social media platforms increasingly use AI-based credibility indicators to help users judge misinformation. Unlike individual human-AI decision-making, these indicators are embedded in information spread: users see both an AI prediction and earlier judgments shaped by the same AI, and their own judgments may then enter the public history. Yet how to analytically characterize this process remains under-explored. We therefore introduce a social-learning lens for this setting by extending the classical Bayesian cascade model with the AI indicator as a shared public signal. The resulting Gateway condition compares the evidence from the AI prediction with users' private impressions. Through this view, we show that AI changes what public history means. Crowd agreement may reflect accumulated independent human evidence, or repeated dependence on the same AI prediction. This creates a preservation-correction trade-off: stronger reliance on AI can preserve correct predictions, but can also lock in incorrect ones by blocking corrective private impressions. We calibrate the model using human-subject data on news veracity judgments. Although the AI outperforms human users, the average user weights it below her own impression but above several peer judgments, while individual users vary from discounting the AI to relying on it enough to cascade. Simulations show that over-reliance on a weak AI is especially harmful, and that diversifying AI signals across users can better keep the crowd informative. We conclude with implications for understanding human-AI interaction in information spread and designing misinformation interventions.

cs.HC↗

Tracing high-profile attention to questionable research as a case for funder due diligence

When questionable research has entered the scientific record, it stands the same chance as other literature of shaping national and international policy, clinical guidance, and research and development activities. This study uses a known authorship-for-sale network identified in August 2022 to examine whether questionable research influences policy, patents, and clinical guidelines, and whether its authors continue to secure funding and publish after exposure. Across nearly 2,000 publications in our dataset, 57 were cited in policy documents, 12 in clinical guidelines, and 480 in patents. Nearly a quarter of these publications are linked to one or more grants: funding that could otherwise have supported rigorous, ethical science. Among the 278 authors we traced, publishing and funding continued well after the PNN's public exposure in 2022: over 90% continued publishing, and 23% were linked to a grant. As our findings show, the participants of paper mills and authorship-for-sale networks can still inform policy and clinical practice and support their authors' career progression even after the questionable practices behind them are exposed. We present a case for funders to consider authorship and network structure as part of a holistic due diligence process, alongside metrics such as citation counts and attention data.

cs.DL↗

Scaled Null-Adjusted Persistence: A Multiscale Bridge between Modularity and Persistence

Community detection methods must balance two competing objectives: identifying small, cohesive groups while avoiding excessive fragmentation. Modularity, the most widely adopted optimization criterion, typically merges small communities in large networks due to its resolution limit. In contrast, a persistence-based criterion promotes more granular partitions. We introduce Scaled Null-Adjusted Persistence (Scaled-NAP), a parametric family of quality functions that incorporates both these criteria. The definition exploits the exact identity between a cluster's modularity contribution and its Null-Adjusted Persistence (NAP) multiplied by its relative volume. Raising this volume factor to a parameter $α\in[0,1]$ yields NAP at $α=0$ and modularity at $α=1$, while intermediate values control the scale of the detected partition. We derive conditions under which merging two communities improves the objective function and characterize the emergence of scale dependence, including resolution-limit behaviour on Caveman graphs. We develop the Milano algorithm, a multilevel Louvain-style heuristic for optimizing Scaled-NAP on large networks. Experiments on weighted and unweighted Lancichinetti-Fortunato-Radicchi benchmarks show that Scaled-NAP achieves the highest or tied-highest recovery wherever the ground truth structure is detectable, with its advantage increasing under community-size heterogeneity. Tests on three real networks with up to 1.1 million nodes confirm its capability to identify fine-grained ground-truth communities. The Milano algorithm also turned out to be the fastest method evaluated on large networks. These results show that Scaled-NAP provides an effective and scalable bridge between modularity-based and persistence-based community detection methodologies.

cs.SI↗

Social bots weaken activist cohesion

Social bots now make up a substantial share of online political communication, where they are studied mainly as producers of misinformation and amplified content. Far less is known about whether their presence reshapes the human relationships that hold movements together. We ask whether exposure to bots during a protest peak is followed by the erosion of cohesion in human networks. Tracking retweet networks of core participants in the 2020 Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests before, during, and after the peak, we measure change in cohesion at two scales: triadic closure in individual ego networks and edge density within detected communities. Greater bot exposure during the peak predicts steeper subsequent declines in human cohesion at both scales, and the loss concentrates among supporters of the movement. Bots may weaken activism less by changing what people believe than by dissolving the ties through which collective action is sustained.

cs.SI↗

A Multi-Branch Feature Fusion Approach for Health Misinformation Detection and Propagation

