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arXiv2014

Non-Equilibrium Superconductivity in Kinetic Inductance Detectors for THz Photon Sensing

Low temperature Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) are attractive candidates for producing quantumsensitive, arrayable sensors for astrophysical and other precision measurement applications. The readout uses a low frequency probe signal with quanta of energy well-below the threshold for pair-breaking in the superconductor. We have calculated the detailed non-equilibrium quasiparticle and phonon energy spectra generated by the probe signal of the KID when operating well-below its superconducting transition temperature Tc within the framework of the coupled kinetic equations described by Chang and Scalapino.[1] At the lowest bath temperature studied Tb/Tc = 0.1 the quasiparticle distributions can be driven far from equilibrium. In addition to the low frequency probe signal we have incorporated a high frequency (~ 1 THz) source signal well-above the pair-breaking threshold of the superconductor. Calculations of source signal detection efficiency are discussed

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Development of a NbN Deposition Process for Superconducting Quantum Sensors

We have carried out a detailed programme to explore the superconducting characteristics of reactive DC-magnetron sputtered NbN. The basic principle is to ignite a plasma using argon, and then to introduce a small additional nitrogen flow to achieve the nitridation of a Nb target. Subsequent sputtering leads to the deposition of NbN onto the host substrate. The characteristics of a sputtered film depend on a number of parameters: argon pressure, nitrogen flow rate and time-evolution profile, substrate material, etc. Crucially, the hysteresis in the target voltage as a function of the nitrogen flow can be used to provide a highly effective monitor of nitrogen consumption during the reactive process. By studying these dependencies we have been able to achieve highly reproducible film characteristics on sapphire, silicon dioxide on silicon, and silicon nitride on silicon. Intrinsic film stress was minimised by optimising the argon pressure, giving NbN films having Tc = 14.65 K. In the paper, we report characteristics such as deposition rate, Residual Resistance Ratio (RRR), film resistivity, transition temperature, and stress, as a function of deposition conditions. In order to enhance our understanding of the microwave properties of the films, we fabricated a wide range of microstrip NbN resonators (half wavelength, quarter wavelength, ring resonators). In the paper, we provide an illustrative result from this work showing a 2.1097 GHz resonator having a Q of 15,962 at 3.3 K.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Evidence of electric breakdown induced by bubbles in liquid argon

We report on the results of a high voltage test in liquid argon in order to measure its dielectric rigidity. Under stable conditions and below the boiling point, liquid argon was found to sustain a uniform electric field of 100 kV/cm, applied in a region of 20 cm$^2$ area across 1 cm thick gap. When the liquid is boiling, breakdowns may occur at electric fields as low as 40 kV/cm. This test is one of the R&D efforts towards the Giant Liquid Argon Charge Imaging ExpeRiment (GLACIER) as proposed Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr TPC) for the LBNO observatory for neutrino physics, astrophysics and nucleon decay searches.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Dog Bone Triplet Metamaterial Wave Plate

Metamaterials are artificially made sub-wavelength structures arranged in periodic arrays. They can be designed to interact with electromagnetic radiation in many different and interesting ways such as allowing radiation to experience a negative refractive index (NRI). We have used this technique to design and build a quasi-optical Half Wave Plate (HWP) that exhibits a large birefringence by virtue of having a positive refractive index in one axis and a NRI in the other. Previous implementations of such NRI-HWP have been narrow band ($\sim$1-3%) due to the inherent reliance on needing a resonance to create the NRI region. We manufacture a W-band prototype of a novel HWP that uses the Pancharatnam method to extend the bandwidth (up to more than twice) of a usual NRI-HWP. Our simulated and experimentally obtained results despite their differences show that a broadening of a flat region of the phase difference is possible even with the initially steep gradient for a single plate.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2014

Theoretical analysis of BLM system for HLS II

Hefei Light Source (HLS) is being upgraded to HLS II. Its emittance will be much lower than before, therefore the Touschek scattering will increase significantly and become the dominant factor of beam loss. So it is necessary to build a new beam loss monitoring (BLM) system differed from the old one to obtain the quantity and position information of lost electrons. This information is useful in the commissioning, troubleshooting and beam lifetime studying for HLS II. This paper analyzes the distribution features of different kinds of lost electrons, introduces the new machine's operation parameters and discusses the way to choose proper monitoring positions. Base on these comprehensive analysis, a new BLM system for HLS II is proposed.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Physics Potential of Long-Baseline Experiments

