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A DO paper of 2008 is exemplarily commented to demonstrate the general risk that the development of a new paradigm for astroparticle physics can be hindered by the work of large collaborations. This paper allows sharp formulations because only the simplest Higgs variant is treated. PACS numbers: 01.10 Hx, 13.85 Rm, 14.80 Bn
We study the possibility that further advancement in the understanding of the order of chaos may demand a certain reconsideration of the approach to the classical mechanics. For this we suggest to consider the viewpoint that spatio-temporal relations between objects are emergent and that they are but a result of complex interactions of objects. Such an approach is a natural continuation of the revision of the notions of space and time started by the general theory of relativity. It leads to a possible extension of the structure of the classical mechanics. Namely, the result of the objects interactions can be wider than the spatio-temporal relations. In this case interactions form a generalized space ("Field-Space") wider than its spatio-temporal section (while the known interactions are embedded within that section). The study of such hypothesis demands constructing a theory, not relying on space and time as primitive notions. As primary elements of such a theory we consider objects and purely informational connections between them, not expressed in spatio-temporal terms. Following the logic of this theory, the world constitutes a complex information web. The Web is in the state of a constant flux (of a more general category than the one of the quantum fields) - an incessant change of connections, the complex order of which comprises the order of chaos. Reminding the space build-up from the Regge skeleton, the Web builds a unified Field-Space of pure information, manifested in space as energy distribution. We describe the emergence of spatio-temporal laws from the viewpoint of purely informational physics. The suggested construction of physics on the purely informational basis is a candidate for the theory of quantum gravity.
The average time delay of photons due to multiple interactions with gravitons of the background is computed in a frame of the model of low-energy quantum gravity by the author. The two variants of evaluation of the lifetime of a virtual photon are considered: 1$)$ on a basis of the uncertainties relation (it is a common place in physics of particles) and 2$)$ using a conjecture about constancy of the proper lifetime of a virtual photon. It is shown that in the first case Lorentz violation is negligible: the ratio of the average time delay of photons to their propagation time is equal approximately to $10^{-28}$; in the second one (with a new free parameter of the model), the time-lag is proportional to the difference $\sqrt{E_{01}}-\sqrt{E_{02}}$, where $E_{01}, E_{02}$ are initial energies of photons, and more energetic photons should arrive later, also as in the first case. The effect of graviton pairing is taken into account, too.
Emergent behavior that appears at a given level of organization may be characterized as arising from an organizationally lower level in such a way that it transcends a mere increase in the behavioral degree of complexity. It is therefore to be distinguished from systems exhibiting chaotic behavior, for example, which are deterministic but unpredictable because of an exponential dependence on initial conditions. In emergent phenomena, higher-levels of organization are not determined by lower-levels of organization; or, more colloquially, emergent behavior is often said to be "greater than the sum of the parts". The concept plays an especially important but contentious role in the biological sciences. This essay is intended to demystify at least some aspects of the mystery of emergence.
Recently [arXiv:0906.5417], we reported a quantum phase transition of 103mRh excited by bremsstrahlung pumping. The long-lived Moessbauer excitation is delocalized as a neutral quasiparticle carrying a spin current. This letter gives a general theory for a nuclear spin-density wave propagating on crystals consisting of identical nuclei with a multipolar transition.
A new example of $(2+1)$-dimensional Zollfrei metric, with the topology $R^2 \times S^1 $, is presented. This metric is readily obtained from the celebrated $(3+1)$- dimensional rotating Gödel universe $G_{3,1}$. This is because $G_{3,1}$ has the interesting property that, the light rays which are confined to move on the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis, return to their origin after a time period $T = \frac{2 π}ω[\sqrt{2}-1]$ -where $ω$ is the angular velocity of the universe. Hence by - the topological identification of pairs of points on the time coordinate, seperated by the time interval $T$. and droping the flat $x_3$ coordinate - which is directed along the rotation axis; one obtains the $(2+1)$-dimensional Zollfrei metric with the $R^2 \times S^1$ topology.
In this paper we consider clumped baryonic matter as a spherically symmetric barotropic fluid associated with a compact four-dimensional Einstein manifold with a four-radius that is determined by the fluid density. We further investigate the properties of these matter generated manifolds and show that because of their homogeneity and isotropy they exhibit FLRW metric properties and expand with cosmic time. At low densities such as those encountered in star clusters, galaxies and galactic clusters, these manifolds are large and show the same properties that are currently attributed to dark matter.