This paper presents a multi-branch fusion framework for detecting and characterising the propagation of health misinformation in online social networks (OSNs). Grounded in the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the model fuses transformer-based semantics with rhetorical cues, stance representations, and psychologically motivated proxies in a unified multi-task architecture. In addition to binary classification, we introduce the Cognitive Propagation Score (CPS), an interpretable post-hoc auxiliary score computed from psychologically motivated, text-derived cues capturing argument complexity, emotional intensity, and content-derived virality potential, to support diffusion-risk reasoning when engagement ground truth is incomplete or unavailable. Experiments on three benchmark datasets, Constraint, COVID--19\_FNIR, and Monkeypox, show strong classification performance, achieving ROC--AUC up to 0.9999 on COVID--19\_FNIR, while propagation-oriented ranking achieves near-perfect agreement when engagement-derived supervision is available (Monkeypox, Spearman's $ρ= 0.9952$) and similarly high ranking alignment under proxy-based supervision on COVID--19\_FNIR ($ρ= 0.9954$). Compared with representative literature baselines, the fusion model improves detection on Constraint and COVID--19\_FNIR, while Monkeypox remains more challenging, reflecting domain- and signal-specific differences. Ablation analysis further indicates that psychological and rhetorical branches provide complementary gains beyond semantic embeddings. Overall, the framework bridges cognitive theory and neural modelling to improve transparency and to support scalable misinformation monitoring, with future work required to validate CPS against human-centred diffusion judgements.

cs.LG↗

Characterising Global Platforms: Centralised, Decentralised, Federated, and Grassroots

Global digital platforms are distributed systems designed to serve entire populations, with some already serving billions of people. Here we propose atomic transactions-based multiagent transition systems and protocols as a formal framework to study them; introduce essential agents---minimal sets of agents the removal of which makes communication impossible; and show that the cardinality of essential agents partitions all global platforms into four classes: 1. Centralised (Facebook) -- one (the server) 2. Decentralised (Bitcoin) -- finite >1 (bootstrap nodes) 3. Federated (Mastodon) -- infinite but not universal (all servers) 4. Grassroots (Scuttlebutt) -- universal (all agents but one) Our illustrative formal example is a global social network, for which we provide centralised, decentralised, federated, and grassroots specifications via multiagent atomic transactions, and prove they all satisfy the same basic correctness properties, yet have different sets of essential agents as expected. We discuss informally additional global platforms---currencies, "sharing economy" apps, AI, and more. This work provides the first mathematical framework for classifying any global platform---existing or imagined---by providing a multiagent atomic-transactions specification of it and determining the cardinality of the minimal set of essential agents in the ensuing multiagent protocol. It thus provides a unifying mathematical approach for the study of global digital platforms, perhaps the most important class of distributed systems today.

cs.DC↗

SnapScope: A Platform for City-Scale Collection and Exploration of Public Snap Map Data

Snapchat's Snap Map is an ephemeral stream of geotagged public video and image stories, but the platform provides no documented API, no prior work describes a reproducible system for collecting this data at city scale, and no tool exists for managing and exploring the collected data interactively. We present SnapScope, an integrated platform that pairs a back-end collection pipeline with a web-based front end for scraper management, interactive data exploration, side-by-side neighborhood comparison, and data export. We deploy the platform over Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, collecting 515,364 unique public snaps across 23 days on a 1 km grid of 2,740 query points. A saturation probe over 21 consecutive runs shows that 94.8% of returned observations are duplicates of already-stored records. We provide a privacy-safe aggregate dataset under CC BY 4.0. The platform is city-agnostic and redeployable by substituting grid coordinates and boundary polygons.

cs.SI↗

Beyond Truth Discovery: A Two-Stage Framework to Assess the Severity of False Claim during Disasters

False information spreads rapidly on social media during disasters and can undermine emergency response efforts, public trust, and crisis communication. Existing research primarily focuses on determining whether social media posts contain false information, but provides limited insight into the specific false claims embedded within posts and the severity of individual false claims. To address the limitations, we propose a two-stage framework to assess the severity of false claims during disasters. In the first stage, we develop a false claim extraction agent that identifies false claims from multimodal social media posts containing text, images, videos, and links. A subsequent verification step validates extracted claims with supporting evidence. In the second stage, we define false claim severity as the combination of two complementary dimensions: believability, which determines the likelihood that a claim will be believed, and harmfulness, which captures the potential consequences if it is believed. Human annotators assess both dimensions to construct a claim-level severity benchmark using false claims extracted from Reddit posts related to hurricanes and wildfires. Building upon this benchmark, we investigate false claim severity assessment as a human-AI alignment problem, evaluating whether models can reproduce human judgments under a shared evaluation rubric rather than merely predicting severity labels. Experiments on the benchmark show that traditional supervised models exhibit limited alignment with human judgments, whereas Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve substantially stronger performance. Among the evaluated strategies, in-context learning consistently achieves the strongest alignment with human judgments, highlighting the importance of human examples and shared decision criteria for severity assessment.