The discovery of neutrino mixing and oscillations over the past decade provides firm evidence for new physics beyond the Standard Model. Recently, theta13 has been determined to be moderately large, quite close to its previous upper bound. This represents a significant milestone in establishing the three-flavor oscillation picture of neutrinos. It has opened up exciting prospects for current and future long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments towards addressing the remaining fundamental questions, in particular the type of the neutrino mass hierarchy and the possible presence of a CP-violating phase. Another recent and crucial development is the indication of non-maximal 2-3 mixing angle, causing the octant ambiguity of theta23. In this paper, I will review the phenomenology of long-baseline neutrino oscillations with a special emphasis on sub-leading three-flavor effects, which will play a crucial role in resolving these unknowns. First, I will give a brief description of neutrino oscillation phenomenon. Then, I will discuss our present global understanding of the neutrino mass-mixing parameters and will identify the major unknowns in this sector. After that, I will present the physics reach of current generation long-baseline experiments. Finally, I will conclude with a discussion on the physics capabilities of accelerator-driven possible future long-baseline precision oscillation facilities.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2014

High electric field development for the SNS nEDM Experiment

A new experiment to search for the permanent electric dipole moment of the neutron is being developed for installation at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This experiment will be performed in liquid helium at ? 0:4 K and requires a large electric field (E ~ 75 kV/cm) to be applied in liquid helium. We have constructed a new HV test apparatus to study electric breakdown in liquid helium. Initial results demonstrated that it is possible to apply fields exceeding 100 kV/cm in a 1 cm gap between two electropolished stainless steel electrodes12 cm in diameter for a wide range of pressures.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Voluminous D2 source for intense cold neutron beam production at the ESS

The development of the flat moderator concept at ESS recently opened up the possibility that a single flat moderator above the target could serve all the scattering instruments, that rely on high brightness. This would allow for the introduction of a fundamentally different moderator below the target for the complementary needs of certain fundamental physics experiments. To facilitate experiments depending on the total number of neutrons in a sizable beam, the option of a voluminous D2 moderator, in a large cross-section extraction guide is discussed and its neutronic performance is assessed.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Hybrid-cascade Coupled-Line Phasers for High-resolution Radio-Analog Signal Processing

A hybrid-cascade (HC) coupled-line phaser configuration is presented to synthesize enhanced group delay responses for high-resolution Radio-Analog Signal Processing (R-ASP). Using exact analytical transfer functions, the superiority of HC coupled-line phasers over conventional transversally cascaded C-section phasers is demonstrated and verified using full-wave simulations.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Planning the Future of U.S. Particle Physics (Snowmass 2013): Chapter 7: Underground Laboratory Capabilities

These reports present the results of the 2013 Community Summer Study of the APS Division of Particles and Fields ("Snowmass 2013") on the future program of particle physics in the U.S. Chapter 7, on Underground Laboratory Capabilities, discusses the prospects and requirements for large underground experiments such as those for neutrino physics, proton decay, and dark matter.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2014

Planning the Future of U.S. Particle Physics (Snowmass 2013): Chapter 8: Instrumentation Frontier

These reports present the results of the 2013 Community Summer Study of the APS Division of Particles and Fields ("Snowmass 2013") on the future program of particle physics in the U.S. Chapter 8, on the Instrumentation Frontier, discusses the instrumentation needs of future experiments in the Energy, Intensity, and Cosmic Frontiers, promising new technologies for particle physics research, and issues of gathering resources for long-term research in this area.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2014

Planning the Future of U.S. Particle Physics (Snowmass 2013): Chapter 9: Computing

These reports present the results of the 2013 Community Summer Study of the APS Division of Particles and Fields ("Snowmass 2013") on the future program of particle physics in the U.S. Chapter 9, on Computing, discusses the computing challenges for future experiments in the Energy, Intensity, and Cosmic Frontiers, for accelerator science, and for particle theory, as well as structural issues in supporting the intense uses of computing required in all areas of particle physics.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2014

Higgs Physics at future Linear Colliders - A Case for precise Vertexing

The discovery of a Higgs boson by the experiments at the LHC marks a major breakthrough in particle physics, with far-reaching consequences for our understanding of the fundamental principles of our Universe. To fully explore this unique particle, experiments at high-energy electron-positron colliders are being planned, providing substantial added benefit over the capabilities of the LHC alone, such as model-independent measurements of couplings, constraints on invisible decays and precise measurements of the self-coupling. This contribution summarizes the Higgs physics program at such future facilities, highlighting in particular also the role of precise vertexing in achieving the ambitious goals of these experiments.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2014

