Recent advances with THGEM detectors

Abstract

The Thick Gaseous Electron Multiplier (THGEM) is a simple and robust electrode suitable for large area detectors. In this work the results of extensive comparative studies of the physical properties of different THGEM-based structures are reviewed. The focus is on newly suggested THGEM-like WELL configurations as well as on recently developed characterization methods. The WELL structures are single-sided THGEM electrodes directly coupled to different anode readout electrodes. The structures differ by the coupling concept of the bottom THGEM electrode to the metallic readout pads: a Thick WELL (THWELL) with direct coupling; the Resistive WELL (RWELL) and the Segmented Resistive WELL (SRWELL) coupled through thin resistive films deposited on insulating sheets and a Resistive-Plate WELL (RPWELL) coupled through a plate of high bulk resistivity. The results are compared to that of traditional double-sided THGEM electrodes followed by induction gaps - in some cases with moderate additional multiplication within the gap. We compare the different configurations in terms of gain, avalanche extension, discharge-rate and magnitude as well as rate capabilities over a broad dynamic range - exploiting a method that mimics highly ionizing particles in the laboratory. We report on recent studies of avalanche distribution in THGEM holes using optical readout.