cs.SI↗

Unsupervised Multi-Scale Gromov-Wasserstein Hypergraph Alignment

We study unsupervised hypergraph alignment, where the goal is to infer node correspondences between two hypergraphs using only structural information, without node features, labels, seed matches, or side information. Direct higher-order formulations can represent hyperedge interactions faithfully, but they can be computationally demanding and cumbersome for non-uniform hypergraphs. Graph-reduction approaches introduce a different challenge: clique expansions keep the alignment problem on the original node set but collapse all hyperedge evidence into one pairwise graph, whereas bipartite expansions preserve incidence structure but enlarge the problem from nodes to nodes plus hyperedges. We introduce FALCON (Filtration-based hypergrAph aLignment via Cross-scale Optimal traNsport), an unsupervised optimal-transport framework for hypergraph alignment. Instead of representing each hypergraph by a single collapsed clique graph, FALCON constructs a filtration-induced sequence of clique-based co-occurrence dissimilarity matrices and jointly aligns all levels through one shared multi-scale Gromov--Wasserstein (GW) objective. The shared transport plan enforces a globally consistent node correspondence across filtration levels while avoiding the auxiliary hyperedge nodes introduced by bipartite expansion. Experiments on perturbation benchmarks derived from real-world hypergraphs show that FALCON is robust to structural noise and in almost all cases outperforms strong graph- and hypergraph-alignment baselines.

cs.LG↗

A Data-Driven Multimodal Method for Early Detection of Coordinated Abnormal Behaviors in Live-Streaming Platforms

With the rapid growth of live-streaming e-commerce and digital marketing, abnormal marketing behaviors have become increasingly concealed and coordinated across heterogeneous modalities, challenging platform governance and early risk identification. We propose MM-FGDNet, a data-driven multimodal framework for detecting abnormal behavior in large-scale live-streaming environments from complementary temporal-evolution and group-structure perspectives. A cross-modal temporal alignment module maps video, text, audio, and user behavior into a unified temporal semantic space. A temporal fraud-pattern module captures the progression from weak early signals to abrupt outbreaks, while a cooperative manipulation module identifies coordinated interactions among organized user groups and automated accounts. Experiments on real-world multi-platform live-streaming e-commerce datasets show that MM-FGDNet outperforms representative baselines, achieving an AUC of 0.927, F1 of 0.847, precision of 0.861, recall of 0.834, and an Early Detection Score of 0.689, while reducing false alarms. Ablation studies validate the contribution of each module, and cross-domain experiments demonstrate stable generalization to new streamers, product categories, and platforms. These results indicate that MM-FGDNet provides an effective and scalable solution for proactive detection of coordinated abnormal behavior in live-streaming systems.

cs.SI↗

Equilibria in Network Constrained Markets with System Operator

We study a networked economic system composed of $n$ producers supplying a single homogeneous good to a number of geographically separated markets and of a centralized authority, called the market maker. Producers compete à la Cournot, by choosing the quantities of good to supply to each market they have access to in order to maximize their profit. Every market is characterized by its inverse demand functions returning the unit price of the considered good as a function of the total available quantity. Markets are interconnected by a dispatch network through which quantities of the considered good can flow within finite capacity constraints and possibly satisfying additional linear physical constraints. Such flows are determined by the action of a system operator, who aims at maximizing a designated welfare function. We model such competition as a strategic game with $n+1$ players: the producers and the system operator. For this game, we first establish the existence of pure-strategy Nash equilibria under standard concavity assumptions. We then identify sufficient conditions for the game to be exact potential with an essentially unique Nash equilibrium. Next, we present a general result that connects the optimal action of the system operator with the capacity constraints imposed on the network. For the commonly used Walrasian welfare, our finding proves a connection between capacity bottlenecks in the market network and the emergence of price differences between markets separated by saturated lines. This phenomenon is frequently observed in real-world scenarios, for instance in power networks. Finally, we validate the model with data from the Italian day-ahead electricity market.

cs.GT↗

When Design Rules Break: Benchmark Composition Determines Whether Label Informativeness Predicts GNN Aggregator Choice

