Rocky planet or water world? Observability of low-density lava world atmospheres

Abstract

Super-Earths span a wide range of bulk densities, indicating a diversity in interior conditions beyond that seen in the solar system. In particular, an emerging population of low-density super-Earths may be explained by volatile-rich interiors. Among these, low-density lava worlds have dayside temperatures high enough to evaporate their surfaces, providing a unique opportunity to probe their interior compositions and test for the presence of volatiles. In this work, we investigate the atmospheric observability of low-density lava worlds. We use a radiative-convective model to explore the atmospheric structures and emission spectra of these planets, focusing on three case studies with high observability metrics and sub-stellar temperatures spanning $\sim$1900-2800 K: HD 86226c, HD 3167b and 55 Cnce. Given the possibility of mixed volatile and silicate interior compositions for these planets, we consider a range of mixed volatile and rock vapor atmospheric compositions. This includes a range of volatile fractions and three volatile compositions: water-rich (100% H$_2$O), water with CO$_2$ (80% H$_2$O+20% CO$_2$), and a desiccated O-rich scenario (67% O$_2$+33%CO$_2$). We find that spectral features due to H$_2$O, CO$_2$, SiO and SiO$_2$ are present in the infrared emission spectra as either emission or absorption features, depending on dayside temperature, volatile fraction and volatile composition. We further simulate JWST secondary eclipse observations for each of the three case studies, finding that H$_2$O and/or CO$_2$ could be detected with as few as $\sim$5 eclipses. Detecting volatiles in these atmospheres would provide crucial independent evidence that volatile-rich interiors exist among the super-Earth population.