An absolute sodium abundance for a cloud-free 'hot Saturn' exoplanet

Nikolay Nikolov; David K. Sing; Jonathan J. Fortney; Jayesh M. Goyal; Benjamin Drummond; Tom M. Evans; Neale P. Gibson; Ernst J. W. De Mooij; Zafar Rustamkulov; Hannah R. Wakeford; Barry Smalley; Adam J. Burgasser; Coel Hellier; Christiane Helling; Nathan J. Mayne; Nikku Madhusudhan; Tiffany Kataria; Josef Baines; Aarynn L. Carter; Gilda E. Ballester; Joanna K. Barstow; Jack McCleery; Jessica J. Spake

doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0101-7

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arXiv · 1806.06089

An absolute sodium abundance for a cloud-free 'hot Saturn' exoplanet

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Abstract

Broad absorption signatures from alkali metals, such as the sodium (Na I) and potassium (K I) resonance doublets, have long been predicted in the optical atmospheric spectra of cloud-free irradiated gas-giant exoplanets1,2,3. However, observations have only revealed the narrow cores of these features rather than the full pressure-broadened profiles4-6. Cloud and haze opacity at the day-night planetary terminator are considered responsible for obscuring the absorption-line wings, which hinders constraints on absolute atmospheric abundances7-9. Here we present an optical transmission spectrum for the 'hot-Saturn' WASP-96b obtained with the Very Large Telescope, which exhibits the complete pressure-broadened profile of the sodium absorption feature. The spectrum is in excellent agreement with cloud-free, solar-abundance models assuming chemical equilibrium. We are able to measure a precise, absolute sodium abundance of logε_Na=6.9+0.6-0.4, and use it as a proxy to the planet's atmospheric metallicity relative to the solar value (Z_p/Z_\star=2.3+8.9/--1.7). This result is consistent with the mass-metallicity trend observed for solar-system planets and exoplanets10-12.

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Nikolay Nikolov, David K. Sing, Jonathan J. Fortney, Jayesh M. Goyal, Benjamin Drummond, Tom M. Evans, Neale P. Gibson, Ernst J. W. De Mooij, Zafar Rustamkulov, Hannah R. Wakeford, Barry Smalley, Adam J. Burgasser, Coel Hellier, Christiane Helling, Nathan J. Mayne, Nikku Madhusudhan, Tiffany Kataria, Josef Baines, Aarynn L. Carter, Gilda E. Ballester, Joanna K. Barstow, Jack McCleery, Jessica J. Spake. 2018-06-15. An absolute sodium abundance for a cloud-free 'hot Saturn' exoplanet. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0101-7

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