We examine whether graph neural network (GNN) design rules generalize across benchmark families by studying aggregator selection (sum, mean, max) on 24 node-classification datasets spanning citation, heterophilic, LINKX Facebook-100, co-purchase, and co-authorship graphs. Edge homophily is only weakly predictive of the GIN-Sum versus GIN-Mean performance gap. Label informativeness predicts this gap well on legacy benchmarks but degrades substantially when Facebook-100 graphs are included. In these dense friendship networks, near-zero label informativeness coexists with a strong preference for sum aggregation, producing gains of 7-10% and up to 13% under extended training. Stochastic block model ablations, including degree-corrected variants matching Facebook-100 degree scales, fail to reproduce this behavior, indicating that mean degree alone does not explain the effect. Among several label-independent graph statistics, the spectral gap uniquely distinguishes these graphs from other low-informativeness datasets, with the effect localized to one-hop neighborhoods and replicated across architectures. We further identify training regimes that interact with aggregator choice and show that PNA can underperform the best single-aggregator GIN on standard citation benchmarks. Our results suggest that benchmark composition, rather than numerical insufficiency, determines whether design rules appear to generalize, and that the Facebook-100 regime provides a concrete target for future adaptive aggregation methods.

cs.LG↗

CoDiNG -- Naming Game with Continuous Latent Opinions of Individual Agents

Understanding the mechanisms behind opinion formation is crucial for gaining insight into the processes that shape the spread of political beliefs, cultural attitudes, consumer choices, and social movements in society. This work introduces a realistic model of opinion dynamics that captures the intricacies of real-world opinion dynamics by synthesizing principles from cognitive science. The proposed model is a hybrid continuous-discrete extension of the well-known Naming Game opinion model. The continuous layer captures the strength of each opinion through reinforcement and forgetting in the human brain, akin to memory imprints. The discrete layer allows for converting intrinsic continuous opinion into a discrete form, which often occurs when we publicly verbalize our opinions. We evaluated our model on longitudinal data combining real communication events with repeated surveys of the same individuals, comparing it against the Naming Game, the hybrid SJBO model, and four simple baselines at the population and the individual level. Unlike rigid baselines and the classic Naming Game, which inherently capture only a single aspect, hybrid models can be tuned to model either individual-level opinions or aggregate opinion dynamics. However, this flexibility comes with a strict trade-off, as they cannot accurately reproduce both simultaneously. Out of the six analysed topics, our model exceeds or matches SJBO, showing that reinforcement and forgetting grounded in cognition contribute to explaining opinion dynamics. Additionally, in our empirical data, individuals change their opinions while the aggregate distribution stays almost stationary, so a model reproducing no dynamics can still score well. This observation indicates that evaluating opinion models must be multidimensional and rely on more than one metric.

cs.SI↗
Compare source metadata on this page
WorkPublishedSource identifierSource
Behavioral calibration of mobile-phone GPS data for population-representative analyses2026-09-012609.01042arxiv
Don't You Know, Pump it Up! Investigating Cryptocurrency Manipulation in Telegram-Driven Activity2026-09-012609.01176arxiv
Citing Less Critically: LLMs Reshape the Rhetoric and Reach of Scientific Citation2026-09-012609.01432arxiv
Revising Context, Shifting Simulated Stance: Auditing LLM-Based Stance Simulation in Online Discussions2026-08-312606.06443arxiv
Governing Well in the Algorithmic Age: The Foundations of Digital Statecraft2026-08-312607.18483arxiv
One AI Signal, Many Human Judgments: A Bayesian Cascade Analysis of AI-based Credibility Indicators in Online Information Spread2026-08-312608.30311arxiv
Tracing high-profile attention to questionable research as a case for funder due diligence2026-08-312608.30613arxiv
Scaled Null-Adjusted Persistence: A Multiscale Bridge between Modularity and Persistence2026-08-312608.30934arxiv
Social bots weaken activist cohesion2026-08-312609.00197arxiv
A Multi-Branch Feature Fusion Approach for Health Misinformation Detection and Propagation2026-08-312609.00403arxiv
Characterising Global Platforms: Centralised, Decentralised, Federated, and Grassroots2026-08-302511.03286arxiv
SnapScope: A Platform for City-Scale Collection and Exploration of Public Snap Map Data2026-08-302608.05841arxiv
Beyond Truth Discovery: A Two-Stage Framework to Assess the Severity of False Claim during Disasters2026-08-302608.20983arxiv
Unsupervised Multi-Scale Gromov-Wasserstein Hypergraph Alignment2026-08-302608.29635arxiv
A Data-Driven Multimodal Method for Early Detection of Coordinated Abnormal Behaviors in Live-Streaming Platforms2026-08-302609.01649arxiv
Equilibria in Network Constrained Markets with System Operator2026-08-292501.00191arxiv
When Design Rules Break: Benchmark Composition Determines Whether Label Informativeness Predicts GNN Aggregator Choice2026-08-292606.10249arxiv
CoDiNG -- Naming Game with Continuous Latent Opinions of Individual Agents2026-08-282406.19204arxiv

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