The SAXS (small angle X-ray scattering) technique has been used to determine the fundamental structure of conducting thin films fabricated by implanting gold ions into PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) polymer. We present a brief review of the SAXS theories necessary to determine the structural properties of our nanoheterogeneous films.
In this paper it is shown that dynamics based on a variation of the gravitational constant $G$ with time solves several puzzling and anomalous features observed, for example the rotation curves of galaxies (attributed to as yet undetected Dark matter). It is also pointed out that this provides an explanation for the anomalous acceleration of the Pioneer space crafts observed by J.D.Anderson and co-workers.
A phenomenological approach using the states of spin-like observables is developed to understand the nature of consciousness and the totality of experience. The three states of consciousness are taken to form the triplet of eigenstates of a spin-one entity and are derived as the triplet resulting from the composition of two spins by treating the subject and the object as interacting two-state, spin-half systems with external and internal projections. The state of deep sleep is analysed in the light of this phenomenological approach and a novel understanding of the status of the individual consciousness in this state is obtained. The resulting fourth state i.e. the singlet state is interpreted to correspond to the superconscious state of intuitive experience and is justified by invoking the concept of the universal consciousness as the underlying source of all individual states of experience. It is proposed that the individual experiences result from the operations of four individualizing observables which project out the individual from the universal. The one-to-one correspondence between the individual and the universal states of experience is brought out and their identity in the fourth state is established by showing that all individualizing quantum numbers become zero in this state leaving no trace of any individuality.
We have recently introduced the two new computing models of self-similar cellular automata and self-similar Petri nets. Self-similar automata result from a progressive, infinite tessellation of space and time. Self-similar Petri nets consist of a potentially infinite sequence of coupled transitions with ever increasing firing rates. Both models are capable of hypercomputations and can, for instance, ``solve'' the halting problem for Turing machines. We survey the main definitions and propositions and add new results regarding the indeterminism of self-similar cellular automata.
The paper discusses fundamental problems in mathematical description of social systems based on physical concepts, with so-called statistical social systems being the main subject of consideration. Basic properties of human beings and human societies that distinguish social and natural systems from each other are listed to make it clear that individual mathematical formalism and physical notions should be developed to describe such objects rather then can be directly inherited from classical mechanics and statistical physics. As a particular example systems with motivation are considered. Their characteristic features are analyzed individually and the appropriate mathematical description is proposed. Finally the paper concludes that the basic elements necessary for describing statistical social systems or, more rigorously, systems with motivation are available or partly developed in modern physics and applied mathematics.
A new conjecture is proposed that there are two sorts of matter called s-matter and v-matter which are symmetric and whose gravitational masses are opposite to each other, although both masses are positive. Therefore, there are two sorts of symmetry breaking called V-breaking and S-breaking. In the S-breaking, s-particles get their masses and form s-galaxies etc., while v-fermions and v-gauge bosons are still massless and form v-SU(5) singlets. There is no interaction among the v-SU(5) color-single states except gravitation so that they distribute loosely in space, cannot be observed and cause space to expand with an acceleration. When temperature increases to the critical temperature because space contracts, masses of all particles are zero so that s-particles and v-particles transform from one to another and the gravitational mass density becomes negative. Consequently, space stop to contract and inflation must occur. After reheating, space first expands with a deceleration and then expands with an acceleration up to now. There is no space-time singularity. There are the critical temperature, the highest temperature and the least scale in the universe. A formula describing distance-redshift is obtained. A huge void is not empty, and is equivalent to a huge concave lens. The densities of hydrogen in the huge voids must be much less than that predicted by the conventional theory. The gravitation between two galaxies with distance long enough will be less than that predicted by the conventional theory. A black hole with its mass and density big enough will transform into a white hole. Primordial nucleosynthesis and CMB are explained. It is possible that the universe is composed of infinite cosmic islands. The problem of energy conservation is discussed.
We present the results of two empirical constancies: the fine structure constant and the Rydberg constant. When the speed of light c is taken away from the fine structure constant, as shown elsewhere, this constancy implies the constancy of the ratio e^2/h, e the charge of the electron and h Planck constant. This forces the charge of the electron e to be constant as long as the action h (an angular momentum) is a true constant too. Then the constancy of the Rydberg expression implies that the momentum mc is also a true constant. This is just the second law of Newton. The Compton wavelength, h/mc, is then a true constant and there is no expansion at the quantum mechanical level. General relativity then predicts that the universe is not expanding. It is the only solution for cosmology. The time variation of the speed of light explains the observed red shift.