Radio-photoluminescence of highly irradiated LiF:Mg,Ti and LiF:Mg,Cu,P detectors

The radio-photoluminescent (RPL) characteristics of LiF:Mg,Ti (MTS) and LiF:Mg,Cu,P (MCP) thermoluminescent detectors, routinely used in radiation protection dosimetry, were investigated after irradiation with ultra-high electron doses ranging up to 1 MGy. The photoluminescence of both types of LiF detectors was stimulated by a blue light (460 nm) and measured within a spectral window around 530 nm. The RPL dose response was found to be linear up to 50 kGy and sublinear in the range of 50 kGy to 1 MGy for MCP detectors and linear up to 3 kGy and next sublinear in the range from 5 kGy to 1 MGy for MTS detectors. For both type of LiF detectors RPL signal is saturated for doses higher than 100 kGy. The observed differences between MCP and MTS may suggest, that the RPL effect in LiF is not entirely governed by intrinsic defects (F2 and F3+ centers), but impurities may also have a significant influence. Due to the non-destructive character of the RPL measurement, it is suggested to apply combined RPL/TL readouts, what should improve accuracy of high-dose dosimetry.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Comparison of commercial thermoluminescent readers regarding high-dose high-temperature measurements

Three different thermoluminescent measuring systems have been compared with respect to the differences in temperature profiles, spectral sensitivities, as well as linearity of dose response characteristics. The comparison was performed using the Harshaw 3500, Riso DA-20 and RA94 TLD readers. The instruments were tested for the readouts of highly irradiated LiF:Mg,Cu,P (MCP) TL detectors, which require readout up to 550 C, in case of doses exceeding 1 kGy. It was found that the Harshaw 3500 can be used, without any additional light attenuation, for the measurements of MCP detectors exposed to doses up to about 5 Gy. For the other two readers the upper dose limit is about 5 times lower. It was also found that the Harshaw 3500 shows the best thermal stability considering the peak maximum position. For the ultra-high doses the differences in the spectral characteristics of the applied optical filters and photomultipliers, in conjunction with an evolution of the MCP TL emission spectrum with increasing dose, significantly influence the shape of TL glow curves measured with the Riso reader. The detailed characteristic of the compared TLD readers, at high-dose high-temperature range is discussed.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Radial distribution of dose within heavy charged particle tracks. Models and experimental verification using LiF:Mg,Cu,P TL detectors

A new method of experimental verification of radial dose distribution models using solid state thermoluminescent (TL) detectors LiF:Mg,Cu,P has been recently proposed. In this work the method was applied to verify the spatial distribution of energy deposition within a single 131Xe ion track. Detectors were irradiated at the Department of Physics of the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. The obtained results have been compared with theoretical data, calculated according to the Zhang et al., Cucinotta et al. and Geiss et al. radial dose distribution (RDD) models. At the lowest dose range the Zhang et al. RDD model exhibited the best agreement as compared to experimental data. In the intermediate dose range, up to 104 Gy, the best agreement was found for the RDD model of Cucinotta et al. The probability of occurrence of doses higher than 104 Gy within a single 131Xe ion track was found to be lower than predicted by all the studied RDD models. This may be a result of diffusion of the charge, which is then captured by TL-related trapping sites, at the distances up to dozens of nanometers from the ionization site.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Dielectric rod feed for compact range reflector

A dielectric rod feed with a special radiation pattern of a tabletop form used for the compact range reflector is developed and analyzed. Application of this feed increases the size of the compact range quiet zone generated by the reflector. The feed consists of the dielectric rod made of polystyren, the rod is inserted into the circular waveguide with a corrugated flange. The waveguide is excited by the H11-mode. The rod is covered by the textolite biconical bushing and has a fluoroplastic insert in the vicinity of the bushing. Mathematical modeling was used to obtain the parameters of the feed for the optimal tabletop form of the radiation pattern. The problem of the electromagnetic radiation was solved for metal-dielectric bodies of rotation by method of integral equations with further solving of the problem of the synthesis for feed parameters. The dielectric rod feed was fabricated for the X-frequency range. Feed amplitude and phase patterns were measured in the frequency range 8.2-12.5 GHz. Presented results of mathematical modeling and measurements for X-range radiation patterns correlate well. It is shown that this feed increases by 20-25% the quiet zone of the compact range with reflector in the form of nonsymmetrical cutting of the paraboloid of revolution 5.0 x 4.5 m in size in the frequency range 8.5-10.0 GHz as compared to a conical horn feed.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

What is needed to accept the new explanation of DAMA results

The DAMA experiment clearly observes a small oscillatory signal. The observed yearly modulation is in phase with the Earth's motion around the Sun. Recent reference [Vavra, 2014] suggested that the DAMA experiment observes a WIMP of much smaller mass than what Xenon 10, Xenon 100, LUX and CDMS experiments can possibly reach. Scattering would occur on proton or oxygen target present in the NaI(Tl) crystal as OH-contamination at a few ppm level. This paper elaborates further on the idea that the OH-molecule could act as a very sensitive detection mechanism for neutrons or WIMPs, and suggests a calibration procedure to prove this idea. We also propose a new detector concept to detect a low mass WIMP.

astro-ph.IM↗