Statistics of work performed by optical tweezers with general time-variation of their stiffness

Abstract

We derive an exact expression for the probability density of work done on a particle that diffuses in a parabolic potential with a stiffness varying by an arbitrary piecewise constant protocol. Based on this result, the work distribution for time-continuous protocols of the stiffness can be determined up to any degree of accuracy. This is achieved by replacing the continuous driving by a piecewise constant one with a number $n$ of positive or negative steps of increasing or decreasing stiffness. With increasing $n$, the work distributions for the piecewise protocols approach that for the continuous protocol. The moment generating function of the work is given by the inverse square root of a polynomial of degree $n$, whose coefficients are efficiently calculated from a recurrence relation. The roots of the polynomials are real and positive (negative) steps of the protocol are associated with negative (positive) roots. Using these properties the inverse Laplace transform of the moment generating function is carried out explicitly. Fluctuation theorems are used to derive further properties of the polynomials and their roots.