All theoretical models (Heisenberg, Ising etc.) assume a negligible role for thermal vibrations in alloy and magnetic phase transitions. Analysis of diffraction data conclusively proves that this assumption is incorrect. A simple criterion emerges that theoretical models can ignore the role of thermal vibrations only if the Debye-Waller Factor is ignored in the analysis of diffraction data. Diffraction data constrain all theoretical models to incorporate the role of thermal vibrations. This conclusion is also supported by other experimental results, the effect of thermal vibrations on ordering energy that is of the same order of magnitude as ordering energy and an isotope effect on magnetic phase transitions. An electron-phonon interaction (EPI) formalism that incorporates the Debye-Waller Factor in electronic structure calculations already exists and must be adopted for a correct understanding of phase transitions as it can account for all the different experimental results mentioned above. The discrepancy between experimental and theoretical ordering energy in Ni3V is direct evidence for the role of thermal vibrations in altering ordering energy. The inter-nuclear potential energy term converges if zero point vibrations are incorporated and this method can replace the Ewald sum method. The three dimensional Ising model cannot represent order-disorder transition in beta brass, CuZn. An isotope effect is predicted for magnetic phase transitions if the transition temperature is below Debye temperature. The long range order parameter obtained from diffraction data can only be compared with predictions of models that incorporate the role of thermal vibrations and not otherwise.
Atmospheric flows exhibit selfsimilar fractal spacetime fluctuations manifested as the fractal geometry to global cloud cover pattern and inverse power law form for power spectra of meteorological parameters such as windspeed, temperature, rainfall etc. Inverse power law form for power spectra indicate long-range spacetime correlations or non-local connections and is a signature of selforganised criticality generic to dynamical systems in nature such as river flows, population dynamics, heart beat patterns etc. The author has developed a general systems theory which predicts the observed selforganised criticality as a signature of quantumlike chaos in dynamical systems. The model predictions are (i) The fractal fluctuations can be resolved into an overall logarithmic spiral trajectory with the quasiperiodic Penrose tiling pattern for the internal structure. (ii) The probability distribution represents the power (variance) spectrum for fractal fluctuations and follows universal inverse power law form incorporating the golden mean. Such a result that the additive amplitudes of eddies when squared represent probability distribution is observed in the subatomic dynamics of quantum systems such as the electron or photon. Therefore the irregular or unpredictable fractal fluctuations exhibit quantumlike chaos. (iii) Atmospheric aerosols are held in suspension by the vertical velocity distribution (spectrum). The atmospheric aerosol size spectrum is derived in terms of the universal inverse power law characterizing atmospheric eddy energy spectrum. Model predicted spectrum is in agreement with the following two experimentally determined atmospheric aerosol data sets, (i) SAFARI 2000 CV-580 Aerosol Data, Dry Season 2000 (CARG) (ii) World Data Centre Aerosols data sets for the three stations Ny Ålesund, Pallas and Hohenpeissenberg.
Many physical constants related to quantized gravity, e.g., the Planck length, mass, curvature, stress-energy, etc., are nonanalytic in G at G=0, and thus have expansions in powers of G whose terms are progressively more divergent with increasing order. Since the gravity field's classical action is inversely proportional to G, the path integral for gravity-field quantum transition amplitudes shows that these depend on G only through the product hG, and are nonanalytic in G at G=0 for the same reason that all quantum transition amplitudes are nonanalytic in h at h=0, namely their standard oscillatory essential singularity at the classical "limit". Thus perturbation expansions in powers of G of gravity-field transition amplitudes are also progressively more divergent with increasing order, and hence unrenormalizable. While their perturbative treatment is impossible, the exceedingly small value of hG makes the semiclassical treatment of these amplitudes extraordinarily accurate, indeed to such an extent that purely classical treatment of the gravity field ought to always be entirely adequate. It should therefore be fruitful to couple classical gravity to other fields which actually need to be quantized: those fields' ubiquitous, annoying ultraviolet divergences would thereupon undergo drastic self-gravitational red shift, and thus be cut off.
Dynamics of systems of structured particles consisting of potentially interacting material points is considered in the framework of classical mechanics. Equations of interaction and motion of structured particles have been derived. The expression for friction force has been obtained. It has been shown that irreversibility of dynamics of structured particles is caused by increase of their internal energy due to the energy of motion. Possibility of theoretical substantiation of the laws of thermodynamics has been considered.